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Synthesis of cyclodextrin derivatives for enantiodifferentiating photocyclodimerization of 2-anthracenecarboxylate. Nat Protoc 2022; 17:2494-2516. [PMID: 36045225 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-022-00722-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical methods are increasingly being used in organic synthesis. They are especially useful for preparing many compounds that are not readily accessible through thermal or enzymatic reactions. The supramolecular strategy has proved highly promising in recent years for manipulating the stereochemical outcome of chiral photoreactions through relatively strong and long-lasting noncovalent interactions in both ground and excited states. Among the numerous chiral photochemical reactions, photocyclodimerization of 2-anthracenecarboxylate (AC) is the most comprehensively studied supramolecular chiral photoreaction and has essentially become a benchmark reaction for evaluating supramolecular photochirogenesis. Cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives were the earliest and are the most widely applied chiral host for mediating photoreactions. Herein, we use CD-mediated photocyclodimerization of AC as an example to introduce the operation process of supramolecular chiral photoreactions. The protocol includes the following contents: (i) the preparation, purification and characterization of β-CD derivatives; (ii) methods for investigating the host-guest inclusion behavior between AC and β-CD derivatives; (iii) the photochemical reaction operation flow under different solvent and temperature conditions; (iv) chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses of the product distribution and enantioselectivity. The protocol is introduced by using representative examples of the synthesis of β-CD derivatives and the manipulation of environmental factors that give excellent regio- and enantioselectivities in the photocyclodimerization of AC. The synthesis and purification of β-CD derivatives require 3-5 d of work. The photoirradiation of AC with β-CD derivatives can be done within 1 h. The product analysis requires 5 h.
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2
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Abstract
Multicharged cyclodextrin (CD) supramolecular assemblies, including those based on positively/negatively charged modified mono-6-deoxy-CDs, per-6-deoxy-CDs, and random 2,3,6-deoxy-CDs, as well as parent CDs binding positively/negatively charged guests, have been extensively applied in chemistry, materials science, medicine, biological science, catalysis, and other fields. In this review, we primarily focus on summarizing the recent advances in positively/negatively charged CDs and parent CDs encapsulating positively/negatively charged guests, especially the construction process of supramolecular assemblies and their applications. Compared with uncharged CDs, multicharged CDs display remarkably high antiviral and antibacterial activity as well as efficient protein fibrosis inhibition. Meanwhile, charged CDs can interact with oppositely charged dyes, drugs, polymers, and biomacromolecules to achieve effective encapsulation and aggregation. Consequently, multicharged CD supramolecular assemblies show great advantages in improving drug-delivery efficiency, the luminescence properties of materials, molecular recognition and imaging, and the toughness of supramolecular hydrogels, in addition to enabling the construction of multistimuli-responsive assemblies. These features are anticipated to not only promote the development of CD-based supramolecular chemistry but also contribute to the rapid exploitation of these assemblies in diverse interdisciplinary applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China. .,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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3
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Rao M, Fan C, Ji J, Liang W, Wei L, Zhang D, Yan Z, Wu W, Yang C. Catalytic Chiral Photochemistry Sensitized by Chiral Hosts-Grafted Upconverted Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:21453-21460. [PMID: 35486103 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Singlet chiral photocatalysis is highly challenging. Herein, we report fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based chiral photocatalysis with γ-cyclodextrin (CD)-grafted lanthanide-doped upconverted nanoparticles (UCNP). The CD-modified UCNP strongly emits in the UV wavelength region upon excitation with a 980 nm laser, which selectively sensitizes the photosubstrates complexed by CD on the surface of UCNP through FRET. Therefore, enantiodifferentiating photocyclodimerization of anthracene or naphthalene derivatives sensitized by the CD-modified UCNP gives photoproducts in good enantioselectivity even in the presence of a catalytic amount of CD-modified UCNP. Moreover, the photocatalysts are readily separated and could be reused for at least six cycles without decreasing the enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Rao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Chunying Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jiecheng Ji
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wenting Liang
- Institute of Environmental Science, Department of Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Lingling Wei
