1
|
Duan DH, Wei YF, Li TY, Gong Q, Shen M, Zhu F, Liu SL, Ye DN, Peng XJ. Base-Mediated Chemodivergent [4 + 1] and [2 + 1] Cycloadditions of N-Alkylpyridiniums and Enones. J Org Chem 2024; 89:11959-11974. [PMID: 39190161 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Divergent synthesis of structurally different products from the same kinds of starting materials is highly synthetically useful but very challenging. Herein, we reported a base-mediated chemodivergent [4 + 1] and [2 + 1] cycloaddition of N-alkylpyridinium and enone under mild conditions, leading to furan-fused bicycles with high diastereoselectivity and spirobicycles, respectively, from moderate to high yields. N-Alkylpyridinium salts were modular nucleophilic transfer reagents and C1 synthons, which underwent tandem Michael addition to the α,β-unsaturated ketones and cyclization under the base conditions. Late-stage derivatization of 4-propyldicyclohexylanone from an important industrial raw of liquid crystal display (LCD) screens was realized. In vitro, compound 3f exhibited good activities against human colon cancer cells (HCT116) with IC50 values in 9.82 ± 0.27 μM. Further biological evaluations investigated the mechanism of the effective inhibition of cell growth, including apoptosis ratio detection, cell cycle analysis, and migration capacity of HCT116 cells. In apoptosis effect studies, complex 3f increased the percentage of apoptotic HCT116 cells to 26.8% (15 μM).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- De-Hao Duan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education; Jiangxi Provincal Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, PR China
| | - Yi-Fei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education; Jiangxi Provincal Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, PR China
| | - Tian-You Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education; Jiangxi Provincal Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, PR China
| | - Quan Gong
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education; Jiangxi Provincal Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, PR China
| | - Min Shen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education; Jiangxi Provincal Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, PR China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education; Jiangxi Provincal Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, PR China
| | - Sheng-Lan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education; Jiangxi Provincal Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, PR China
| | - Dong-Nai Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, PR China
| | - Xiang-Jun Peng
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education; Jiangxi Provincal Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cai CY, Chen SJ, Merchant RR, Kanda Y, Qin T. C3 Selective Hydroxylation of Pyridines via Photochemical Valence Isomerization of Pyridine N-Oxides. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:24257-24264. [PMID: 39172734 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c10057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
The C-H hydroxylation of the pyridine C3 position is a highly desirable transformation but remains a great challenge due to the inherent electronic properties of this heterocycle core which bring difficulties in chemical reactivity and regioselectivity. Herein we present an efficient method for formal C3 selective hydroxylation of pyridines via photochemical valence isomerization of pyridine N-oxides. This metal-free transformation features operational simplicity and compatibility with a diverse array of functional groups, and the resulting hydroxylated products are amenable to further elaboration to synthetically useful building blocks. The synthetic utility of this strategy is further demonstrated in the effective late-stage functionalization of pyridine-containing medicinally relevant molecules and versatile derivatizations of 3-pyridinols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yan Cai
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Si-Jie Chen
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rohan R Merchant
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yuzuru Kanda
- Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Luo J, Zhou Q, Xu Z, Houk KN, Zheng K. Photochemical Skeletal Editing of Pyridines to Bicyclic Pyrazolines and Pyrazoles. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:21389-21400. [PMID: 38875215 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
We present an efficient one-pot photochemical skeletal editing protocol for the transformation of pyridines into diverse bicyclic pyrazolines and pyrazoles under mild conditions. The method requires no metals, photocatalysts, or additives and allows for the selective removal of specific carbon atoms from pyridines, allowing for unprecedented versatility. Our approach offers a convenient and efficient means for the late-stage modification of complex drug molecules by replacing the core pyridine skeleton. Moreover, we have successfully scaled up this procedure in stop-flow and flow-chemistry systems, showcasing its applicability to intricate transformations such as the Diels-Alder reaction, hydrogenation, [3 + 2] cycloaddition, and Heck reaction. Through control experiments and DFT calculations, we provide insights into the mechanistic underpinnings of this skeletal editing protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Qingyang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Zhou Xu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Ke Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bhanja R, Kanti Bera S, Mal P. Sustainable Synthesis through Catalyst-Free Photoinduced Cascaded Bond Formation. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400279. [PMID: 38717944 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The beginning of photochemical reactions revolutionized synthetic chemistry through sustainable practices. This review explores cutting-edge developments in leveraging light-induced processes for generating cascaded C-C and C-hetero bonds without catalysts. Significantly, catalyst-free photoinduced methodologies have garnered considerable attention, especially in the creation of varied heterocyclic frameworks for drug design and the synthesis of natural products. The article delves into underlying mechanisms, addresses limitations, and evaluates various methodologies, emphasizing the potential of photocatalyst and transition metal-free photochemical reactions to enhance sustainability. Divided into two sections, it covers recent strides in C-C and C-heteroatom and multiple C-heteroatom bond formation reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalin Bhanja
