1
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Scuiller A, Dupas A, Lefebvre G, Bouriche N, Chédotal H, Guillamot G, Cossy J, Meyer C. Synthesis of 2-(Trifluoromethyl)Azetidines by Strain-Release Reactions of 2-(Trifluoromethyl)-1-Azabicyclo[1.1.0]Butanes. Chemistry 2025; 31:e202500590. [PMID: 40193205 PMCID: PMC12099193 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202500590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2025] [Revised: 04/07/2025] [Accepted: 04/07/2025] [Indexed: 04/22/2025]
Abstract
Substituted azetidines are privileged heterocyclic scaffolds in medicinal chemistry and have become synthetic targets of high interest in recent years. With the goal of developing a new access to azetidines incorporating the pharmaceutically relevant trifluoromethyl group, the reactivity of 2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-azabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes was investigated in polar strain-release reactions. By using benzyl chloroformate or trifluoroacetic anhydride as reacting partners, diversely substituted 3-chloroazetidines, 3-substituted azetidines and azetidin-3-ols bearing a trifluoromethyl group at C2 could be readily synthesized. In addition, palladium-catalyzed hydrogenolysis reactions provided an entry to cis-3-aryl-2-trifluoromethyl azetidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Scuiller
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and MaterialsESPCI Paris – PSLCNRS, 10 rue VauquelinParisFrance
| | - Alexandre Dupas
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and MaterialsESPCI Paris – PSLCNRS, 10 rue VauquelinParisFrance
| | - Gauthier Lefebvre
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and MaterialsESPCI Paris – PSLCNRS, 10 rue VauquelinParisFrance
| | - Naïssa Bouriche
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and MaterialsESPCI Paris – PSLCNRS, 10 rue VauquelinParisFrance
| | - Henri Chédotal
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and MaterialsESPCI Paris – PSLCNRS, 10 rue VauquelinParisFrance
| | | | - Janine Cossy
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and MaterialsESPCI Paris – PSLCNRS, 10 rue VauquelinParisFrance
| | - Christophe Meyer
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and MaterialsESPCI Paris – PSLCNRS, 10 rue VauquelinParisFrance
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2
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Datsenko OP, Baziievskyi A, Sadkova I, Campos B, Brewster JT, Kowalski J, Hinklin RJ, Mykhailiuk PK. Alkyl Azetidines Via Batch and Flow Photochemistry. Org Lett 2025. [PMID: 40184521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5c00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2025]
Abstract
Alkyl azetidines have been prepared by photochemical modifications of azetidine-2-carboxylic acids in batch and in flow. The reaction has been realized in milligram, gram, and even multigram quantities. The obtained azetidines are valuable building blocks for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iryna Sadkova
- Enamine Ltd, Winston Churchill St. 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Bismarck Campos
- Pfizer Boulder Research and Development, 3200 Walnut St., Boulder, Colorado 80023, United States
| | - James T Brewster
- Pfizer Boulder Research and Development, 3200 Walnut St., Boulder, Colorado 80023, United States
| | - John Kowalski
- Pfizer Boulder Research and Development, 3200 Walnut St., Boulder, Colorado 80023, United States
| | - Ronald J Hinklin
- Pfizer Boulder Research and Development, 3200 Walnut St., Boulder, Colorado 80023, United States
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3
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Kirichok AA, Tkachuk H, Levchenko K, Granat D, Yegorova T, Lesyk D, Anisiforova A, Holota Y, Zomchak V, Bodenchuk I, Kosach V, Borysko P, Korzh RA, Al-Maali G, Kubyshkin V, Rzepa HS, Mykhailiuk PK. "Angular" Spirocyclic Azetidines: Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation in Drug Discovery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025; 64:e202418850. [PMID: 39621438 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202418850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 12/14/2024]
Abstract
The previously neglected "angular" spirocyclic azetidines have been synthesized, characterized, and validated in drug discovery. We have shown that these compounds could act as bioisosteres for common saturated six-membered heterocycles. Their incorporation into the structure of the anticancer drug Sonidegib (instead of morpholine), and Danofloxacine (instead of piperazine) provided novel patent-free analogs with similar physicochemical properties and high activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Kirichok
- Enamine Ltd, Winston Churchill st. 78, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Faculty of Chemistry, Volodymyrska 60, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Kostiantyn Levchenko
- Enamine Ltd, Winston Churchill st. 78, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Department of Organic Chemistry, Kyryla i Mefodia St. 6, 79005, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Dmitry Granat
- Enamine Ltd, Winston Churchill st. 78, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Tetyana Yegorova
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Faculty of Chemistry, Volodymyrska 60, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Dmytro Lesyk
- Bienta, Winston Churchill st. 78, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Yuliia Holota
- Bienta, Winston Churchill st. 78, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | | | | | - Petro Borysko
- Bienta, Winston Churchill st. 78, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Rodion A Korzh
- Enamine Ltd, Winston Churchill st. 78, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Galeb Al-Maali
- Enamine Ltd, Winston Churchill st. 78, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
- M. G. Kholodny. Institute of Botany of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Henry S Rzepa
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Pavel K Mykhailiuk
