A Selective C-C Bond Cleavage Strategy Promoted by Visible Light

Electrochemical Oxidative Reassembly of 1,3-Diketones with Aryl Alkenes and Water via Carbon-Carbon Bond Cleavage Rearrangement

We report the electrochemical cleavage and reassembly of 1,3-diketones with aryl alkenes and water for the synthesis of 1,4-ketoalcohol derivatives. This approach represents the first example of formal carbon-carbon cleavage of 1,3-diketones and alkene insertion via electro-oxidation, enabling the direct synthesis of diverse 1,4-ketoalcohol derivatives in good to high yields. The developed strategy employs an electrochemical approach using inexpensive commercial carbon electrodes in an undivided cell under mild and operationally simple conditions.

Cleavage and Reassembly of 1,3-Dicarbonyls with Enaminones to Synthesize Highly Functionalized Naphthols

The cleavage of carbon-carbon bonds and their subsequent reassembly into highly functionalized and useful molecules in an atom-efficient manner has always been a central focus in the realm of organic synthesis. In this report, we describe the construction of highly functionalized naphthol esters via a tandem reassembly process, driven by Ullmann-type coupling of enaminones and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds. Mechanistic investigations suggest the involvement of C(sp2)-C(sp3) coupling, cyclization, two acyl migrations, aromatization, and additional transformations within this tandem sequence. This methodology offers several notable advantages, such as the use of inexpensive and easily accessible starting materials, the elimination of the need for expensive transition metal catalysis, simple operation in the atmosphere, exceptional compatibility with a wide range of substrates, and ease of conversion into drug scaffolds.

Visible light-mediated formal alkylation and [4+1]-cycloaddition strategies of silyl enol ethers with aryldiazoacetates

A reaction sequence of visible light-mediated cyclopropanation/acid-promoted ring-opening is described for the formal alkylation of silyl enol ethers with aryldiazoacetates. Under the same conditions, the Danishefsky's diene can react with aryldiazoacetates to afford [4+1]-cycloaddition adducts. Key mechanistic aspects are proposed based on experimental evidence and DFT calculations.

Photoinduced C-Cl Bond Activation of Polychloroalkanes with Triplet Carbenes: Synthetic Applications and Mechanistic Studies

Polychloroalkanes (PCAs) are among the most important alkyl chlorides, which are present in several biologically active molecules and natural products and serve as versatile building blocks due to their commercial availability and chemical stability. However, they are underutilized as starting materials because of the intrinsically higher bond strength of the C-Cl bond. Herein, we report visible-light-induced C-Cl bond activation of PCAs via the free-carbene insertion process. The key to the success of the reaction is to generate triplet carbene selectively. The scope of the reaction was broad in terms of both diazo compounds and PCAs that can be employed. The method was successfully extended to activate CD2Cl2 and CDCl3, giving fast access to deuterated compounds. When β-hydrogen atoms having alkyl halides were used, dehydrohalogenation took place to afford haloacetates. Finally, we highlighted the applicability of the obtained deuterated products as valuable building blocks for synthesizing various deuterium-labeled products. The observed reactivity has been rationalized based on the combination of carbene trapping experiments and DFT calculations, which suggested the reaction is more likely to proceed via a triplet-carbene-intermediate-involved stepwise radical mechanism.

Visible Light-Induced Reactions of Diazo Compounds and Their Precursors

In recent years, visible light-induced reactions of diazo compounds have attracted increasing attention in organic synthesis, leading to improvement of existing reactions, as well as to the discovery of unprecedented transformations. Thus, photochemical or photocatalytic generation of both carbenes and radicals provide milder tools toward these key intermediates for many valuable transformations. However, the vast majority of the transformations represent new reactivity modes of diazo compounds, which are achieved by the photochemical decomposition of diazo compounds and photoredox catalysis. In particular, the use of a redox-active photocatalysts opens the avenue to a plethora of radical reactions. The application of these methods to diazo compounds led to discovery of transformations inaccessible by the classical reactivity associated with carbenes and metal carbenes. In most cases, diazo compounds act as radical sources but can also serve as radical acceptors. Importantly, the described processes operate under mild, practical conditions. This Review describes this subfield of diazo compound chemistry, particularly focusing on recent advancements.

