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Rezaei H, Nematollahi D, Mohamadighader N, Lotfipour F. Successive paired electrochemical late-stage modification of niclosamide a common anthelmintic drug. A green protocol for the synthesis of new drug-like molecules. RSC Adv 2025; 15:17803-17810. [PMID: 40443689 PMCID: PMC12120933 DOI: 10.1039/d5ra02025e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2025] [Accepted: 05/20/2025] [Indexed: 06/02/2025] Open
Abstract
Drugs based on salicylanilides such as niclosamide are of particular interest to medicinal chemistry researchers. They exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including anticancer and antiviral activities. Niclosamide is a common oral anthelmintic that has the potential to be an antiviral and anticancer drug. However, two characteristics of it, including poor oral bioavailability and high cytotoxicity, have limited its use. The synthesis of new niclosamide analogs is an attempt to overcome these limitations. The electrochemical behavior of niclosamide shows that the drug can be reduced and then oxidized at the cathode and anode, respectively. This property, along with the special capabilities of electrosynthesis methods, makes it possible to obtain unique niclosamide analogs. In this study, novel niclosamide analogs were synthesized via successive paired electrolysis of niclosamide in the presence of arylsulfinic acids as nucleophiles. The results show that niclosamide is converted to the desired product (5-chloro-N-(2-chloro-4-(phenylsulfonamido)phenyl)-2-hydroxy benzamide) after reduction and oxidation steps and reaction with the nucleophile. In the synthesized niclosamide analogs, a sulfonamide moiety is attached to the drug molecule. This work presents a green method for the synthesis of new niclosamide analogs without the need for catalysts, reductants or oxidants under mild conditions in a one-pot process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haniya Rezaei
- Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University Hamedan Iran 65178-38683
| | - Davood Nematollahi
- Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University Hamedan Iran 65178-38683
- Planet Chemistry Research Center, Bu-Ali Sina University Hamedan Iran
| | - Niloofar Mohamadighader
- Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University Hamedan Iran 65178-38683
| | - Farideh Lotfipour
- Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University Hamedan Iran 65178-38683
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2
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Wang Z, Zhou J, Wang Z, Zhang X, Ji Y, Huang Y. Cathodic Deoxygenative Alkylation of Nitro(hetero)arenes with Organic Halides. Org Lett 2025; 27:1238-1243. [PMID: 39874056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c04792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2025]
Abstract
We have realized a cathodic deoxygenative alkylation between nitro(hetero)arenes and organic halides, employing bis(pinacolato)diboron (B2pin2) and LiCl as additives to trap and stabilize the generated alkyl radicals and carbanions, thereby facilitating efficient N-O cleavage and selective C-N bond formation. The protocol offers an economical method for the efficient synthesis of multiple aromatic(hetero) amines, without the need for reactive reductants and the exclusion of air and moisture. Notably, the protocol is distinguished by scalability, broad functional group compatibility, and safe and mild conditions, demonstrating practicality in the synthesis and late-stage modification of various bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziliang Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
| | - Zhouhang Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
| | - Xueting Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
| | - Yikun Ji
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
| | - Yubing Huang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Industry Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, P. R. China
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Zeng X. The Strategies Towards Electrochemical Generation of Aryl Radicals. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402220. [PMID: 39012680 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
The advancement in electrochemical techniques has unlocked a new path for achieving unprecedented oxidations and reductions of aryl radical precursors in a controlled and selective manner. This approach facilitates the construction of aromatic carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. In light of the green merits and the growing importance of this technique in aryl radical chemistry, this review aims to provide an overview of the recent advance in the electrochemical generation of aryl radicals organized by the aryl radical precursor type, with a focus on the substrate scope, limitation, and underlying mechanism, thereby inspiring future work on electrochemical aryl radical generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobao Zeng
- School of Pharmacy and Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, People's Republic of China
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Patoghi P, Sadatnabi A, Nematollahi D. A new type of convergent paired electrochemical synthesis of sulfonamides under green and catalyst-free conditions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17582. [PMID: 37845371 PMCID: PMC10579442 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44912-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Our main goal in this work is to synthesize valuable sulfonamide compounds according to the principles of green chemistry and also to present a unique convergent paired mechanism for their synthesis. In this study, we introduced a new type of convergent paired electro-organic synthesis of sulfonamide derivatives via a catalyst, oxidant, halogen and amine-free method. In this research, instead of using toxic amine compounds, an innovative mechanism based on the reduction of nitro compounds and in-situ production of amine compounds was used. The mechanism of electrophile generation is the cathodic reduction of the nitro compound to the hydroxylamine compound and then the anodic oxidation of the hydroxylamine to the nitroso compound. On the other hand, the nucleophile generation mechanism involves the two-electron oxidation of sulfonyl hydrazide to related sulfinic acid at the anode surface. The reaction leading to the synthesis of sulfonamides involves a one-pot reaction of the generated nitroso compound with the produced sulfinic compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouria Patoghi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali-Sina University, Hamedan, 65174-38683, Iran
| | - Ali Sadatnabi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali-Sina University, Hamedan, 65174-38683, Iran
| | - Davood Nematollahi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali-Sina University, Hamedan, 65174-38683, Iran.