- Enamine Ltd, Winston Churchill st. 78, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Faculty of Chemistry, Volodymyrska 60, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
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4
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Qi J, Wang C, Wang G, O'Neill P, Reddy Dubbaka S, Ting Ang H, Chen X, Wu J. Strain-Release-Driven Electrochemical Skeletal Rearrangement of Non-Biased Alkyl Cyclopropanes/Butanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025; 64:e202413723. [PMID: 39264356 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202413723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Capitalizing the inherent strain energy within molecules, strain-release-driven reactions have been widely employed in organic synthesis. Small cycloalkanes like cyclopropanes and cyclobutanes, with their moderate ring strain, typically require dense functionalization to induce bias or distal activation of (hetero) aromatic rings via single-electron oxidation for relieving the tension. In this study, we present a pioneering direct activation of alkyl cyclopropanes/butanes through electrochemical oxidation. This approach not only showcases the potential for ring-opening of cyclopropane/butane under electrochemical conditions but also streamlines the synthesis of diverse oxazolines and oxazines. The applicability of our method is exemplified by its broad substrate scopes. Notably, the products derived from cyclobutanes undergo a formal ring contraction to cyclopropanes, introducing an intriguing aspect to our discoveries. These discoveries mark a significant advancement in strain-release-driven skeletal rearrangement reactions of moderately strained rings, offering sustainable and efficient synthetic pathways for future endeavours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qi
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, Singapore, 117544, Republic of Singapore
| | - Chu Wang
- Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Gan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, Singapore, 117544, Republic of Singapore
| | - Patrick O'Neill
- Pfizer Ireland Pharmaceuticals, Process Development Centre, Ringaskiddy, Co-Cork, Ireland, 637578
| | - Srinivas Reddy Dubbaka
- Pfizer Asia Manufacturing Pte Ltd, Manufacturing Technology Development Centre (MTDC), Synapse Building, #05-17, 3 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138623, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hwee Ting Ang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, Singapore, 117544, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xuebo Chen
- Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, Singapore, 117544, Republic of Singapore
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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5
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Singh B, Sasmal P, Taites A, Hazra S, Saha J. Aza- ortho-Quinone Methide Promoted Strain-Release-Driven Conversion of Azabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes into Functionalized Azetidines. Org Lett 2024; 26:9558-9563. [PMID: 39453833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c03577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2024]
Abstract
A strategy for activating azabicyclo[1.1.0]butane (ABB) with in situ generated aza-ortho-quinone methide, promoted by HFIP, is reported. This unified activation, vis-à-vis strain-release-driven N/C3-functionalization, features a new means to prepare functionalized azetidines from ABB. Additionally, the newly installed motif on azetidine nitrogen could be forged into an indoline via Pd-catalyzed hydroamination, leveraging access to medicinally relevant scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandana Singh
- Department of Biological and Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Pujan Sasmal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali 160062, India
| | - Aaron Taites
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali 160062, India
| | - Subhadeep Hazra
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali 160062, India
| | - Jaideep Saha
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali 160062, India
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6
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Liu J, Qian Y, Zhao H, Liu Y, Qin Z, Zhang Z, Rong L. Electrochemical Selenized Reaction of N-Arylbicyclo[1.1.0]butane-1-carboxamides: Access to 3-(Arylselanyl)spiro[cyclobutane-1,3'-indolin]-2'-one Derivatives. J Org Chem 2024; 89:15914-15923. [PMID: 39440833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c02085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2024]
Abstract
A novel selenized reaction of N-arylbicyclo [1.1.0]butane-1-carboxamides with diselenide for the synthesis of polycyclic indoline derivatives is developed under electrochemical conditions. The synthesis is achieved by the bicyclo[1.1.0]butane strain-release reaction and intramolecular cyclization process. In addition, this approach features a wide range of substrates, good group tolerance, shorter reaction time, and mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyao Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, PR China
| | - Yuliang Qian
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, PR China
| | - Haicheng Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, PR China
| | - Yun Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, PR China
| | - Zhenglong Qin
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, PR China
| | - Zifeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, PR China
| | - Liangce Rong
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, PR China
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7
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Zanini M, Noble A, Aggarwal VK. Synthesis of 1-Azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes via Formal Single Electron Reduction of Azabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes under Photochemical Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202410207. [PMID: 39038230 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202410207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
