1
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Sari IN, Yan B, Morozumi T, Kamiya Y, Umezawa T. Development and Mechanistic Insights into Nef Reaction for Preparation of Aldehydes Using Singlet Oxygen. Org Lett 2025; 27:4263-4268. [PMID: 40243033 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5c00954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2025]
Abstract
The Nef reaction for conversion of nitro compounds to aldehydes is described. Various functional groups, such as ethers, silyl ethers, acetals or esters, were tolerated to give aldehydes in high yields using Cs2CO3 and singlet oxygen as an oxidant. Transformations of nitromethyl groups into hydroxymethyl groups were achieved in a one-pot operation. The mechanism involved in the Nef reaction was studied using ion chromatography and radical scavengers, which resulted in the proposal of two unique reaction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Novita Sari
- Division of Environmental Materials Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, N10W5 Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
- Section of Food Technology, Agricultural Technology Department, Politeknik Negeri Lampung, Bandar Lampung, 35141, Indonesia
| | - Bobo Yan
- Division of Environmental Materials Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, N10W5 Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Morozumi
- Section of chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, N10W8 Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kamiya
- Division of Environmental Materials Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, N10W5 Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
- Section of Environmental Material Science, Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, N10W5 Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Taiki Umezawa
- Division of Environmental Materials Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, N10W5 Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
- Section of Environmental Material Science, Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, N10W5 Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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2
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Rezazadeh S, Conner AM, Watson DA. A General Method for C-Alkylation of Nitroalkanes with Alkyl Halides: Nickel Photoredox Dual-Catalyzed C-Alkylation of Nitroalkanes. ORGANIC SYNTHESES; AN ANNUAL PUBLICATION OF SATISFACTORY METHODS FOR THE PREPARATION OF ORGANIC CHEMICALS 2025; 102:64-85. [PMID: 40170881 PMCID: PMC11956153 DOI: 10.15227/orgsyn.102.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2025]
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Rezazadeh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Allyssa M Conner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Donald A Watson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
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3
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Osawa A, Balasubramanian M, Nakao Y. Reductive Homologation of Nitroalkanes via Denitrative Aminoalkylation. Org Lett 2024; 26:9046-9050. [PMID: 39413283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c03269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2024]
Abstract
We present the reductive homologation of nitroalkanes through the utilization of the denitrative aminoalkylation reaction. This transformation is accomplished by the radical-radical coupling of alkyl radicals derived from nitroalkanes and persistent aminoalkyl radicals. By capitalizing on the diverse α-functionalization of nitroalkanes, α,β-multifunctionalized amines can be readily accessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Osawa
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Maanashaa Balasubramanian
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nakao
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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4
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Bhattacharjee S, Hajra A. Site-selective direct nitration of 2 H-indazoles: easy access to 7-nitroindazoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4076-4079. [PMID: 38506140 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00214h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
A new site-selective methodology for C-H nitration of 2H-indazoles has been accomplished at the C7 position using iron(III) nitrate. This strategy enables practical access to an array of 7-nitroindazoles with broad functional group tolerance in good yields. The synthesized products have been proven as valuable synthetic intermediates by demonstrating the synthetic utility. Mechanistic investigations indicate that the reaction goes through a radical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvam Bhattacharjee
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India.
| | - Alakananda Hajra
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India.