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Dongjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wanhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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Genzink MJ, Kidd JB, Swords WB, Yoon TP. Chiral Photocatalyst Structures in Asymmetric Photochemical Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:1654-1716. [PMID: 34606251 PMCID: PMC8792375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric catalysis is a major theme of research in contemporary synthetic organic chemistry. The discovery of general strategies for highly enantioselective photochemical reactions, however, has been a relatively recent development, and the variety of photoreactions that can be conducted in a stereocontrolled manner is consequently somewhat limited. Asymmetric photocatalysis is complicated by the short lifetimes and high reactivities characteristic of photogenerated reactive intermediates; the design of catalyst architectures that can provide effective enantiodifferentiating environments for these intermediates while minimizing the participation of uncontrolled racemic background processes has proven to be a key challenge for progress in this field. This review provides a summary of the chiral catalyst structures that have been studied for solution-phase asymmetric photochemistry, including chiral organic sensitizers, inorganic chromophores, and soluble macromolecules. While some of these photocatalysts are derived from privileged catalyst structures that are effective for both ground-state and photochemical transformations, others are structural designs unique to photocatalysis and offer insight into the logic required for highly effective stereocontrolled photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Genzink
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jesse B Kidd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Wesley B Swords
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Tehshik P Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Buczkowski A. Thermodynamic study of pH and sodium chloride impact on gemcitabine binding to cucurbit[7]uril in aqueous solutions. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wang X, Ji J, Rao M, Wu W, Yang C. Supramolecular Enantiodifferentiating Photocyclodimerization of 2-Anthracenecarboxylic Acid Mediated by Bridged β-Cyclodextrins: Critical Effects of the Host Structure, pH and Co-Solvents. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:3091-3096. [PMID: 34510777 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Several sulfoxide- and sulfone-bridged β-cyclodextrin (CD) dimers were synthesized for mediating the enantiodifferentiating [4+4] photocyclodimerization of 2-anthracenecarboxylic acid (AC). The complexation behavior of these chiral hosts with AC was investigated by UV-vis, circular dichroism, fluorescence, and NMR spectroscopies and certified the formation of 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 host-guest complexes. The product distribution and enantioselectivity of the photoreaction turned out to be a critical function of the chemical structure of bridged CDs. Comparing to the sulfur-bridged 2AX -3GX β-CD dimer 7, the conversion of the photolyzes with sulfoxide-bridged was significantly improved, and the ee of cyclodimer 2 was remarkably increased from -82.8% with 7 to -96.7% with the sulfoxide-bridged 2AX -3GX β-CD dimer 8. The relative yields and ee values of the slipped cyclodimers 5 and 6 were greatly enhanced in the presence of 6 M CsCl. The reaction selectivity is susceptible to the pH variation of the aqueous buffer solution, demonstrating that the supramolecular photochirogenesis is controlled by multidimensional factors, including the chemical structure of the chiral host, solvent, and pH conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Jiecheng Ji
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Ming Rao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Wanhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
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Fejős I, Kalydi E, Kukk EL, Seggio M, Malanga M, Béni S. Single Isomer N-Heterocyclic Cyclodextrin Derivatives as Chiral Selectors in Capillary Electrophoresis. Molecules 2021; 26:5271. [PMID: 34500704 PMCID: PMC8434369 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to better understand the chiral recognition mechanisms of positively charged cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives, the synthesis, the pKa determination by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-pH titration and a comparative chiral capillary electrophoretic (CE) study were performed with two series of mono-substituted cationic single isomer CDs. The first series of selectors were mono-(6-N-pyrrolidine-6-deoxy)-β-CD (PYR-β-CD), mono-(6-N-piperidine-6-deoxy)-β-CD (PIP-β-CD), mono-(6-N-morpholine-6-deoxy)-β-CD (MO-β-CD) and mono-(6-N-piperazine-6-deoxy)-β-CD (PIPA-β-CD), carrying a pH-adjustable moiety at the narrower rim of the cavity, while the second set represented by their quaternarized, permanently cationic counterparts: mono-(6-N-(N-methyl-pyrrolidine)-6-deoxy)-β-CD (MePYR-β-CD), mono-(6-N-(N-methyl-piperidine)-6-deoxy)-β-CD (MePIP-β-CD), mono-(6-N-(N-methyl-morpholine)-6-deoxy)-β-CD (MeMO-β-CD) and mono-(6-N-(4,4-N,N-dimethyl-piperazine)-β-CD (diMePIPA-β-CD). Based on pH-dependent and selector concentration-dependent comparative studies of these single isomer N-heterocyclic CDs presented herein, it can be concluded that all CDs could successfully be applied as chiral selectors for the enantiodiscrimination of several negatively charged and zwitterionic model racemates. The substituent-dependent enantiomer migration order reversal of dansylated-valine using PIP-β-CD contrary to PYP-β-CD, MO-β-CD and PIPA-β-CD was also studied by 1H- and 2D ROESY NMR experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Fejős
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; (I.F.); (E.K.); (E.L.K.)