C(sp3)-rich heterocycles are privileged building blocks for pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Therefore, synthetic methods that provide access to novel saturated nitrogen-containing heterocycles are in high demand. Herein, we report a general synthesis of 1-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes (1-aza-BCH) via a formal cycloaddition of azabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (ABB) with styrenes under photochemical conditions. To overcome the challenging direct single electron reduction of ABBs, we designed a polar-radical-polar relay strategy that leverages a fast acid-mediated ring-opening of ABBs to form bromoazetidines, which undergo efficient debrominative radical formation to initiate the cycloaddition reaction. The reaction is applicable to a broad range of ABB-ketones and we demonstrate the 1-aza-BCH products can be further functionalized to access larger saturated, conformationally rigid heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Zanini
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS
| | - Adam Noble
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS
| | - Varinder K Aggarwal
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS
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8
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Trauner F, Ghazali R, Rettig J, Thiele CM, Didier D. Stereoselective polar radical crossover for the functionalization of strained-ring systems. Commun Chem 2024; 7:139. [PMID: 38898159 PMCID: PMC11187220 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Radical-polar crossover of organoborates is a poweful tool that enables the creation of two C-C bonds simultaneously. Small ring systems have become essential motifs in drug discovery and medicinal chemistry. However, step-economic methods for their selective functionalization remains scarce. Here we present a one-pot strategy that merges a simple preparation of strained organoboron species with the recently popularized polar radical crossover of borate derivatives to stereoselectively access tri-substituted azetidines, cyclobutanes and five-membered carbo- and heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Trauner
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Clemens-Schöpf-Insitut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, Department Chemie, Butenandtstr. 5, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Rahma Ghazali
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Clemens-Schöpf-Insitut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan Rettig
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Clemens-Schöpf-Insitut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christina M Thiele
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Clemens-Schöpf-Insitut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Dorian Didier
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Clemens-Schöpf-Insitut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.
- Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, Department Chemie, Butenandtstr. 5, 81377, München, Germany.
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9
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Kirichok AA, Tkachuk H, Kozyriev Y, Shablykin O, Datsenko O, Granat D, Yegorova T, Bas YP, Semirenko V, Pishel I, Kubyshkin V, Lesyk D, Klymenko-Ulianov O, Mykhailiuk PK. 1-Azaspiro[3.3]heptane as a Bioisostere of Piperidine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202311583. [PMID: 37819253 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
1-Azaspiro[3.3]heptanes were synthesized, characterized, and validated biologically as bioisosteres of piperidine. The key synthesis step was thermal [2+2] cycloaddition between endocyclic alkenes and the Graf isocyanate, ClO2 S-NCO, to give spirocyclic β-lactams. Reduction of the β-lactam ring with alane produced 1-azaspiro[3.3]heptanes. Incorporation of this core into the anesthetic drug bupivacaine instead of the piperidine fragment resulted in a new patent-free analogue with high activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Kirichok
- Enamine Ltd, Winston Churchill Str. 78, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Faculty of Chemistry, Volodymyrska 60, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Yevhenii Kozyriev
- Enamine Ltd, Winston Churchill Str. 78, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, Faculty of Chemistry, 72 Gagarina Ave., 49010, Dnipro, Ukraine
| | - Oleh Shablykin
- Enamine Ltd, Winston Churchill Str. 78, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
- V. P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry of the NAS of Ukraine, Akademika Kukharya 1, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Dmitry Granat
- Enamine Ltd, Winston Churchill Str. 78, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Tetyana Yegorova
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Faculty of Chemistry, Volodymyrska 60, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yuliya P Bas
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Faculty of Chemistry, Volodymyrska 60, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Iryna Pishel
- Enamine Ltd, Winston Churchill Str. 78, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Dmytro Lesyk
- Bienta, Winston Churchill Str. 78, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Pavel K Mykhailiuk
- Enamine Ltd, Winston Churchill Str. 78, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Faculty of Chemistry, Volodymyrska 60, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
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10
