1
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Kumar Ghosh A, Mondal A, Neogi S, Mahato F, Bhunya S, Roy L, Hajra A. Copper-Catalyzed Carbogermylation of Electron-Deficient Alkenes via 3,4- Difunctionalization of Quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones: Mechanistic Insights from Computational Studies. Chemistry 2025; 31:e202404186. [PMID: 40050965 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202404186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2025]
Abstract
Herein, we disclosed a copper-catalyzed carbogermylation of alkenes through 3,4-difunctionalization of quinoxalin-2(1H)-one to afford 3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxaline 1-oxide incorporated organogermanium derivatives. Despite extensive research on the C-H functionalization of quinoxaline-2(1H)-one, the difunctionalization of this compound through C-C and N-O bond formation via the radical relay process is unusual. DFT calculation and mechanistic studies reveal that the reaction follows a radical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, India
| | - Amit Mondal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Sukanya Neogi
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, India
| | - Frenki Mahato
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, India
| | - Sourav Bhunya
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Lisa Roy
- Department of Education, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Alakananda Hajra
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, India
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2
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Bityukov OV, Serdyuchenko PY, Kirillov AS, Nikishin GI, Vil’ VA, Terent’ev AO. Advances in radical peroxidation with hydroperoxides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:2959-3006. [PMID: 39600957 PMCID: PMC11590016 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 10/31/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic peroxides have become sought-after functionalities, particularly following the multi-tone consumption in polymer production and success in medicinal chemistry. The selective introduction of a peroxide fragment at different positions on the target molecule is a priority in the modern reaction design. The pioneering Kharasch-Sosnovsky peroxidation became the basic universal platform for the development of peroxidation methods, with its great potential for rapid generation of complexity due to the ability to couple the resulting free radicals with a wide range of partners. This review discusses the recent advances in the radical Kharasch-type functionalization of organic molecules with OOR fragment including free-component radical couplings. The discussion has been structured by the type of the substrate of radical peroxidation: C(sp 3 )-H substrates; aromatic systems; compounds with unsaturated C-C or C-Het bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V Bityukov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel Yu Serdyuchenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey S Kirillov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Gennady I Nikishin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vera A Vil’
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander O Terent’ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
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3
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Bajya KR, Maurya SK, Selvakumar S. Organophotocatalytic Regioselective Silylation/Germylation and Cascade Cyclization of N-Alkenyl α-CF 3 Acrylamides: Access to Densely Functionalized 4-Pyrrolin-2-ones. Org Lett 2024; 26:9269-9275. [PMID: 39432672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c03427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2024]
Abstract
We report an organophotoredox-catalyzed silylation/germylation cascade cyclization of N-alkenyl α-CF3 acrylamides under mild conditions. N-Aminopyridinium salts act as hydrogen atom transfer reagents under photoredox catalysis in the generation of silyl and germyl radicals. An array of silyl- and germyl-substituted 3-CF3-4-pyrrolin-2-one derivatives were constructed in a shorter reaction time with low catalyst loading in good to excellent yields at room temperature. Importantly, this protocol is amenable to the late-stage diversification of bioactive molecules, as well as to large-scale synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalu Ram Bajya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Shivam Kumar Maurya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sermadurai Selvakumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, Madhya Pradesh, India
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4
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Wang XS, Zhang YJ, Cao J, Xu LW. Photoinduced Palladium-Catalyzed Radical Germylative Arylation of Alkenes with Chlorogermanes. J Org Chem 2024; 89:12848-12852. [PMID: 39145490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
We describe a visible light-induced palladium-catalyzed radical germylative arylation of alkenes with easily accessible chlorogermanes. This protocol provides expedient access to germanium-substituted indolin-2-ones in good to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions. The key step for this strategy lies in the reductive activation of germanium-chloride bonds with an excited palladium complex under visible light irradiation. The involvement of germanium radicals was evidenced by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Song Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Jie Zhang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jian Cao
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Li-Wen Xu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
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5