| | - Eszter Kalydi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; (I.F.); (E.K.); (E.L.K.)
| | - Edit Luca Kukk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; (I.F.); (E.K.); (E.L.K.)
| | - Mimimorena Seggio
- ChemPhotoLab, Department of Drug Sciences and Health, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Milo Malanga
- CycloLab Cyclodextrin R&D Ltd., Illatos út 7, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Szabolcs Béni
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; (I.F.); (E.K.); (E.L.K.)
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Yang C, Chen W, Zhu X, Song X, Liu M. Self-Assembly and Circularly Polarized Luminescence from Achiral Pyrene-Adamantane Conjugates by Selective Inclusion with Cyclodextrins. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:7491-7496. [PMID: 34342451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between guest chromophores or lumiphores with host chiral cavity and their induced chirality is an important topic in supramolecular chemistry. Kodaka and Harata proposed a rule to explain the induced circular dichroism of the guest chromophores by host cyclodextrins. However, it remains unknown how a circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) signal will change when the lumiphores interacted with cyclodextrins in different modes. Here, we designed an achiral pyrene-adamantane conjugated guest molecule, N-(pyren-1-yl)adamantane-1-carboxamide (ACNP), and investigated its interactions with α/β/γ-cyclodextrins (CDs) and its induced CPL. Depending on the size match of the pyrene, adamantine with different cyclodextrins, distinct performance was observed. While α-CD could not induce a CPL signal of ACNP, β-CD could induce CPL in two modes, through adamantyl or direct pyrenyl induction, which could produce a CPL signal with opposite signs. γ-CD could always induce a negative CPL signal. Therefore, a rule of induced CPL of lumiphores by cyclodextrins can be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 ZhongGuanCun BeiYiJie, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 ZhongGuanCun BeiYiJie, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 ZhongGuanCun BeiYiJie, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xin Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 ZhongGuanCun BeiYiJie, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Minghua Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 ZhongGuanCun BeiYiJie, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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Liu C, Yu Z, Yao J, Ji J, Zhao T, Wu W, Yang C. Solvent-Driven Chirality Switching of a Pillar[4]arene[1]quinone Having a Chiral Amine-Substituted Quinone Subunit. Front Chem 2021; 9:713305. [PMID: 34307304 PMCID: PMC8293272 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.713305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several new chiral pillar[4]arene[1]quinone derivatives were synthesized by reacting pillar[4]arene[1]quinone (EtP4Q1), containing four 1,4-diethoxybenzene units and one benzoquinone unit, with various chiral amines via Michael addition. Due to the direct introduction of chiral substituents on the rim of pillar[n]arene and the close location of the chiral center to the rim of EtP4Q1, the newly prepared compounds showed unique chiroptical properties without complicated chiral resolution processes, and unprecedented high anisotropy factor of up to −0.018 at the charge transfer absorption band was observed. Intriguingly, the benzene sidearm attached pillar[4]arene[1]quinone derivative 1a showed solvent- and complexation-driven chirality inversion. This work provides a promising potential for absolute asymmetric synthesis of pillararene-based derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhipeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiabin Yao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiecheng Ji
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wanhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Rao M, Wu W, Yang C. Recent progress on the enantioselective excited-state photoreactions by pre-arrangement of photosubstrate(s). GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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