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Hsu CM, Lin HB, Hou XZ, Tapales RVPP, Shih CK, Miñoza S, Tsai YS, Tsai ZN, Chan CL, Liao HH. Azetidines with All-Carbon Quaternary Centers: Merging Relay Catalysis with Strain Release Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19049-19059. [PMID: 37589099 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Given the importance and beneficial characteristics of decorated azetidines in medicinal chemistry, efficient strategies for their synthesis are highly sought after. Herein, we report a facile synthesis of the elusive all-carbon quaternary-center-bearing azetidines. By adopting a well-orchestrated polar-radical relay strategy, ring strain release of bench-stable benzoylated 1-azabicyclo[1.1.0]butane (ABB) can be harnessed for nickel-catalyzed Suzuki Csp2-Csp3 cross-coupling with commercially available boronic acids in broad scope (>50 examples), excellent functional group tolerance, and gram-scale utility. Preliminary mechanistic studies provided insights into the underlying mechanism, wherein the ring opening of ABB with a catalytic quantity of bromide accounts for the conversion of ABB into a redox-active azetidine, which subsequently engages in the cross-coupling reaction through a radical pathway. The synergistic bromide and nickel catalysis could intriguingly be derived from a single nickel source (NiBr2). Application of the method to modify natural products, biologically relevant molecules, and pharmaceuticals has been successfully achieved as well as the synthesis of melanocortin-1 receptor (MC-1R) agonist and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) inhibitor analogues through bioisosteric replacements of piperidine with azetidine moieties, highlighting the potential of the method in drug optimization studies. Aside from the synthesis of azetidines, we demonstrate the ancillary utility of our nickel catalytic system toward the restricted Suzuki cross-coupling of tertiary alkyl bromides with aryl boronic acids to construct all-carbon quaternary centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Ming Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Heng-Bo Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Xin-Zhi Hou
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | | | - Chen-Kuei Shih
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Shinje Miñoza
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Yu-Syuan Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Zong-Nan Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Cheng-Lin Chan
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Hsuan-Hung Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- Green Hydrogen Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
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11
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Dequina HJ, Jones CL, Schomaker JM. Recent updates and future perspectives in aziridine synthesis and reactivity. Chem 2023; 9:1658-1701. [PMID: 37681216 PMCID: PMC10482075 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
In this review, selected recent advances in the preparation and reactivity of aziridines using modern synthetic approaches are highlighted, while comparing these new strategies with more classical approaches. This critical analysis is designed to help identify current gaps in the field and is showcasing new and exciting opportunities to move the chemistry of aziridines forward in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary J. Dequina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 N. University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Corey L. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 N. University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Schomaker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 N. University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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12
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Park SH, Bae G, Choi A, Shin S, Shin K, Choi CH, Kim H. Electrocatalytic Access to Azetidines via Intramolecular Allylic Hydroamination: Scrutinizing Key Oxidation Steps through Electrochemical Kinetic Analysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37428820 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Azetidines are prominent structural scaffolds in bioactive molecules, medicinal chemistry, and ligand design for transition metals. However, state-of-the-art methods cannot be applied to intramolecular hydroamination of allylic amine derivatives despite their underlying potential as one of the most prevalent synthetic precursors to azetidines. Herein, we report an electrocatalytic method for intramolecular hydroamination of allylic sulfonamides to access azetidines for the first time. The merger of cobalt catalysis and electricity enables the regioselective generation of key carbocationic intermediates, which could directly undergo intramolecular C-N bond formation. The mechanistic investigations including electrochemical kinetic analysis suggest that either the catalyst regeneration by nucleophilic cyclization or the second electrochemical oxidation to access the carbocationic intermediate is involved in the rate-determining step (RDS) of our electrochemical protocol and highlight the ability of electrochemistry in providing ideal means to mediate catalyst oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve H Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Geunsu Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahhyeon Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyeon Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangmin Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hyuck Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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13
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Li M, Chong Q, Meng F. Cobalt-Catalyzed Atom-economical and Regioselective Hydroalkylation of N-Boc-2-azetine with Cobalt Homoenolates. Tetrahedron Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2023.154479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
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14
