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Abstract
Total synthesis is considered by many as the finest combination of art and science. During the last decades, several concepts were proposed for achieving the perfect vision of total synthesis, such as atom economy, step economy, or redox economy. In this context, C-H functionalization represents the most powerful platform that has emerged in the last years, empowering rapid synthesis of complex natural products and enabling diversification of bioactive scaffolds based on natural product architectures. In this review, we present an overview of the recent strategies towards the total synthesis of heterocyclic natural products enabled by C-H functionalization. Heterocycles represent the most common motifs in drug discovery and marketed drugs. The implementation of C-H functionalization of heterocycles enables novel tactics in the construction of core architectures, but also changes the logic design of retrosynthetic strategies and permits access to natural product scaffolds with novel and enhanced biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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2
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Schwinger DP, Peschel MT, Jaschke C, Jandl C, de Vivie-Riedle R, Bach T. Diels-Alder Reaction of Photochemically Generated ( E)-Cyclohept-2-enones: Diene Scope, Reaction Pathway, and Synthetic Application. J Org Chem 2022; 87:4838-4851. [PMID: 35315664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Upon irradiation at λ = 350 nm, cyclohept-2-enone undergoes an isomerization to the strained (E)-isomer. The process was studied by XMS-CASPT2 calculations and found to proceed by two competitive reaction channels on either the singlet or the triplet hypersurface. (E)-Cyclohept-2-enone is a reactive dienophile in thermal [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions with various dienes. Ten different dienes were probed, most of which─except for 1,3-cyclohexadiene─underwent a clean Diels-Alder reaction and gave the respective trans-fused six-membered rings in good yields (68-98%). The reactions with furan were studied in detail, both experimentally and by DLPNO-CCSD(T) calculations. Two diastereoisomers were formed in a ratio of 63/35 with the exo-product prevailing, and the configuration of both diastereoisomers was corroborated by single crystal X-ray crystallography. The outcome of the photoinduced Diels-Alder reaction matched both qualitatively and quantitatively the calculated reaction pathway. Apart from cyclohept-2-enone, five additional cyclic hept-2-enones and cyclooct-2-enone were employed in their (E)-form as dienophiles in the Diels-Alder reaction with 1,3-cyclopentadiene (80-98% yield). The method was eventually applied to a concise total synthesis of racemic trans-α-himachalene (four steps, 14% overall yield).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Schwinger
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin T Peschel
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 11, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Constantin Jaschke
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 11, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Christian Jandl
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Regina de Vivie-Riedle
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 11, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Ali
- Jamia Millia Islamia New Delhi India 110025 Department of Chemistry Jamia Nagar,New Delhi india110025 110025 New Delhi INDIA
| | - Waqar Ahmed
- Jamia Millia Islamia Central University: Jamia Millia Islamia Chemistry INDIA
| | - Vikrant Jayant
- Jamia Millia Islamia Central University: Jamia Millia Islamia Chemistry INDIA
| | - shakeel alvi
- Jamia Millia Islamia Central University: Jamia Millia Islamia Chemistry INDIA
| | - Nadeem Ahmed
- Jamia Millia Islamia Central University: Jamia Millia Islamia Chemistry INDIA
| | - Azeem Ahmed
- Jamia Millia Islamia Central University: Jamia Millia Islamia Chemistry INDIA
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4
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Uemura D, Kawazoe Y, Inuzuka T, Itakura Y, Kawamata C, Abe T. Drug Leads Derived from Japanese Marine Organisms. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:196-210. [PMID: 31642409 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666191022125851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Many natural products with extraordinary chemical structures and brilliant biological activities have been obtained from marine organisms. We have investigated such fascinating bioactive molecules, exemplified by the potent marine toxin palytoxin and the antitumor molecule halichondrin B, which has been developed as the anticancer drug Halaven®, to explore novel frontiers in organic chemistry and bioscience. Working within the traditional discipline, we have sought to acquire a deeper understanding of biological phenomena. We introduce here our major work along with up-todate topics. We isolated yoshinone A from marine cyanobacteria and completed a gram-scale synthesis. Yoshinone A is a novel polyketide that inhibited the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells into adipocytes without significant cytotoxicity. The detailed mechanisms of action will be elucidated via further experiments in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we explore the true producers of okadaic acid and halichondrin B by immunostaining of Halichondria okadai with an antibody that was prepared using these natural products as an antigen. We will analyze isolated symbionts and reveal biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Uemura
- Institute for Advanced Research (Emeritus), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kawazoe
- Center for Education and Research in Agricultural Innovation, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Karatsu, Japan
| | | | - Yuki Itakura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Hiratsuka, Japan
| | - Chiari Kawamata
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Hiratsuka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Hiratsuka, Japan