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5
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Huang J, Li T, Lu X, Ma D. Copper-Catalyzed α-Arylation of Nitroalkanes with (Hetero)aryl Bromides/Iodides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315994. [PMID: 38151905 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
α-Aryl substituted nitroalkanes are valuable synthetic building blocks that can be easily converted into α-aryl substituted aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, as well as amines. Herein, an efficient Cu/oxalamide-catalyzed coupling between nitroalkanes and (hetero)aryl halides (Br, I) was developed to direct access highly diverse α-aryl substituted nitroalkanes. Compared with the current state of art, this protocol is more environmentally friendly and practical for synthetic chemists. This approach is characterized by a broad substrate scope on both nitroalkane part (primary nitroalkanes and nitromethane) and sp2 halide part ((hetero)aryl bromides/iodides and alkenyl bromides/iodides). The excellent functional group tolerance was observed, which would enable real world synthetic applications. More importantly, TON of current transformation reached to 3640, when some aryl iodides were used as coupling partners. This represents currently the highest catalyst turnover for transition-metal catalyzed α-arylation of nitroalkanes. Furthermore, the successful application in late-stage modification of complex molecules and synthesis of a known retinoid X receptor (RXR) antagonist exemplified its synthetic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cross-Coupling Reactions, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Taian Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cross-Coupling Reactions, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaobiao Lu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cross-Coupling Reactions, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Dawei Ma
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cross-Coupling Reactions, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
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6
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Phaenok S, Nguyen LA, Soorukram D, Nguyen TTT, Retailleau P, Nguyen TB. Sulfur- and Amine- Promoted Multielectron Autoredox Transformation of Nitromethane: Multicomponent Access to Thiourea Derivatives. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303703. [PMID: 37953668 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Thiourea derivatives are in-demand motifs in organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry and material science, yet redox methods for the synthesis that start from safe, simple, inexpensive and readily available feedstocks are scarce. In this article, we disclose the synthesis of these motifs using elemental sulfur and nitromethane as the starting materials. The method harnesses the multi-electron auto-redox property of nitromethane in the presence of sulfur and amines, delivering thiourea products without any added oxidant or reductant. Extension of this reaction to cyclizable amines and/or higher homologues of nitromethane led to a wide range of nitrogen heterocycles and thioamides. Operationally simple, the reactions are scalable, tolerate a wide range of functional groups, and can be employed for the direct functionalization of natural products. Mechanistically, the nitro group was found to act as an oxidant leaving group, being reduced to ammonia whereas sulfur, along with the role of a sulfur building block for the thiocarbonyl group, behaved as a complementary reductant, being oxidized to sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supasorn Phaenok
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301 Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1, av de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Le Anh Nguyen
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Darunee Soorukram
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Thi Thanh Tam Nguyen
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est, UMR 7182, 2 rue Henri Dunant, 94320, Thiais, France
| | - Pascal Retailleau
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301 Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1, av de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Thanh Binh Nguyen
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301 Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1, av de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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7
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Bao H, Wang L. Photoinduced Reduction of Nitroarenes and Tandem C-N Cross-Coupling with Haloarenes. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 38047598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
An efficient photocatalytic C-N cross-coupling of nitroarenes with haloarenes has been developed using simple and cheap Ni(acac)2 as a cocatalyst. The reaction is confirmed as a stepwise process: (1) metal free photoinduced reduction of nitroarenes into aniline derivatives and (2) photo- and Ni-catalyzed C-N cross-coupling of anilines with haloarenes. The reaction conditions are simple and mild, giving high-value diarylamines with good to excellent yields and good functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoshi Bao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P. R. China
| | - Leifeng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P. R. China
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8
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Du Z, Liu S, Li Y, Peng J, Sun Y, Song Y, Liu Y, Zeng X. Fluoroamide-Directed Regiodivergent C-Alkylation of Nitroalkanes. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37314942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Herein, by exploiting different activation modes of fluoroamides, we achieved α- and δ-C(sp3)-H alkylation of nitroalkanes with switchable regioselectivity. Cu catalysis enabled the interception of a distal C-centered radical by a N-centered radical to couple nitroalkanes and unactivated δ-C-H bonds. In addition, imines generated in situ by fluoroamides were trapped by nitroalkanes to realize the α-C-H alkylation of amides. Both of those scalable protocols have broad substrate scopes and good functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Shiwen Liu