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Tyler JL, Noble A, Aggarwal VK. Four-Component Strain-Release-Driven Synthesis of Functionalized Azetidines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202214049. [PMID: 36300572 PMCID: PMC10099845 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Despite the favorable properties that azetidine rings can engender on drug-compounds, methods for the diversity-oriented synthesis of azetidine-based structures are significantly underdeveloped. Herein, we report the successful realization of a multicomponent [1,2]-Brook rearrangement/strain-release-driven anion relay sequence and its application to the modular synthesis of substituted azetidines. The rapidity of the reaction, as confirmed by in situ infra-red spectroscopy, leverages the strain-release ring-opening of azabicyclo[1.1.0]butane to drive the equilibrium of the Brook rearrangement. The three electrophilic coupling partners, added sequentially to azabicyclo[1.1.0]butyl-lithium, could be individually varied to access a diverse compound library. The utility of this methodology was demonstrated in a 4-step synthesis of the EP2 receptor antagonist PF-04418948.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper L Tyler
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Adam Noble
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Varinder K Aggarwal
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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15
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Lai W, Zhong K, Liu S, Liu S, Chen H, Ni H, Zeng Z, Zhao Z, Lan Y, Bai R. How Strain-Release Determines Chemoselectivity: A Mechanistic Study of Rhodium-Catalyzed Bicyclo[1.1.0]butane Activation. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:7694-7701. [PMID: 35960186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bicyclo[1.1.0]butane (BCB) derivatives are versatile coupling partners, and various reaction modes for their activation and transformation have been proposed. In this work, three BCB-activation modes in Rh-catalyzed BCB transformations that construct diastereoselective α-quaternary β-lactones were investigated by density functional theory calculations. Our results show that, compared with C1-C3 insertion and C-C3 oxidative addition, C2-C3 oxidative addition is more favorable. The whole catalytic cycle involves five main steps: C-H activation, oxidative addition, β-C elimination/reductive elimination, Rh walking, and aldehyde insertion/protonation. Independent gradient model, intrinsic reaction coordinate, distortion-interaction energy, and Laplacian electron-density analyses were carried out to investigate the mode of BCB activation. Our calculation also showed that aldehyde-insertion is the diastereoselectivity determining step, which is controlled by the steric effect between the ligand, methyl group, and aldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P. R. China
| | - Kangbao Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P. R. China
| | - Song Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Remediation Technologies, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, P. R. China
| | - Shihan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P. R. China
| | - Haohua Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P. R. China
| | - Hao Ni
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P. R. China
| | - Zhuang Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P. R. China
| | - Yu Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry, and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, CP. R. China
| | - Ruopeng Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P. R. China
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16
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Salgueiro DC, Chi BK, Guzei IA, García‐Reynaga P, Weix DJ. Control of Redox-Active Ester Reactivity Enables a General Cross-Electrophile Approach to Access Arylated Strained Rings. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205673. [PMID: 35688769 PMCID: PMC9378488 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Strained rings are increasingly important for the design of pharmaceutical candidates, but cross-coupling of strained rings remains challenging. An attractive, but underdeveloped, approach to diverse functionalized carbocyclic and heterocyclic frameworks containing all-carbon quaternary centers is the coupling of abundant strained-ring carboxylic acids with abundant aryl halides. Herein we disclose the development of a nickel-catalyzed cross-electrophile approach that couples a variety of strained ring N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHP) esters, derived from the carboxylic acid in one step, with various aryl and heteroaryl halides under reductive conditions. The chemistry is enabled by the discovery of methods to control NHP ester reactivity, by tuning the solvent or using modified NHP esters, and the discovery that t-Bu BpyCamCN , an L2X ligand, avoids problematic side reactions. This method can be run in flow and in 96-well plates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin K. Chi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI 53706USA
| | - Ilia A. Guzei
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI 53706USA
| | | | - Daniel J. Weix
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI 53706USA
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17
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The Anionic Polymerization of a tert-Butyl-Carboxylate-Activated Aziridine. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163253. [PMID: 36015510 PMCID: PMC9416489 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Sulfonyl-activated aziridines are known to undergo anionic-ring-opening polymerizations (AROP) to form polysulfonyllaziridines. However, the post-polymerization deprotection of the sulfonyl groups from polysulfonyllaziridines remains challenging. In this report, the polymerization of tert-butyl aziridine-1-carboxylate (BocAz) is reported. BocAz has an electron-withdrawing tert-butyloxycarbonyl (BOC) group on the aziridine nitrogen. The BOC group activates the aziridine for AROP and allows the synthesis of low-molecular-weight poly(BocAz) chains. A 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis of poly(BocAz) suggested that the polymer is linear. The attainable molecular weight of poly(BocAz) is limited by the poor solubility of poly(BocAz) in AROP-compatible solvents. The deprotection of poly(BocAz) using trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) cleanly produces linear polyethyleneimine. Overall, these results suggest that carbonyl groups, such as BOC, can play a larger role in the in the activation of aziridines in anionic polymerization and in the synthesis of polyimines.