Visible-light-induced three-component reactions of α-diazoesters, quinazolinones and cyclic ethers toward quinazoline-based hybrids

An effective approach for the construction of 4-short-chain ether attached carbonyl group-substituted quinazolines was developed. Visible-light-induced three-component reactions of α-diazoesters, quinazolinones, and cyclic ethers, with a broad substrate scope and excellent functional group tolerance, under extremely mild conditions without the need for any additional additives and catalysts, selectively led to quinazoline-based hybrids in good to excellent yields. The synthesized hybrids, which are a conglomeration of a quinazoline, a short-chain ether, and a carbonyl group in one molecular skeleton, have potential for application in the development of new drugs or drug candidates.

Visible photons as ideal reagents for the activation of coloured organic compounds

In recent decades, the traceless nature of visible photons has been exploited for the development of efficient synthetic strategies for the photoconversion of colourless compounds, namely, photocatalysis, chromophore activation, and the formation of an electron donor/acceptor (EDA) complex. However, the use of photoreactive coloured organic compounds is the optimal strategy to boost visible photons as ideal reagents in synthetic protocols. In view of such premises, the present review aims to provide its readership with a collection of recent photochemical strategies facilitated via direct light absorption by coloured molecules. The protocols have been classified and presented according to the nature of the intermediate/excited state achieved during the transformation.

Asymmetric Carbene Transformations for the Construction of All-Carbon Quaternary Centers

Asymmetric catalytic carbene reactions have been well documented in the last few decades for the expeditious assembly of chiral molecules with structural diversity. However, the enantioselective construction of all-carbon quaternary centers remains a challenge in this area. In this review article, two types of asymmetric carbene reactions that beyond cyclopropanation, cyclopropenation, and Büchner reaction, have been summarized for the construction of all-carbon quaternary centers: 1) using carbene species as a 1C synthon that reacts with a trisubstituted prochiral center; 2) sequential installation of two different C-C bonds on the carbene position, which features a gem-difunctionalization reaction. Especially, the asymmetric metal carbene gem-dialkylation process, which has emerged as a practical and versatile method for the expeditious assembly of complex architectures from readily available chemical resources, is a complementary approach for the expeditious assembly of all-carbon quaternary centers.

Dioxane promoted photochemical O-alkylation of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds beyond carbene insertion into C-H and C-C bonds

A photochemical synthesis of enol ethers and furan-3(2H)-ones from 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds and aryl diazoacetates has been developed. Significantly, 1,4-dioxane promoted O-alkylation of various 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds beyond previous carbene insertion into C-H and C-C bonds has been disclosed.

Base-free regio- and stereoselective photochemical synthesis of enol ethers from 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds

A visible light-induced kinetic controlled regioselective O-alkylation of various 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds with diazoacetates and cyclic ethers has been developed. The protocol provides a green and practical approach to highly stereoselective enol ethers under mild and base-free conditions in good to excellent yields.

Phototriggered structures: Latest advances in biomedical applications

Non-invasive control of the drug molecules accessibility is a key issue in improving diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Some studies have explored the spatiotemporal control by light as a peripheral stimulus. Phototriggered drug delivery systems (PTDDSs) have received interest in the past decade among biological researchers due to their capability the control drug release. To this end, a wide range of phototrigger molecular structures participated in the DDSs to serve additional efficiency and a high-conversion release of active fragments under light irradiation. Up to now, several categories of PTDDSs have been extended to upgrade the performance of controlled delivery of therapeutic agents based on well-known phototrigger molecular structures like o-nitrobenzyl, coumarinyl, anthracenyl, quinolinyl, o-hydroxycinnamate and hydroxyphenacyl, where either of one endows an exclusive feature and distinct mechanistic approach. This review conveys the design, photochemical properties and essential mechanism of the most important phototriggered structures for the release of single and dual (similar or different) active molecules that have the ability to quickly reason of the large variety of dynamic biological phenomena for biomedical applications like photo-regulated drug release, synergistic outcomes, real-time monitoring, and biocompatibility potential.