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Yoshizawa K, Li BX, Matsuyama T, Wang C, Uchiyama M. Visible-Light-Driven Germyl Radical Generation via EDA-Catalyzed ET-HAT Process. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401546. [PMID: 38716768 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
We have established a facile and efficient protocol for the generation of germyl radicals by employing photo-excited electron transfer (ET) in an electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex to drive hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) from germyl hydride (R3GeH). Using a catalytic amount of EDA complex of commercially available thiol and benzophenone derivatives, the ET-HAT cycle smoothly proceeds simply upon blue-light irradiation without any transition metal or photocatalyst. This protocol also affords silyl radical from silyl hydride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaito Yoshizawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Bi-Xiao Li
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Taro Matsuyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Chao Wang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medicinal, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa-shi, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano-shi, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan
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6
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Lu XY, Qian YJ, Sun HL, Su MX, Wang ZZ, Jiang F, Zhou XY, Sun YX, Shi WL, Wan JR. Photoinduced decarboxylative germylation of α-fluoroacrylic acids: access to germylated monofluoroalkenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6556-6559. [PMID: 38845407 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02037e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Herein, a novel strategy is presented for the photoinduced decarboxylative and dehydrogenative cross-coupling of a wide range of α-fluoroacrylic acids with hydrogermanes. This methodology provides an efficient and robust approach for producing various germylated monofluoroalkenes with excellent stereoselectivity within a brief photoirradiation period. The feasibility of this reaction has been demonstrated through gram-scale reaction, conversion of germylated monofluoroalkenes, and modification of complex organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Lu
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, ChuZhou University, Chu Zhou, 239000, China.
| | - Yu-Jun Qian
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, ChuZhou University, Chu Zhou, 239000, China.
| | - Hai-Lun Sun
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, ChuZhou University, Chu Zhou, 239000, China.
| | - Meng-Xue Su
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, ChuZhou University, Chu Zhou, 239000, China.
| | - Zi-Zhen Wang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, ChuZhou University, Chu Zhou, 239000, China.
| | - Fan Jiang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, ChuZhou University, Chu Zhou, 239000, China.
| | - Xin-Yue Zhou
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, ChuZhou University, Chu Zhou, 239000, China.
| | - Yan-Xi Sun
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, ChuZhou University, Chu Zhou, 239000, China.
| | - Wan-Li Shi
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, ChuZhou University, Chu Zhou, 239000, China.
| | - Ji-Ru Wan
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, ChuZhou University, Chu Zhou, 239000, China.
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7
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Bhatt D, Miyake K, Nakamura S, Kim HY, Oh K. Photoredox-Catalyzed 1,4-Peroxidation-Sulfonylation of Enynones: A Three-Component Radical Coupling Approach for the Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Allenes. Org Lett 2024; 26:2955-2959. [PMID: 38567894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
An Eosin Y-catalyzed visible light-promoted 1,4-peroxidation-sulfonylation of enynones was achieved to give tetrasubstituted allenes. The photoredox catalysis of Eosin Y allowed the concomitant formation of peroxy and sulfonyl radicals, where the preferential peroxy radical addition to the alkene moiety of enynones resulted in the subsequent α-keto radical-sulfonyl radical cross couplings. The developed photoredox catalysis of Eosin Y demonstrates a regioselective 1,4-diradical addition strategy, opening up a new possibility of diradical functionalization of conjugate systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Bhatt
- Center for Metareceptome Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Kosei Miyake
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Shuichi Nakamura
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Hun Young Kim
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsoo Oh
- Center for Metareceptome Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
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8
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Dehnert BW, Dworkin JH, Kwon O. Dealkenylative Functionalizations: Conversion of Alkene C(sp 3)-C(sp 2) Bonds into C(sp 3)-X Bonds via Redox-Based Radical Processes. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2024; 56:71-86. [PMID: 38832211 PMCID: PMC11147281 DOI: 10.1055/a-2044-4571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights the history and recent advances in dealkenylative functionalization. Through this deconstructive strategy, radical functionalizations occur under mild, robust conditions. The reactions described proceed with high efficiency, good stereoselectivity, tolerate many functional groups, and are completed within a matter of minutes. By cleaving the C(sp3)-C(sp2) bond of terpenes and terpenoid-derived precursors, rapid diversification of natural products is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady W Dehnert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jeremy H Dworkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ohyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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9