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, 752050, Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha, India
| | - Shyamal Kanti Bera
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, 752050, Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha, India
| | - Prasenjit Mal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, 752050, Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ji P, Duan K, Li M, Wang Z, Meng X, Zhang Y, Wang W. Photochemical dearomative skeletal modifications of heteroaromatics. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6600-6624. [PMID: 38817197 PMCID: PMC11181993 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00137k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Dearomatization has emerged as a powerful tool for rapid construction of 3D molecular architectures from simple, abundant, and planar (hetero)arenes. The field has evolved beyond simple dearomatization driven by new synthetic technology development. With the renaissance of photocatalysis and expansion of the activation mode, the last few years have witnessed impressive developments in innovative photochemical dearomatization methodologies, enabling skeletal modifications of dearomatized structures. They offer truly efficient and useful tools for facile construction of highly complex structures, which are viable for natural product synthesis and drug discovery. In this review, we aim to provide a mechanistically insightful overview on these innovations based on the degree of skeletal alteration, categorized into dearomative functionalization and skeletal editing, and to highlight their synthetic utilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Kuaikuai Duan
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Menglong Li
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, School of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiang Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, USA.
| | - Yueteng Zhang
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, School of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang L, You M, Ban X, Zhao X, Yin Y, Cao S, Jiang Z. Visible light-driven dearomative ring expansion of (aza)arenes to access dihydrofuran-based polycyclic compounds. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8828-8834. [PMID: 38873084 PMCID: PMC11168080 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00748d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The dearomative expansion of aromatic rings has long been pursued by chemists due to its potential to provide tractable approaches for synthesizing valuable non-aromatic molecules. To circumvent the conventional use of hazardous and unstable diazo compounds, photochemical synthesis has recently emerged as a promising platform. However, protocols that can effectively handle both arenes and azaarenes remain scarce. Herein, we introduce a generic strategy that efficiently converts β-(aza)aryl-β-substituted enones into biologically significant cycloheptatriene derivatives, including their aza-variants. This method allows for the easy modulation of diverse functional groups on the product and demonstrates a wide substrate scope, evidenced by its excellent tolerance to various drug motifs and good compatibility with five-membered azaarenes undergoing ring expansion. Moreover, DFT calculations of plausible mechanisms have motivated the implementation of an important cascade diradical recombination strategy for 1,3-dienones, thus facilitating the synthesis of valuable 2-oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-ene derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linghong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University Kaifeng Henan P. R. China 475004
| | - Mengdi You
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan P. R. China 453007
| | - Xu Ban
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan P. R. China 453007
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University Kaifeng Henan P. R. China 475004
| | - Yanli Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan P. R. China 453007
| | - Shanshan Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan P. R. China 453007
| | - Zhiyong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University Kaifeng Henan P. R. China 475004
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan P. R. China 453007
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang Z, Gevorgyan V. Visible Light-Induced Reactions of Diazo Compounds and Their Precursors. Chem Rev 2024; 124:7214-7261. [PMID: 38754038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, visible light-induced reactions of diazo compounds have attracted increasing attention in organic synthesis, leading to improvement of existing reactions, as well as to the discovery of unprecedented transformations. Thus, photochemical or photocatalytic generation of both carbenes and radicals provide milder tools toward these key intermediates for many valuable transformations. However, the vast majority of the transformations represent new reactivity modes of diazo compounds, which are achieved by the photochemical decomposition of diazo compounds and photoredox catalysis. In particular, the use of a redox-active photocatalysts opens the avenue to a plethora of radical reactions. The application of these methods to diazo compounds led to discovery of transformations inaccessible by the classical reactivity associated with carbenes and metal carbenes. In most cases, diazo compounds act as radical sources but can also serve as radical acceptors. Importantly, the described processes operate under mild, practical conditions. This Review describes this subfield of diazo compound chemistry, particularly focusing on recent advancements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| | - Vladimir Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Falcone NA, He S, Hoskin JF, Mangat S, Sorensen EJ. N-Oxide-to-Carbon Transmutations of Azaarene N-Oxides. Org Lett 2024; 26:4280-4285. [PMID: 38739528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Reactions that change the identity of an atom within a ring system are emerging as valuable tools for the site-selective editing of molecular structures. Herein, we describe the expansion of an underdeveloped transformation that directly converts azaarene-derived N-oxides to all-carbon arenes. This ring transmutation exhibits good functional group tolerance and replaces the N-oxide moiety with either unsubstituted, substituted, or isotopically labeled carbon atoms in a single laboratory operation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Falcone