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5
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Abstract
The inthomycin family of antibiotics, isolated from Streptomyces strains, are interesting molecules for synthesis due to their characteristic common oxazole polyene chiral allylic β-hydroxycarbonyl fragments and significant biological activities. The full structural motif of the inthomycins is found in several more complex natural products including the oxazolomycins, 16-methyloxazolomycin, curromycins A and B, and KSM-2690. This review summarises the application of various efforts towards the synthesis of inthomycins and their analogues systematically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidyut Kumar Senapati
- Department of Chemistry, Prabhat Kumar College, Contai, 721404, India, Tel.: +91 8145207480
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6
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Liu J, Zhang S, Luan Z, Liu Y, Ke Z. Ruthenium Catalyzed Selective Acceptorless Dehydrogenation of Allylic Alcohols to α, β-Unsaturated Carbonyls. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202107037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Mu Y, Jiang Y, Qu X, Liu B, Tan J, Li G, Jiang M, Li L, Han L, Huang X. Oxazolomycins produced by Streptomyces glaucus and their cytotoxic activity. RSC Adv 2021; 11:35011-35019. [PMID: 35494745 PMCID: PMC9042891 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06182h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Six oxazolomycins (1–6) were isolated from the fermentation broth of a soil-borne bacterial strain, Streptomyces glaucus. The structures of the new compounds, oxazolomycins D–F (1–3) and glaucumycins A, B (6a/6b), were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic data analysis. Oxazolomycins 1, 2, 4, and 5 demonstrated weak or modest cytotoxic activities against four human cancer cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 10.6 ± 1.7 to 89.5 ± 6.6 μM (or >100 μM). Further study showed that 4 caused S phase cell cycle arrest in SMMC7721 cells through down-regulating the protein expression of cyclin A2, CDK2. Meanwhile, 4 induced apoptosis in SMMC7721 cells through down-regulating the protein levels of Bcl-2, up-regulating the levels of Bax, and activating the cleavage of caspase-3. Six oxazolomycins (1–6) were isolated from the fermentation broth of a soil-borne bacterial strain, Streptomyces glaucus.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mu
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Xiaodan Qu
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Junfeng Tan
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Guiding Li
- Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Mingguo Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Liya Li
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Li Han
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Xueshi Huang
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
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Wu H, Margarita C, Jongcharoenkamol J, Nolan MD, Singh T, Andersson PG. Kinetic resolution of racemic allylic alcohols via iridium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation: scope, synthetic applications and insight into the origin of selectivity. Chem Sci 2020; 12:1937-1943. [PMID: 34163958 PMCID: PMC8179068 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05276k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric hydrogenation is one of the most commonly used tools in organic synthesis, whereas, kinetic resolution via asymmetric hydrogenation is less developed. Herein, we describe the first iridium catalyzed kinetic resolution of a wide range of trisubstituted secondary and tertiary allylic alcohols. Large selectivity factors were observed in most cases (s up to 211), providing the unreacted starting materials in good yield with high levels of enantiopurity (ee up to >99%). The utility of this method is highlighted in the enantioselective formal synthesis of some bioactive natural products including pumiliotoxin A, inthomycin A and B. DFT studies and a selectivity model concerning the origin of selectivity are presented. Asymmetric hydrogenation is one of the most commonly used tools in organic synthesis, whereas, kinetic resolution via asymmetric hydrogenation was less developed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratory 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Cristiana Margarita
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratory 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Jira Jongcharoenkamol
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratory 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Mark D Nolan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratory 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Thishana Singh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Kwazulu-Natal Private Bag X54001 Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Pher G Andersson
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratory 106 91 Stockholm Sweden .,School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Kwazulu-Natal Private Bag X54001 Durban 4000 South Africa
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Wang YJ, Wang L, He X, Xu DD, Tang J, Ma YT, Yan YJ, Gu YC, Yang J, Huang SX. Characterization of inthomycin biosynthetic gene cluster revealing new insights into carboxamide formation. Chin J Nat Med 2020; 18:677-83. [PMID: 32928511 DOI: 10.1016/S1875-5364(20)60006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Inthomycins are polyketide antibiotics which contain a terminal carboxamide group and a triene chain. Inthomycin B (1) and its two new analogues 2 and 3 were isolated from the crude extract of Streptomyces pactum L8. Identification of the gene cluster for inthomycin biosynthesis as well as the 15N-labeled glycine incorporation into inthomycins are described. Combined with the gene deletion of the rare P450 domain in the NRPS module, a formation mechanism of carboxamide moiety in inthomycins was proposed via an oxidative release of the assembly chain assisted by the P450 domain.