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Masoudi-Khoram M, Zargarian M, Nematollahi D, Zolfigol MA, Sepehrmansourie H, Khazalpour S. Convergent paired electrosynthesis of different types of bis-β-diketone derivatives based on the knoevenagel condensation reaction under green conditions. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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An eco-friendly strategy using a double-current two-phase cell system for electrografting of polyacrylic acid. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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A green protocol for the electrochemical synthesis of a fluorescent dye with antibacterial activity from imipramine oxidation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4921. [PMID: 35318352 PMCID: PMC8941072 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08770-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation of imipramine (IMP) has been studied in aqueous solutions by cyclic voltammetry and controlled-potential coulometry techniques. Our voltammetric results show a complex behavior for oxidation of IMP at different pH values. In this study, we focused our attention on the electrochemical oxidation of IMP at a pH of about 5. Under these conditions, our results show that the oxidation of IMP leads to the formation of a unique dimer of IMP (DIMP). The structure of synthesized dimer is fully characterized by UV-visible, FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectrometry techniques. It seems that the first step in the oxidation of IMP is the cleavage of the alkyl group (formation of IMPH). After this, a domino oxidation-hydroxylation-dimerization-oxidation reaction, converts IMPH to (E)-10,10',11,11'-tetrahydro-[2,2'-bidibenzo[b,f]azepinylidene]-1,1'(5H,5'H)-dione (DIMP). The synthesis of DIMP is performed in an aqueous solution under mild conditions, without the need for any catalyst or oxidant. Based on our electrochemical findings as well as the identification of the final product, a possible reaction mechanism for IMP oxidation has been proposed. Conjugated double bonds in the DIMP structure cause the compound to become colored with sufficient fluorescence activity (excitation wave-length 535 nm and emission wave-length 625 nm). Moreover, DIMP has been evaluated for in vitro antibacterial. The antibacterial tests indicated that DIMP showed good antibacterial performance against all examined gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Shigella sonnei).
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Khoram MM, Nematollahi D, Khazalpour S, Zarei M, Zolfigol MA. Electrocatalytic generation of hydrogen peroxide using carbon electrode modified with 5H-dibenzo[b,i]xanthene-5,7,12,14(13H)-tetraone derivative. A green and efficient method. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.139885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Convergent paired electrochemical synthesis of symmetric dispiro and spiropyrimidine derivatives based on reduction of para-nitrophenol. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Daneshyar A, Nematollahi D, Bayat M. Electrochemical synthesis of new sulfone and sulfonamide derivatives. A green method based on the electrolysis of 2-amino-5-nitrophenol. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Alavinia S, Ghorbani-Vaghei R. Poly-N-bromosulfonamide-melamine as a novel brominating reagent for regioselective ipso-bromination of arylboronic acids. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-021-02827-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Tavakkoli Z, Goljani H, Sepehrmansourie H, Nematollahi D, Zolfigol MA. New insight into the electrochemical reduction of different aryldiazonium salts in aqueous solutions. RSC Adv 2021; 11:25811-25815. [PMID: 35479439 PMCID: PMC9037153 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04482f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical reduction of different aryldiazonium salts in aqueous solution was studied in this work and it is shown that the aryldiazonium salts are converted to the corresponding aryl radical and aryl anion. The results of this research indicate that the reduction of aryldiazonium salts takes place in two single-electron steps. Our data show that when the substituted group on the phenyl ring is H, Cl, OH, NO2, OCH3 or SO3−, the corresponding diazonium salt shows poor adsorption characteristics, but when the substituted group is methyl, the corresponding diazonium salt shows strong adsorption characteristics. In the latter case, the voltammogram exhibits three cathodic peaks. In addition, the effect of various substitutions on the aryldiazonium reduction was studied by Hammett's method. The data are show that with increasing electron withdrawing capacity of the substituent, the reduction of corresponding diazonium salt becomes easier. Electrochemical reduction of different aryldiazonium salts in aqueous solution was studied. It is shown that the aryldiazonium salts are converted to the corresponding aryl radical and aryl anion.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Tavakkoli
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali-Sina University Hamedan 65174 Iran
| | - Hamed Goljani
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali-Sina University Hamedan 65174 Iran
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He M, Wu Y, Yao Y, Mo Z, Pan Y, Tang H. Paired Electrosynthesis of Aromatic Azo Compounds from Aryl Diazonium Salts with Pyrroles or Indoles. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mu‐Xue He
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu‐Zheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
| | - Zu‐Yu Mo
- Pharmacy School of Guilin Medical University Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
| | - Ying‐Ming Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
| | - Hai‐Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
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