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Institute of Flexible Functional Materials, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224000, China
| | - Yuke Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Junjie Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Yanji Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Yanshan Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Xiaojun Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
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9
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Rezazadeh S, Martin MI, Kim RS, Yap GPA, Rosenthal J, Watson DA. Photoredox-Nickel Dual-Catalyzed C-Alkylation of Secondary Nitroalkanes: Access to Sterically Hindered α-Tertiary Amines. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4707-4715. [PMID: 36795911 PMCID: PMC9992296 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of tertiary nitroalkanes via the nickel-catalyzed alkylation of secondary nitroalkanes using aliphatic iodides is reported. Previously, catalytic access to this important class of nitroalkanes via alkylation has not been possible due to the inability of catalysts to overcome the steric demands of the products. However, we have now found that the use of a nickel catalyst in combination with a photoredox catalyst and light leads to much more active alkylation catalysts. These can now access tertiary nitroalkanes. The conditions are scalable as well as air and moisture tolerant. Importantly, reduction of the tertiary nitroalkane products allows rapid access to α-tertiary amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Rezazadeh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Maxwell I Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Raphael S Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Glenn P A Yap
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Joel Rosenthal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Donald A Watson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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10
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Simlandy AK, Rodphon W, Alturaifi TM, Mai BK, Ni HQ, Gurak JA, Liu P, Engle KM. Catalytic Addition of Nitroalkanes to Unactivated Alkenes via Directed Carbopalladation. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Simlandy
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Warabhorn Rodphon
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Turki M. Alturaifi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Binh Khanh Mai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Hui-Qi Ni
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - John A. Gurak
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Keary M. Engle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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11
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He X, Hu S, Xiao Y, Yu L, Duan W. Access to Ketones through Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Phenol Derivatives with Nitroalkanes Followed by Nef Reaction. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu He
- Guangxi University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 100 East Daxue Road Nanning CHINA
| | - Sengui Hu
- Guangxi University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 100 East Daxue Road Nanning CHINA
| | - Yuxuan Xiao
- Guangxi University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanning CHINA
| | - Lin Yu
- Guangxi University Chemistry No. 100, East Daxue Road 530004 Nanning CHINA
| | - Wengui Duan
- Guangxi University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 100 East Daxue Road Nanning CHINA
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12
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Xiaoyong Z, Lili Y, Junfang G, Yue G, Yulong Z. 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU)-Promoted Nucleophilic Addition of Two Molecules of Nitroalkanes to Diazo Compounds: Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Hydrazones and Tetrahydropyridazines. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202204033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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13
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Lin YC, Yen KW, Lin HJ, Yang YC, Wu YK. Haloarene-guided cascade arylation of cyclic vinylogous esters under palladium catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12119-12122. [PMID: 34719697 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05006k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A method is presented for the synthesis of diaryl cyclic vinylogous esters. The sequence of C(sp3)-H arylation events is programed under the differentiated reactivity of the aryl halides, and the optimized reaction system is effectively diverted from producing dihomo-arylated products. The site selectivity of the second arylation is notably modulated by the substitution pattern of the substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ching Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
| | - Ko-Wang Yen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
| | - Hsuan-Jen Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Chi Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Ku Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
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14
