1
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Yan Z, Huang M, Wang C, Zhang X, Tang S, Sun J. Geminal Aminocyanation Enabled by Ylide Mediated Rearrangement. Org Lett 2024; 26:10273-10279. [PMID: 39585758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c03797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we describe experimental and computational studies to understand the features of oxycyanopyridinium ylides generated in situ from oxy-cyanopyridines and rhodium carbene. This chemistry has enabled the concomitant formation of both C-N and C-C bonds, providing a complementary approach for cyanation reactions. Density functional theory calculations indicate the sequential metal-bound ylide formation, rhodium-associated five-membered transition state, and 1,4-cyano group relocation. Moreover, the enantioselective rearrangement has been realized by using chiral dirhodium complexes as the catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichun Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Meirong Huang
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chuang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Xinhao Zhang
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shengbiao Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Jiangtao Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
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2
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Tian JS, Yi-Gong, Wu ZW, Yu JS, Zhou J. H-Bond Donor-Directed Switch of Diastereoselectivity in the Enantioselective Intramolecular Aza-Henry Reaction of Ketimines. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402488. [PMID: 39120485 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
We report an H-bond donor controlled diastereoselective switchable intramolecular aza-Henry reaction of ketimines derived from α-ketoesters and 2-(2-nitroethyl)anilines, allowing facile access to chiral tetrahydroquinolines bearing an aza-quaternary carbon stereocenter, which are privileged scaffold for medicinal researches. While newly developed cinchona alkaloid derived phosphoramide-bearing quaternary ammonium salt C2 selectively give cis-adducts in up to 20 : 1 dr and 99 % ee, the corresponding urea-bearing analogue C8 preferentially give trans-adducts in up to 20 : 1 dr and 99 % ee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Song Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yi-Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Jin-Sheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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3
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Ye ZT, Wu ZW, Zhang XX, Zhou J, Yu JS. Organocatalytic enantioselective construction of Si-stereocenters: recent advances and perspectives. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:8546-8562. [PMID: 39091219 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00417e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Silicon-stereogenic chiral organosilanes have found increasing applications in synthetic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and materials science. In this context, various asymmetric catalytic methods have been established for the diverse synthesis of silicon-stereogenic silanes. In particular, asymmetric organocatalysis is emerging as an important and complementary synthetic tool for the enantioselective construction of silicon-stereocenters, along with the rapid development of chiral-metal catalyzed protocols. Its advent provides a powerful platform to achieve functionalized silicon-stereogenic organosilanes with structural diversity, and should lead to great development in chiral organosilicon chemistry. In this Tutorial Review, we highlight these latest achievements from two aspects: desymmetrizations of prochiral tetraorganosilanes and dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformations of racemic organosilanes by employing five organocatalytic activation modes. The advantages, limitations and synthetic value of each protocol, as well as the synthetic opportunities still open for further exploration, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Tian Ye
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China.
| | - Zhong-Wei Wu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China.
| | - Xue-Xin Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China.
| | - Jian Zhou
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China.
| | - Jin-Sheng Yu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, P. R. China
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4
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Xu L, Yang T, Sun H, Zeng J, Mu S, Zhang X, Chen GQ. Rhodium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation and Transfer Hydrogenation of 1,3-Dipolar Nitrones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319662. [PMID: 38366812 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Owing to their distinctive 1,3-dipolar structure, the catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation of nitrones to hydroxylamines has been a formidable and longstanding challenge, characterized by intricate enantiocontrol and susceptibility to N-O bond cleavage. In this study, the asymmetric hydrogenation and transfer hydrogenation of nitrones were accomplished with a tethered TsDPEN-derived cyclopentadienyl rhodium(III) catalyst (TsDPEN: p-toluenesulfonyl-1,2-diphenylethylene-1,2-diamine), the reaction proceeds via a novel 7-membered cyclic transition state, producing chiral hydroxylamines with up to 99 % yield and >99 % ee. The practical viability of this methodology was underscored by gram-scale catalytic reactions and subsequent transformations. Furthermore, mechanistic investigations and DFT calculations were also conducted to elucidate the origin of enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liren Xu
- Department of Chemistry, the Grubbs Institute, and Medi-X Pingshan, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tilong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, the Grubbs Institute, and Medi-X Pingshan, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Chemistry, the Grubbs Institute, and Medi-X Pingshan, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingwen Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, the Grubbs Institute, and Medi-X Pingshan, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuo Mu
- Department of Chemistry, the Grubbs Institute, and Medi-X Pingshan, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xumu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, the Grubbs Institute, and Medi-X Pingshan, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gen-Qiang Chen
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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5
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Brześkiewicz J, Loska R. Synthesis of Isoindole N-Oxides by Palladium-Catalyzed C-H Functionalization of Aldonitrones. J Org Chem 2023; 88:2385-2392. [PMID: 36704962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed strategy for isoindole N-oxide ring construction by C-H functionalization of aldonitrones is described. Our protocol is of general character, providing isoindole N-oxides with a variety of functional groups, including very sterically congested products. Further transformations into spirocyclic isoindolines, isoindoles, or a polycyclic isoquinolinium salt have been demonstrated as well. A mechanistic study suggests that the catalytic process proceeds via a Heck-type addition to the double C═N bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Brześkiewicz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Rafał Loska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