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Watson HA, Manaviazar S, Steeds HG, Hale KJ. The stannylvinyl cation that never was! New concentration- and temperature-dependent probe studies confirm an entirely free radical mechanism and O–Sn coordinative control of the hydrostannation of propargylically-oxygenated dialkyl acetylenes with stannanes and cat. Et3B. Tetrahedron 2020; 76:131061. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Lautié E, Russo O, Ducrot P, Boutin JA. Unraveling Plant Natural Chemical Diversity for Drug Discovery Purposes. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:397. [PMID: 32317969 PMCID: PMC7154113 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The screening and testing of extracts against a variety of pharmacological targets in order to benefit from the immense natural chemical diversity is a concern in many laboratories worldwide. And several successes have been recorded in finding new actives in natural products, some of which have become new drugs or new sources of inspiration for drugs. But in view of the vast amount of research on the subject, it is surprising that not more drug candidates were found. In our view, it is fundamental to reflect upon the approaches of such drug discovery programs and the technical processes that are used, along with their inherent difficulties and biases. Based on an extensive survey of recent publications, we discuss the origin and the variety of natural chemical diversity as well as the strategies to having the potential to embrace this diversity. It seemed to us that some of the difficulties of the area could be related with the technical approaches that are used, so the present review begins with synthetizing some of the more used discovery strategies, exemplifying some key points, in order to address some of their limitations. It appears that one of the challenges of natural product-based drug discovery programs should be an easier access to renewable sources of plant-derived products. Maximizing the use of the data together with the exploration of chemical diversity while working on reasonable supply of natural product-based entities could be a way to answer this challenge. We suggested alternative ways to access and explore part of this chemical diversity with in vitro cultures. We also reinforced how important it was organizing and making available this worldwide knowledge in an "inventory" of natural products and their sources. And finally, we focused on strategies based on synthetic biology and syntheses that allow reaching industrial scale supply. Approaches based on the opportunities lying in untapped natural plant chemical diversity are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Lautié
- Centro de Valorização de Compostos Bioativos da Amazônia (CVACBA)-Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Olivier Russo
- Institut de Recherches Internationales SERVIER, Suresnes, France
| | - Pierre Ducrot
- Molecular Modelling Department, 'PEX Biotechnologie, Chimie & Biologie, Institut de Recherches SERVIER, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Jean A Boutin
- Institut de Recherches Internationales SERVIER, Suresnes, France
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12
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Abstract
Herein, we report the asymmetric total syntheses of inthomycin antibiotics containing a methylene-interrupted oxazolyl-triene motif. Utilizing the α,β-unsaturated aldehyde as a common intermediate, all three inthomycins A-C were divergently synthesized. The asymmetric ynone reduction provided an R-configured secondary alcohol as in the natural products with high enantioselectivity. The geometrically different triene units for each inthomycin were stereoselectively established via methyl cuprate conjugate addition, isomerization of the α,β-unsaturated aldehyde intermediate, and stereoretentive cross-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yeonghun Song
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sanghee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
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13
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Abstract
The Stille coupling between organostannanes and organohalides is an effective catalytic method for organic synthesis. Despite the ample amount of published results in this area, finding the optimal conditions for this transformation is often not straightforward. It was observed that this reaction could be accelerated with improved efficiency by the addition of a Cu(i) salt and fluoride. This review summarises the application of this simple protocol in the synthesis of natural products, their analogues and other biologically active molecules, from 2004 to 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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15
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Abstract
The inthomycins are a family of structurally and biologically rich natural products isolated from Streptomyces species. Herein the implementation of a modular synthetic route is reported that has enabled the enantioselective synthesis of all three inthomycins. Key steps include Suzuki and Sonogashira cross‐couplings and an enantioselective Kiyooka aldol reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjeet Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Liam Bromhead
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Zoe Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Alistair Overy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Jonathan W Burton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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Josa-Culleré L, Pretsch A, Pretsch D, Moloney MG. Antibacterial Mimics of Natural Products by Side-Chain Functionalization of Bicyclic Tetramic Acids. J Org Chem 2018; 83:10303-10317. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laia Josa-Culleré
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Alexander Pretsch
- Oxford Antibiotic Group, The Oxford Science Park, Magdalen Centre, Oxford OX4 4GA, U.K
| | - Dagmar Pretsch
- Oxford Antibiotic Group, The Oxford Science Park, Magdalen Centre, Oxford OX4 4GA, U.K
| | - Mark G. Moloney
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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