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Brześkiewicz J, Stańska B, Dąbrowski P, Loska R. C−H Activation and Cross‐Coupling of Acyclic Aldonitrone. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Brześkiewicz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Barbara Stańska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Piotr Dąbrowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Rafał Loska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
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15
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Kim RS, Dinh-Nguyen LV, Shimkin KW, Watson DA. Copper-Catalyzed Propargylation of Nitroalkanes. Org Lett 2020; 22:8106-8110. [PMID: 33006901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using a commercially available, inexpensive, and abundant copper catalyst system, an efficient α-functionalization of nitroalkanes with propargyl bromides is now established. This mild and robust method is highly functional group tolerant and provides straightforward access to complex secondary and tertiary homopropargylic nitroalkanes. Moreover, the utility of these α-propargylated nitroalkanes is demonstrated through downstream functionalization to biologically relevant, five-membered N-heterocycles such as pyrroles and 2-pyrrolines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael S Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Linh V Dinh-Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Kirk W Shimkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Donald A Watson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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16
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Tcyrulnikov S, Kozlowski MC. Accounting for Strong Ligand Sensitivity in Pd-Catalyzed α-Arylation of Enolates from Ketones, Esters, and Nitroalkanes. J Org Chem 2020; 85:3465-3472. [PMID: 31994879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of the Pd-catalyzed α-arylation of three model enolates is studied focusing on an analysis of their very different reactivities. In particular, the low reactivity of nitronates under standard arylation conditions and their high sensitivity to the nature of catalytic systems are addressed. The three canonical steps for each of the reaction systems are examined, and key trends surrounding the stability of intermediates and transition states are delineated. A framework based on molecular orbital analyses and the hard-soft acid-base (HSAB) theory is advanced to explain the observed reactivity trends. The local softness of the enolates was found to be a key parameter controlling the energy of the enolate-catalyst complexes. The low reactivity of the nitroalkane enolates is attributed to slow reductive elimination, a consequence of the hard nature of the nitronate. Analysis of reactivity of nitromethane in α-arylation with Pd catalysts containing Buchwald ligands reveals destabilization of the L2Pd species as a major non-enolate-specific acceleration mechanism as well as less electron-rich ligands accelerating reductive elimination as a nitronate-specific mechanism. The corresponding energetics and feasibility that favor C-arylation versus O-arylation are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Tcyrulnikov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Marisa C Kozlowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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17
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Jao TJ, Akula PS, Hong BC, Lee GH. Catalytic 1,2-Rearrangements: Organocatalyzed Michael/Semi-Pinacol-like Rearrangement Cascade of 1,3-Diones and Nitroolefins. Org Lett 2020; 22:62-67. [PMID: 31829018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
New types of organocatalytic 1,2-rearrangements, which resemble the Smiles-like or semi-pinacol-like rearrangement, of Michael adducts of 1,3-dicarbonyl-2-alkyl compounds and nitroalkenes have been realized. Unlike the well-known conjugate addition, the reaction affords the 1-phenyl-1-nitroalkanes via unprecedented rearrangement and cascade reactions. Structures of the appropriate products were unambiguously characterized by X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Jung Jao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , National Chung Cheng University , Chia-Yi 621 , Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Pavan Sudheer Akula
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , National Chung Cheng University , Chia-Yi 621 , Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Bor-Cherng Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , National Chung Cheng University , Chia-Yi 621 , Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Gene-Hsiang Lee
- Instrumentation Center , National Taiwan University , Taipei 106 , Taiwan, R.O.C
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18
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Abstract
Background:
α-Aryl substituted nitroalkanes are important synthetic intermediates
for the preparation of pharmaceutical molecules, natural products, and functional
materials. Due to their scare existence in Nature, synthesis of these compounds has attracted
the attention of synthetic and medicinal chemists, rendering α-arylation of nitroalkanes
of an important research topic. This article summarizes the important advances of α-
arylation of nitroalkanes since 1963.
Results:
After a brief introduction of the synthetic application and the reactions of nitroalkanes,
this article reviewed the synthetic methods for the α-arylated aliphatic nitro compound.
The amount of research on α-arylation of nitroalkanes using various arylation reagents
and the discovery of elegant synthetic approaches towards such skeleton have been
discussed. This review described these advances in two sections. One is the arylation of non-activated nitroalkanes,
with an emphasis on the application of diverse arylation reagents; the other focuses on the arylation of
activated nitroalkanes, including dinitroalkanes, trinitroalkanes, α-nitrosulfones, α-nitroesters, α-nitrotoluenes,
and α-nitroketones. The synthetic application of these methods has also been presented in some cases.