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Gu R, Feng X, Bao M, Zhang X. Modular access to alkylgermanes via reductive germylative alkylation of activated olefins under nickel catalysis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7669. [PMID: 37996494 PMCID: PMC10667229 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43561-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon-introducing difunctionalization of C-C double bonds enabled by transition-metal catalysis is one of most straightforward and efficient strategies to construct C-C and C-X bonds concurrently from readily available feedstocks towards structurally diverse molecules in one step; however, analogous difunctionalization for introducing germanium group and other functionalities remains elusive. Herein, we describe a nickel-catalyzed germylative alkylation of activated olefins with easily accessible primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl bromides and chlorogermanes as the electrophiles to form C-Ge and C-Calkyl bonds simultaneously. This method provides a modular and facile approach for the synthesis of a broad range of alkylgermanes with good functional group compatibility, and can be further applied to the late-stage modification of natural products and pharmaceuticals, as well as ligation of drug fragments. More importantly, this platform enables the expedient synthesis of germanium substituted ospemifene-Ge-OH, which shows improved properties compared to ospemifene in the treatment of breast cancer cells, demonstrating high potential of our protocol in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Institute of Advanced Materials and Flexible Electronics (IAMFE), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xiujuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Ming Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Xuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Institute of Advanced Materials and Flexible Electronics (IAMFE), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China.
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10
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Palamini P, Allouche EMD, Waser J. Iron-Catalyzed Synthesis of α-Azido α-Amino Esters via the Alkylazidation of Alkenes. Org Lett 2023; 25:6791-6795. [PMID: 37684011 PMCID: PMC10521020 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
An iron-catalyzed alkylazidation of dehydroamino acids using peroxides as alkyl radical precursors is described. Non-natural azidated amino esters bearing an α-alkyl chain could be obtained in 18-94% yields using TMSN3 as an azide source. The obtained α-alkyl-α-azide α-amino esters could be further functionalized through cycloaddition or azide reduction with amide couplings to afford aminal-type peptides, α-triazolo amino acids, and tetrahydro-triazolopyridine, showing the great versatility of this now easily accessible class of amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Palamini
- Laboratory of Catalysis and
Organic
Synthesis, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuelle M. D. Allouche
- Laboratory of Catalysis and
Organic
Synthesis, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jerome Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and
Organic
Synthesis, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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Kumar A, Khatun GN, Fernandes RA. TBAI-Catalyzed Regioselective Hydroxyperoxidation of 1-Aryl/Alkyl-1,3-dienes. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37267087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An efficient, mild, and economical approach for regioselective synthesis of 4-aryl/alkyl-1-peroxy-but-3-en-2-ols from 1-substituted-1,3-butadienes using hydroperoxides and catalyzed by TBAI has been developed. This method can be executed in a simple operation with no dry conditions required and having tolerance to a wide range of substrates to access corresponding hydroxyperoxidates in good yields. Thus, an excellent regioselective orthogonal dioxygenation in a diene system has been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gulenur N Khatun
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rodney A Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India
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12
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Li BX, Ishida H, Wang C, Uchiyama M. Visible-Light-Driven Silyl or Germyl Radical Generation via Si-C or Ge-C Bond Homolysis. Org Lett 2023; 25:1765-1770. [PMID: 36883960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
We report a simple, rapid, and selective protocol for visible-light-driven generation of silyl radicals through photoredox-induced Si-C bond homolysis. Irradiating 3-silyl-1,4-cyclohexadienes with blue light in the presence of a commercially available photocatalyst smoothly generated silyl radicals bearing various substituents within 1 h, and these radicals were trapped by a broad range of alkenes to afford products in good yields. This process is also available for efficient generation of germyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Xiao Li
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Chao Wang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano-shi, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
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13
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Abstract