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18
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Salgueiro DC, Chi BK, Guzei IA, García-Reynaga P, Weix DJ. Control of Redox‐Active Ester Reactivity Enables a General Cross‐Electrophile Approach to Access Arylated Strained Rings. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin K. Chi
- UW-Madison: University of Wisconsin Madison Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Ilia A. Guzei
- UW-Madison: University of Wisconsin Madison Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | | | - Daniel John Weix
- UW-Madison: University of Wisconsin Madison Chemistry 1101 University Avenue 53706 Madison UNITED STATES
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19
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Musci P, Colella M, Andresini M, Aramini A, Degennaro L, Luisi R. Flow technology enabled preparation of C3-heterosubstituted 1-azabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes and azetidines: accessing unexplored chemical space in strained heterocyclic chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:6356-6359. [PMID: 35536561 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01641a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of flow technology as an enabling tool for accessing 1-azabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes bearing strained 3-, 4-, and 5-membered O-heterocycles with C3(N-het)-C2(O-het) connectivity is reported. Reactivity and chemoselectivity (N-ring vs. O-ring) were also evaluated. New chemical space has been explored and new structural motifs such as ABB-aziridines or spiro azetidine-oxazetidines are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantaleo Musci
- FLAME-Lab, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro" Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
| | - Marco Colella
- FLAME-Lab, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro" Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
| | - Michael Andresini
- FLAME-Lab, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro" Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
| | - Andrea Aramini
- Department of Discovery, Dompé Farmaceutici S.p.A., Via Campo di Pile, L'Aquila, 67100, Italy
| | - Leonardo Degennaro
- FLAME-Lab, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro" Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
| | - Renzo Luisi
- FLAME-Lab, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro" Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
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20
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Suraj, Swamy KCK. Ring-Expansion Reactions of Epoxy Amides and Enamides: Functionalized Azetidines, Dihydrofurans, Diazocanes, or Dioxa-3-azabicyclonon-4-enes? J Org Chem 2022; 87:6612-6629. [PMID: 35522603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized azetidines, 2,3-dihydrofurans, or the unorthodox dioxa-3-azabicyclonone-4-ene motifs are the products from transition metal-free reaction between N-oxiranylmethyl benzenesulfonamide and β-chloro-cinnamaldehyde, depending on whether one uses either NaI/K2CO3 or LiBr/K2CO3. These ring expansion reactions involve enamide (X-ray evidence) derived from N-oxiranylmethyl benzenesulfonamide and β-chloro-cinnamaldehyde as an intermediate. The N-oxiranylmethyl benzenesulfonamide itself upon heating gives readily separable and crystalline isomeric diazocanes that can be characterized by X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 500 046, India
| | - K C Kumara Swamy
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 500 046, India
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21
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Trauner F, Reiners F, Apaloo-Messan KE, Nißl B, Shahbaz M, Jiang D, Aicher J, Didier D. Strain-release arylations for the bis-functionalization of azetidines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2564-2567. [PMID: 35107096 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc07053c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The addition of nucleophilic organometallic species onto in situ generated azabicyclobutanes enables the selective formation of 3-arylated azetidine intermediates through strain-release. Single pot strategies were further developed for the N-arylation of resulting azetidines, employing either SNAr reactions or Buchwald-Hartwig couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Trauner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Felix Reiners
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | | | - Benedikt Nißl
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Muhammad Shahbaz
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Dongfang Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Julian Aicher
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Dorian Didier
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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22
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Savych VI, Mykhalchuk VL, Melnychuk PV, Isakov AO, Savchuk T, Timoshenko VM, Siry SA, Pavlenko SO, Kovalenko DV, Hryshchuk OV, Reznik VA, Chalyk BA, Yarmolchuk VS, Rusanov EB, Mykhailiuk PK. Bicyclic Pyrrolidines for Medicinal Chemistry via [3 + 2]-Cycloaddition. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13289-13309. [PMID: 34428062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A general approach to bicyclic fused pyrrolidines via [3 + 2]-cycloaddition between nonstabilized azomethyne ylide and endocyclic electron-deficient alkenes was elaborated. "Push-pull" alkenes and CF3-alkenes did not react with the azomethyne ylide under the previously reported conditions, and we developed a superior protocol (LiF, 140 °C, no solvent). Among obtained products were medchem-relevant bicyclic sulfones, monofluoro-, difluoro-, and trifluoromethyl-substituted pyrrolidines. This approach not only allowed preparation of novel molecules but also significantly simplified synthesis of the existing ones (e.g., sofinicline).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir I Savych
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine, www.enamine.net
| | | | - Pavlo V Melnychuk
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine, www.enamine.net