Conclusion:
In this review, we described the progress of α-arylation of nitroalkanes. Although the immense
amount of research on α-arylation of aliphatic nitro compounds has been achieved, many potential issues still
need to be addressed, especially the asymmetric transformation and its wide application in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yang An
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zuo-Yi Jiao
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhou-Bao Shi
- Affiliate Hospital of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fu-Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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19
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Wright BA, Ardolino MJ. Surprising Reactivity in NiXantphos/Palladium-Catalyzed α-Arylation of Substituted Cyclopropyl Nitriles. J Org Chem 2019; 84:4670-4679. [PMID: 30412410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
α-Arylations of cyclopropyl and related nitriles provide access to important synthetic intermediates and pharmacophores for biologically active molecules. However, robust methods for coupling of sterically encumbered partners have remained elusive. Through optimization using high-throughput experimentation (HTE), the NiXantphos ligand was found to be effective in the coupling of sterically hindered β-substituted cyclopropyl nitriles with a number of aryl groups and heterocycles, including those containing acidic N-H and O-H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A Wright
- Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Michael J Ardolino
- Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
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20
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An Y, Zhang XM, Li ZY, Xiong WH, Yu RD, Zhang FM. Transition-metal-free α-arylation of nitroketones with diaryliodonium salts for the synthesis of tertiary α-aryl, α-nitro ketones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:119-122. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc08920e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transition-metal-free α-arylation of α-nitroketones with diaryliodonium salts has been developed for the first time and applied in the synthesis of tiletamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang An
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Ze-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Wen-Hui Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Run-Dong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Fu-Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting of Education Ministry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry
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21
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Ogiwara Y, Morishita H, Sasaki M, Imai H, Sakai N. Copper-catalyzed Cyanation of Aryl Iodides Using Nitromethane. CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.170798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Ogiwara
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510
| | - Hiromitsu Morishita
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510
| | - Minoru Sasaki
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510
| | - Hiroki Imai
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510
| | - Norio Sakai
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510
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22
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Brals J, Smith JD, Ibrahim F, Gallou F, Handa S. Micelle-Enabled Palladium Catalysis for Convenient sp2-sp3 Coupling of Nitroalkanes with Aryl Bromides in Water Under Mild Conditions. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b02663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Brals
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 S. Brook Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Justin D. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 S. Brook Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Faisal Ibrahim
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 S. Brook Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | | | - Sachin Handa
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 S. Brook Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
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23
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Rezazadeh S, Devannah V, Watson DA. Nickel-Catalyzed C-Alkylation of Nitroalkanes with Unactivated Alkyl Iodides. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:8110-8113. [PMID: 28594543 PMCID: PMC5531607 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enabled by nickel catalysis, a mild and general catalytic method for C-alkylation of nitroalkanes with unactivated alkyl iodides is described. Compatible with primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl iodides; and tolerant of a wide range of functional groups, this method allows rapid access to diverse nitroalkanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Rezazadeh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Vijayarajan Devannah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Donald A. Watson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
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24
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Ramesh K, Satyanarayana G. A Domino Palladium-Catalyzed Cyclization: One-Pot Synthesis of 4b-Alkyl-10-phenyl-4b,5-dihydroindeno[2,1-a]indenes via Carbopalladation Followed by C–H Activation. J Org Chem 2017; 82:4254-4264. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karu Ramesh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi 502 285, Sangareddy, Telangana India
| | - Gedu Satyanarayana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi 502 285, Sangareddy, Telangana India
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25
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Dawange M, Parekh N, Kumbhar A, Dehaen W, Kusurkar R. A synthetic route towards 3,4-disubstituted pyrrolidin-2-ones via a Michael addition and reductive ring closing strategy. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj04051a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
2-Pyrrolidinone scaffolds with a wide range of substituents were synthesized with good yield and diastereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monali Dawange
- Department of Chemistry
- S P Pune University
- Pune 411007
- India
| | - Nikita Parekh
- Department of Chemistry
- S P Pune University
- Pune 411007
- India
| | | | - Wim Dehaen
- Molecular Design and Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
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26
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Wu X, Miao J, Li Y, Li G, Ge H. Copper-promoted site-selective carbonylation of sp 3 and sp 2 C-H bonds with nitromethane. Chem Sci 2016; 7:5260-5264. [PMID: 30155175 PMCID: PMC6020547 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc01087c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper-promoted direct carbonylation of unactivated sp3 C-H and aromatic sp2 C-H bonds of amides was developed using nitromethane as a novel carbonyl source. The sp3 C-H functionalization showed high site-selectivity by favoring the C-H bonds of α-methyl groups. The sp2 C-H carbonylation featured high regioselectivity and good functional group compatibility. Kinetic isotope effect studies indicated that the sp3 C-H bond breaking step is reversible, whereas the sp2 C-H bond cleavage is an irreversible but not the rate-determining step. Control experiments showed that a nitromethyl intermediate should be involved in the present reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis , Indianapolis IN 46202 , USA .
| | - Jinmin Miao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis , Indianapolis IN 46202 , USA .
| | - Yanrong Li
- Institute of Chemistry & BioMedical Sciences , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , P. R. China
| | - Guigen Li
- Institute of Chemistry & BioMedical Sciences , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , TX 79409-1061 , USA .
| | - Haibo Ge
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis , Indianapolis IN 46202 , USA .
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