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Sam He
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - John F Hoskin
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Sandeep Mangat
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Erik J Sorensen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Escolano M, Gaviña D, Alzuet-Piña G, Díaz-Oltra S, Sánchez-Roselló M, Pozo CD. Recent Strategies in the Nucleophilic Dearomatization of Pyridines, Quinolines, and Isoquinolines. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1122-1246. [PMID: 38166390 PMCID: PMC10902862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Dearomatization reactions have become fundamental chemical transformations in organic synthesis since they allow for the generation of three-dimensional complexity from two-dimensional precursors, bridging arene feedstocks with alicyclic structures. When those processes are applied to pyridines, quinolines, and isoquinolines, partially or fully saturated nitrogen heterocycles are formed, which are among the most significant structural components of pharmaceuticals and natural products. The inherent challenge of those transformations lies in the low reactivity of heteroaromatic substrates, which makes the dearomatization process thermodynamically unfavorable. Usually, connecting the dearomatization event to the irreversible formation of a strong C-C, C-H, or C-heteroatom bond compensates the energy required to disrupt the aromaticity. This aromaticity breakup normally results in a 1,2- or 1,4-functionalization of the heterocycle. Moreover, the combination of these dearomatization processes with subsequent transformations in tandem or stepwise protocols allows for multiple heterocycle functionalizations, giving access to complex molecular skeletons. The aim of this review, which covers the period from 2016 to 2022, is to update the state of the art of nucleophilic dearomatizations of pyridines, quinolines, and isoquinolines, showing the extraordinary ability of the dearomative methodology in organic synthesis and indicating their limitations and future trends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Escolano
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel Gaviña
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gloria Alzuet-Piña
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago Díaz-Oltra
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Sánchez-Roselló
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Del Pozo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Boudry E, Bourdreux F, Marrot J, Moreau X, Ghiazza C. Dearomatization of Pyridines: Photochemical Skeletal Enlargement for the Synthesis of 1,2-Diazepines. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2845-2854. [PMID: 38235671 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
In this report, we developed a unified and standardized one-pot sequence that converts pyridine derivatives into 1,2-diazepines by inserting a nitrogen atom. This skeletal transformation capitalizes on the in situ generation of 1-aminopyridinium ylides, which rearrange under UV light irradiation. A thorough evaluation of the key parameters (wavelength, reaction conditions, activating agent) allowed us to elaborate on a simple, mild, and user-friendly protocol. The model reaction was extrapolated to more than 40 examples, including drug derivatives, affording unique 7-membered structures. Mechanistic evidence supports the transient presence of a diazanorcaradiene species. Finally, pertinent transformations of the products, including ring contraction reactions to form pyrazoles, were conducted and paved the way to a broad application of the developed protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Boudry
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, UMR 8180 Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, 78035 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Flavien Bourdreux
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, UMR 8180 Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, 78035 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Jérôme Marrot
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, UMR 8180 Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, 78035 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Xavier Moreau
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, UMR 8180 Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, 78035 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Clément Ghiazza
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, UMR 8180 Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, 78035 Versailles Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Reisenbauer JC, Paschke ASK, Krizic J, Botlik BB, Finkelstein P, Morandi B. Direct Access to Quinazolines and Pyrimidines from Unprotected Indoles and Pyrroles through Nitrogen Atom Insertion. Org Lett 2023; 25:8419-8423. [PMID: 37983173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in single-atom insertion reactions have opened up new synthetic approaches for molecular diversification. Developing innovative strategies to directly transform biologically relevant molecules, without any prefunctionalization, is key to further expanding the scope and utility of such transformations. Herein, the direct access to quinazolines and pyrimidines from the corresponding unprotected 1H-indoles and 1H-pyrroles is reported, relying on the implementation of lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (LiHMDS) as a novel nitrogen atom source in combination with commercially available hypervalent iodine reagents. Further application of this strategy in late-stage settings demonstrates its potential in lead structure diversification campaigns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jelena Krizic
- ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bence B Botlik
- ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Bill Morandi
- ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jurczyk J, Woo J, Kim SF, Dherange BD, Sarpong R, Levin MD. Single-atom logic for heterocycle editing. NATURE SYNTHESIS 2022; 1:352-364. [PMID: 35935106 PMCID: PMC9355079 DOI: 10.1038/s44160-022-00052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal chemistry continues to be impacted by new synthetic methods. Particularly sought after, especially at the drug discovery stage, is the ability to enact the desired chemical transformations in a concise and chemospecific fashion. To this end, the field of organic synthesis has become captivated by the idea of 'molecular editing'-to rapidly build onto, change or prune molecules one atom at a time using transformations that are mild and selective enough to be employed at the late stages of a synthetic sequence. In this Review, the definition and categorization of a particularly promising subclass of molecular editing reactions, termed 'single-atom skeletal editing', are proposed. Although skeletal editing applies to both cyclic and acyclic compounds, this Review focuses on heterocycles, both for their centrality in medicinal chemistry and for the definitional clarity afforded by a focus on ring systems. A classification system is presented by highlighting methods (both historically important examples and recent advances) that achieve such transformations, with the goal to spark interest and inspire further development in this growing field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Jurczyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jisoo Woo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Jisoo Woo, Sojung F. Kim
| | - Sojung F. Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Jisoo Woo, Sojung F. Kim
| | - Balu D. Dherange
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to Richmond Sarpong or Mark D. Levin. ;
| | - Mark D. Levin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to Richmond Sarpong or Mark D. Levin. ;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Das S. Recent applications of quinolinium salts in the synthesis of annulated heterocycles. SYNOPEN 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1834-2189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinoline derivatives are frequently found in natural products and biologically active compounds, however, construction of quinoline fused polyheterocycles is the challenging goal in synthetic organic chemistry. In this regard, quinolinium salts meet the demand to a great level, as they can be synthesized readily and employed effectively for the rapid construction of condensed heterocyclic core. The present review focuses on recent (2015-2021) applications of different quinolinium salts that react with suitable partners to access diverse annulated products. Most of the reactions discussed here involve easily available starting materials, operationally simple, high atom efficiency and environmentally benign. Mechanistic aspects of representative transformations have also been highlighted for better understanding of reaction pathway.
Collapse
|
14
|
Buglioni L, Raymenants F, Slattery A, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2752-2906. [PMID: 34375082 PMCID: PMC8796205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced chemical transformations have received in recent years a tremendous amount of attention, providing a plethora of opportunities to synthetic organic chemists. However, performing a photochemical transformation can be quite a challenge because of various issues related to the delivery of photons. These challenges have barred the widespread adoption of photochemical steps in the chemical industry. However, in the past decade, several technological innovations have led to more reproducible, selective, and scalable photoinduced reactions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of these exciting technological advances, including flow chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, reactor design and scale-up, and the combination of photo- and electro-chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buglioni
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aidan Slattery
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D. A. Zondag
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang X, Wang X, Jiao C, Zhao J, Liu X, Zhang G. Transition-metal-free, mild and efficient ring expansion of amino acid derivatives: facile access to densely functionalized azepines. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01147f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A mild, practical and efficient approach for the synthesis of valuable azepine products was achieved by the ring expansion of easily accessible amino acid derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University (HNU), 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University (HNU), 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Chenchen Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University (HNU), 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University (HNU), 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xiaopan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University (HNU), 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Guisheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University (HNU), 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sar S, Guha S, Prabakar T, Maiti D, Sen S. Blue Light-Emitting Diode-Mediated In Situ Generation of Pyridinium and Isoquinolinium Ylides from Aryl Diazoesters: Their Application in the Synthesis of Diverse Dihydroindolizine. J Org Chem 2021; 86:11736-11747. [PMID: 34369766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Blue light-emitting diode-mediated environmentally sustainable three component reactions among pyridine/isoquinoline 1/2, aryl diazoesters 3, and acrylic ester/3-alkenyl oxindoles 5/6 provide various dihydroindolizines 7 to 9 in excellent yield. The principle of the strategy is photolytic generation of nitrogen ylides from N-heteroarenes and aryl diazoesters and their subsequent [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction with dipolarophiles. Detailed mechanistic analysis of the transformation through control experiments establishes this strategy as the foundation for the photolytic multicomponent reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saibal Sar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University Dadri, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Souvik Guha
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University Dadri, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Tejas Prabakar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University Dadri, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Debajit Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University Dadri, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Subhabrata Sen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University Dadri, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| |
Collapse
|