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6
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Lei CW, Wang XY, Mu BS, Yu JS, Zhou Y, Zhou J. Me 2(CH 2Cl)SiCF 3 Facilitated Tandem Synthesis of Oxasilacycles Featuring a Trifluoromethyl Group. Org Lett 2022; 24:8364-8369. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Wen Lei
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xi-Yu Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Bo-Shuai Mu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jin-Sheng Yu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai 200032, China
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7
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Ramsperger CA, Tufts NQ, Yadav AK, Lessard JM, Stylianou KC. Sustainable and Chemoselective Synthesis of α-Aminonitriles Using Lewis and Brønsted Acid-Functionalized Nanoconfined Spaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:49957-49964. [PMID: 36300358 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
α-Aminonitriles are significant components in the synthesis of biological compounds and complex drugs. Although efficient, procedures for synthesizing α-aminonitriles suffer from high loadings of expensive catalysts, long reaction times, energy-intensive conditions, and expensive, toxic solvents. Herein, we report the use of metal-organic framework Cr-MIL-101-SO3H as a catalyst for the facile synthesis of eight α-aminonitriles, five of which are reported as new molecules. We found that the presence of both open Cr3+ Lewis and -SO3H Brønsted acids in the MIL-101 pores is vital for the one-pot synthesis of α-aminonitriles. The catalytic reaction is conducted under solvent-free conditions at room temperature and a Cr-MIL-101-SO3H loading of 1% by the total mass, which is considered a sustainable synthetic pathway of α-aminonitriles. Additionally, we demonstrated for the first time that Cr-MIL-101-SO3H exhibits a high degree of catalytic chemoselectivity, differing substrates with sterically hindered and electronically withdrawn functional groups. Our study expands the existing family of α-aminonitriles and provides an intelligent strategy for the development of catalysts that can be used to synthesize functional α-aminonitriles with potential in therapeutics and health applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe A Ramsperger
- Materials Discovery Laboratory (MaD Lab), Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Noah Q Tufts
- Materials Discovery Laboratory (MaD Lab), Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Ankit K Yadav
- Materials Discovery Laboratory (MaD Lab), Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Jacob M Lessard
- Materials Discovery Laboratory (MaD Lab), Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Kyriakos C Stylianou
- Materials Discovery Laboratory (MaD Lab), Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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8
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Mu B, Gao Y, Yang F, Wu W, Zhang Y, Wang X, Yu J, Zhou J. The Bifunctional Silyl Reagent Me
2
(CH
2
Cl)SiCF
3
Enables Highly Enantioselective Ketone Trifluoromethylation and Related Tandem Processes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208861. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo‐Shuai Mu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University 3663N Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Yang Gao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University 3663N Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Fu‐Ming Yang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University 3663N Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Wen‐Biao Wu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University 3663N Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University 3663N Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Jin‐Sheng Yu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University 3663N Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University 3663N Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry CAS Shanghai 200032 China
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9
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Mu BS, Gao Y, Yang FM, Wu WB, Zhang Y, Wang X, Yu JS, Zhou J. The Bifunctional Silyl Reagent Me2(CH2Cl)SiCF3 Enabled Highly Enantioselective Ketone Trifluoromethylation and Related Tandem Processes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Shuai Mu
- East China Normal University Department of chemistry CHINA
| | - Yang Gao
- East China Normal University Department of chemistry CHINA
| | - Fu-Ming Yang
- East China Normal University Department of chemistry CHINA
| | - Wen-Biao Wu
- East China Normal University Department of chemistry CHINA
| | - Ying Zhang
- East China Normal University Department of chemistry CHINA
| | - Xin Wang
- Sichuan University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Jin-Sheng Yu
- East China Normal University Department of chemistry CHINA
| | - Jian Zhou
- East China Normal University Department of Chemistry 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, , 200062 Shanghai CHINA
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10
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Brześkiewicz J, Loska R. Palladium-Catalyzed Access to Benzocyclobutenone-Derived Ketonitrones via C(sp 2)-H Functionalization. Org Lett 2022; 24:3960-3964. [PMID: 35613705 PMCID: PMC9278523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The palladium-catalyzed C(sp2)-H functionalization of bromoaryl aldonitrones leading to benzocyclobutenone-derived ketonitrones is described. This method allows for the preparation of a wide range of strained, four-membered ketonitrones with broad functional group tolerance. Downstream transformations of the formed products were readily demonstrated, illustrating the synthetic utility of the obtained benzocyclobutenone-derived nitrones for the construction of polycyclic nitrogen-containing scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Brześkiewicz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Loska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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11
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Wu WB, Mu BS, Yu JS, Zhou J. Me 2(CH 2CH)SiCN: a bifunctional ethylene equivalent for Diels–Alder reaction based controllable tandem synthesis. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3519-3525. [PMID: 35432855 PMCID: PMC8943849 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00147k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A bifunctional silyl reagent Me2(CH2CH)SiCN has been developed as a novel ethylene equivalent for the Diels–Alder (DA) reaction. The use of this reagent enables the controllable synthesis of value-added cyclohexenyl ketones or 2-acyl cyclohexancarbonitrile derivatives through a five- or six-step tandem sequence based on a Wittig/cyanosilylation/DA reaction/retro-cyanosilylation/isomerization sequence that involves a temporary silicon-tethered intramolecular DA reaction. We report an unprecedented tandem Wittig/cyanosilylation/DA reaction/retro-cyanosilylation/isomerization sequence by using our designed bifunctional ethylene equivalent Me2(CH2CH)SiCN.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Biao Wu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Bo-Shuai Mu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jin-Sheng Yu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai 202162, China
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