| | - Andrii O Isakov
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine, www.enamine.net
| | - Taras Savchuk
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine, www.enamine.net
| | - Vadim M Timoshenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Murmanska St. 5, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Sergiy A Siry
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Murmanska St. 5, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Sergiy O Pavlenko
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine, www.enamine.net
| | | | | | - Vitalii A Reznik
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine, www.enamine.net
| | - Bohdan A Chalyk
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine, www.enamine.net.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Murmanska St. 5, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Eduard B Rusanov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Murmanska St. 5, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
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23
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Fominova K, Diachuk T, Granat D, Savchuk T, Vilchynskyi V, Svitlychnyi O, Meliantsev V, Kovalchuk I, Litskan E, Levterov VV, Badlo VR, Vaskevych RI, Vaskevych AI, Bolbut AV, Semeno VV, Iminov R, Shvydenko K, Kuznetsova AS, Dmytriv YV, Vysochyn D, Ripenko V, Tolmachev AA, Pavlova O, Kuznietsova H, Pishel I, Borysko P, Mykhailiuk PK. Oxa-spirocycles: synthesis, properties and applications. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11294-11305. [PMID: 34667540 PMCID: PMC8447932 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03615g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A general approach to a new generation of spirocyclic molecules – oxa-spirocycles – was developed. The key synthetic step was iodocyclization. More than 150 oxa-spirocyclic compounds were prepared. Incorporation of an oxygen atom into the spirocyclic unit dramatically improved water solubility (by up to 40 times) and lowered lipophilicity. More potent oxa-spirocyclic analogues of antihypertensive drug terazosin were synthesized and studied in vivo. A general practical approach to a new generation of spirocyclic molecules – oxa-spirocycles – is developed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Fominova
- Enamine Ltd Chervonotkatska 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine http://www.enamine.net http://www.mykhailiukchem.org
| | - Taras Diachuk
- Enamine Ltd Chervonotkatska 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine http://www.enamine.net http://www.mykhailiukchem.org
| | - Dmitry Granat
- Enamine Ltd Chervonotkatska 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine http://www.enamine.net http://www.mykhailiukchem.org
| | - Taras Savchuk
- Enamine Ltd Chervonotkatska 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine http://www.enamine.net http://www.mykhailiukchem.org
| | - Vladyslav Vilchynskyi
- Enamine Ltd Chervonotkatska 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine http://www.enamine.net http://www.mykhailiukchem.org
| | - Oleksiy Svitlychnyi
- Enamine Ltd Chervonotkatska 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine http://www.enamine.net http://www.mykhailiukchem.org
| | - Vladyslav Meliantsev
- Enamine Ltd Chervonotkatska 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine http://www.enamine.net http://www.mykhailiukchem.org
| | - Igor Kovalchuk
- Enamine Ltd Chervonotkatska 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine http://www.enamine.net http://www.mykhailiukchem.org
| | - Eduard Litskan
- Enamine Ltd Chervonotkatska 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine http://www.enamine.net http://www.mykhailiukchem.org
| | - Vadym V Levterov
- Enamine Ltd Chervonotkatska 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine http://www.enamine.net http://www.mykhailiukchem.org
| | - Valentyn R Badlo
- Enamine Ltd Chervonotkatska 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine http://www.enamine.net http://www.mykhailiukchem.org
| | - Ruslan I Vaskevych
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Murmanska St. 5 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Alla I Vaskevych
- National Technical University of Ukraine, Igor Sikorsky Kiev Polytechnic Institute Prosp. Peremohy 37 03056 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Andrii V Bolbut
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Murmanska St. 5 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr V Semeno
- Enamine Ltd Chervonotkatska 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine http://www.enamine.net http://www.mykhailiukchem.org
| | - Rustam Iminov
- Enamine Ltd Chervonotkatska 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine http://www.enamine.net http://www.mykhailiukchem.org
| | - Kostiantyn Shvydenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Murmanska St. 5 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
| | | | - Yurii V Dmytriv
- Enamine Ltd Chervonotkatska 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine http://www.enamine.net http://www.mykhailiukchem.org.,National Technical University of Ukraine, Igor Sikorsky Kiev Polytechnic Institute Prosp. Peremohy 37 03056 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Daniil Vysochyn
- Enamine Ltd Chervonotkatska 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine http://www.enamine.net http://www.mykhailiukchem.org
| | - Vasyl Ripenko
- Enamine Ltd Chervonotkatska 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine http://www.enamine.net http://www.mykhailiukchem.org
| | - Andrei A Tolmachev
- Enamine Ltd Chervonotkatska 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine http://www.enamine.net http://www.mykhailiukchem.org
| | | | | | - Iryna Pishel
- Bienta Chervonotkatska 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine http://www.bienta.net
| | - Petro Borysko
- Bienta Chervonotkatska 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine http://www.bienta.net
| | - Pavel K Mykhailiuk
- Enamine Ltd Chervonotkatska 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine http://www.enamine.net http://www.mykhailiukchem.org
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24