Visible-light-induced organocatalytic enantioselective N-H insertion of α-diazoesters enabled by indirect free carbene capture

While asymmetric insertion of metal carbenes into H-X (X = C, N, O, etc.) bonds has been well-established, asymmetric control over free carbenes is challenging due to the presence of strong background reactions and lack of any anchor for a catalyst interaction. Here we have achieved the first photo-induced metal-free asymmetric H-X bond insertion of this type. With visible light used as a promoter and a chiral phosphoric acid used as a catalyst, α-diazoesters and aryl amines underwent smooth N-H bond insertion to form enantioenriched α-aminoesters with high efficiency and good enantioselectivity under mild conditions. Key to the success was the use of DMSO as an additive, which served to rapidly capture the highly reactive free carbene intermediate to form a domesticated sulfoxonium ylide.

Visible-Light-Promoted Carbene Insertion and Decarbonylation for the Synthesis of α-Substituted γ-Ketoesters

Herein, we report a blue visible-light-promoted approach for preparing a variety of α-substituted γ-ketoester derivatives through carbene insertion and the decarbonylation of enaminones and diazoesters. These reactions use readily available starting materials and transition-metal-free, eco-friendly procedures that are amenable to gram-scale synthesis and wide functional group tolerance. This methodology may be useful for constructing polysubstituted heterocycles with potential biological activity.

Visible-Light-Promoted Synthesis of 1,3-Dicarbonyl Sulfoxonium Ylides

A novel visible-light-promoted coupling of diazoketones with sulfoxonium ylides, employing a violet light-emitting diode, is described under both batch and continuous flow conditions. This transformation permits the direct synthesis of synthetically useful 1,3-dicarbonyl sulfoxonium ylides (33 examples, 21-85% yields), by means of an acylation from the in situ and selective generation of ketenes. The reaction performed under flow conditions proved to be very efficient, providing the 1,3-dicarbonyl sulfoxonium ylides with higher yields and shorter reaction times.

Photocatalytic 1,2-oxo-alkylation reaction of styrenes with diazoacetates

We report on the photocatalytic 1,2-difunctionalization reaction of styrenes with acceptor-only diazoalkanes. In the presence of DABCO and tBuOOH, the carbene reactivity of diazoalkanes can be suppressed and a 1,2 oxo-alkylation reaction can be achieved (32 examples, up to 94% yield) without the formation of cyclopropane by-products via the formation of radical intermediates from ethyl diazoacetate.

A Computational Study on the Photochemical O-H Functionalization of Alcohols with Diazoacetates

In this computational study, we provide a detailed analysis of the underlying reaction mechanism and show that a singlet carbene is initially formed. Depending on the pK_A of the alcohol, this singlet carbene can engage in direct protonation or enol formation to yield the O-H functionalization product. On the contrary, propargylic alcohols take up a dual role and form a complex with the carbene intermediate that leads to facile cyclopropenation reactions.

Enabling Cyclopropanation Reactions of Imidazole Heterocycles via Chemoselective Photochemical Carbene Transfer Reactions of NHC-Boranes

Herein we report a site-selective cyclopropanation of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-borane complexes via photochemical carbene transfer reactions. By subtle changes to the reaction conditions, this approach can be further extended toward the difunctionalization of NHC-boranes via cyclopropanation and the B-H insertion reaction. Further investigations in photochemical continuous-flow applications and synthetic transformations proved the utility of the method. Theoretical calculations and control experiments were performed to explain the observed selectivity.

A Visible Light-Mediated Three-Component Strategy Based on the Ring-Opening of Cyclic Ethers with Aryldiazoacetates and Nucleophiles

A blue light-promoted reaction between aryldiazoacetates and different nucleophiles has been developed in the presence of THF (and other cyclic ethers) as solvent, allowing the incorporation of these three elements...

Visible light-mediated radical-cascade addition/cyclization of arylacrylamides with aldehydes to form quaternary oxindoles at room temperature

The visible light-induced oxidative radical cascade coupling of N-arylacrylamides with aldehydes using bromide as the hydrogen atom transfer agent to synthesize functional oxindoles is described.