Organic peroxides are becoming popular intermediates for novel chemical transformations. The weak O-O bond is readily reduced by transition metals, including iron and copper, to initiate a radical cascade process that breaks C-C bonds. Great potential exists for the rapid generation of complexity, originating from the ability to couple the resulting free radicals with a wide range of partners. First, this review article discusses the history and synthesis of organic peroxides, providing the context necessary to understand this methodology. Then, it highlights 91 examples of recent applications of the radical functionalization of C-C bonds accessed through the transition metal-mediated reduction of organic peroxides. Finally, we provide some comments about safety when working with organic peroxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy H. Dworkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Brady W. Dehnert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Ohyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
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14
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Laglera-Gándara C, Ríos P, Fernández-de-Córdova FJ, Barturen M, Fernández I, Conejero S. σ-GeH and Germyl Cationic Pt(II) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:20848-20859. [PMID: 36322561 PMCID: PMC9949701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The low electron count Pt(II) complexes [Pt(NHC')(NHC)][BArF] (where NHC is a N-heterocyclic carbene ligand and NHC' its metalated form) react with tertiary hydrogermanes HGeR3 at room temperature to generate the 14-electron platinum(II) germyl derivatives [Pt(GeR3)(NHC)2][BArF]. Low-temperature NMR studies allowed us to detect and characterize spectroscopically some of the σ-GeH intermediates [Pt(η2-HGeR3)(NHC')(NHC)][BArF] that evolve into the platinum-germyl species. One of these compounds has been characterized by X-ray diffraction studies, and the interaction of the H-Ge bond with the platinum center has been analyzed in detail by computational methods, which suggest that the main contribution is the donation of the H-Ge to a σ*(Pt-C) orbital, but backdonation from the platinum to the σ*(Ge-H) orbital is significant. Primary and secondary hydrogermanes also produce the corresponding platinum-germyl complexes, a result that contrasts with the reactivity observed with primary silanes, in which carbon-silicon bond-forming reactions have been reported. According to density functional theory calculations, the formation of Pt-Ge/C-H bonds is both kinetically and thermodynamically preferred over the competitive reaction pathway leading to Pt-H/C-Ge bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos
J. Laglera-Gándara
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada
(ORFEO-CINQA), CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Pablo Ríos
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada
(ORFEO-CINQA), CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41092, Spain,
| | - Francisco José Fernández-de-Córdova
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada
(ORFEO-CINQA), CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Marina Barturen
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada
(ORFEO-CINQA), CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica I y Centro de Innovación
en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), facultad de Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain,
| | - Salvador Conejero
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada
(ORFEO-CINQA), CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41092, Spain,
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15
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Luo Y, Lv L, Li Z. Copper-Catalyzed Germyl-Azidation of Alkenes with Germanium Hydrides and Trimethylsilyl Azide. Org Lett 2022; 24:8052-8056. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yani Luo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Leiyang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Zhiping Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
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Liu F, Lv L, Ma Y, Li Z. Copper‐Catalyzed Radical Difluoromethylation‐Peroxidation of Alkenes: Synthesis of β‐Difluoromethyl Peroxides. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- Renmin University of China Chemistry CHINA
| | - Leiyang Lv
- Renmin University of China Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | | | - Zhiping Li
- Renmin University of China Chemistry CHINA
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17
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Xu H, Lou X, Xie J, Qin Z, He H, Gao X. Regioselective Approach to β-Peroxyl Alcohols and Ethers from Alkenes. J Org Chem 2022; 87:9957-9968. [PMID: 35829642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A different regioselective three-component reaction of alkenes, oxygen sources, and hydroperoxides mediated by ammonium iodine to α-oxyperoxidates has been developed. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that regioselective radical addition and subsequent SN2 nucleophilic substitution were possible for the formation of products. In addition to the traditional pathway of SN2 reaction, that is, where nucleophiles attack the α-C atoms at the back side, an additional unusual transition configuration with the H2O molecule attacking the α-C atom at the front side was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, PR China
| | - Xinyao Lou
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, PR China
| | - Junrang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, PR China
| | - Ze Qin
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, PR China
| | - Huan He
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, PR China
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Wang L, Shu S, Lv L, Li Z. Copper-catalyzed remote trifluoromethylthiolation-peroxidation of unactivated alkenes via 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Fe-Catalyzed Ring-Opening Reactions of Siloxy Cyclopropanes with Alkenes and TBHP: Synthesis of 4-Ester Peroxides. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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