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Parmar DR, Soni JY, Guduru R, Rayani RH, Kusurkar RV, Vala AG. Azetidines of pharmacological interest. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 354:e2100062. [PMID: 34184778 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Azetidines are almost unexplored among nitrogen-containing saturated heterocycles due to difficulties associated with their synthesis. However, over the past few years, attempts have been made by scientists to advance their synthetic feasibility. Compounds with the azetidine moiety display an important and diverse range of pharmacological activities, such as anticancer, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antischizophrenic, antimalarial, antiobesity, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiviral, antioxidant, analgesic, and dopamine antagonist activities, and are also useful for the treatment of central nervous system disorders and so forth. Owing to its satisfactory stability, molecular rigidity, and chemical and biological properties, azetidine has emerged as a valuable scaffold and it has drawn the attention of medicinal researchers. The present review sheds light on the traditional method of synthesis of azetidine and advancements in synthetic methodology over the past few years, along with its application with various examples, and its biological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa R Parmar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic and Applied Science, Madhav University, Sirohi, Rajasthan, India.,Piramal Pharma Limited-Discovery Solutions, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Jigar Y Soni
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic and Applied Science, Madhav University, Sirohi, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Rahul H Rayani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic and Applied Science, Madhav University, Sirohi, Rajasthan, India.,Piramal Pharma Limited-Discovery Solutions, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Rakesh V Kusurkar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic and Applied Science, Madhav University, Sirohi, Rajasthan, India.,Piramal Pharma Limited-Discovery Solutions, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Anand G Vala
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic and Applied Science, Madhav University, Sirohi, Rajasthan, India.,Piramal Pharma Limited-Discovery Solutions, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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25
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Pinkert T, Das M, Schrader ML, Glorius F. Use of Strain-Release for the Diastereoselective Construction of Quaternary Carbon Centers. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7648-7654. [PMID: 33974436 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the formation of quaternary carbon centers with excellent diastereoselectivity via a strain-release protocol. An organometallic species is generated by Cp*Rh(III)-catalyzed C-H activation, which is then coupled with strained bicyclobutanes (BCBs) and a prochiral carbon electrophile in a three-component reaction. This work illustrates a rare example of BCBs in transition metal catalysis and demonstrates their broad potential to access novel reaction pathways. The method developed exhibits ample functional group tolerance, and the products can be further transformed into valuable α-quaternary β-lactones. Preliminary mechanistic investigations suggest a twofold C-C bond cleavage sequence involving σ-bond insertion and an ensuing β-carbon elimination event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Pinkert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Mowpriya Das
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Malte L Schrader
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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26
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Gregson CHU, Noble A, Aggarwal VK. Divergent, Strain-Release Reactions of Azabicyclo[1.1.0]butyl Carbinols: Semipinacol or Spiroepoxy Azetidine Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7360-7365. [PMID: 33555105 PMCID: PMC8247891 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The azetidine moiety is a privileged motif in medicinal chemistry and new methods that access them efficiently are highly sought after. Towards this goal, we have found that azabicyclo[1.1.0]butyl carbinols, readily obtained from the highly strained azabicyclo[1.1.0]butane (ABB), can undergo divergent strain-release reactions upon N-activation. Treatment with trifluoroacetic anhydride or triflic anhydride triggered a semipinacol rearrangement to give keto 1,3,3-substituted azetidines. More than 20 examples were explored, enabling us to evaluate selectivity and the migratory aptitude of different groups. Alternatively, treatment of the same alcohols with benzyl chloroformate in the presence of NaI led to iodohydrin intermediates which gave spiroepoxy azetidines upon treatment with base. The electronic nature of the activating agent dictates which pathway operates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Noble
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
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27
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Musci P, von Keutz T, Belaj F, Degennaro L, Cantillo D, Kappe CO, Luisi R. Flow Technology for Telescoped Generation, Lithiation and Electrophilic (C 3 ) Functionalization of Highly Strained 1-Azabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6395-6399. [PMID: 33325599 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Strained compounds are privileged moieties in modern synthesis. In this context, 1-azabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes are appealing structural motifs that can be employed as click reagents or precursors to azetidines. We herein report the first telescoped continuous flow protocol for the generation, lithiation, and electrophilic trapping of 1-azabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes. The flow method allows for exquisite control of the reaction parameters, and the process operates at higher temperatures and safer conditions with respect to batch mode. The efficiency of this intramolecular cyclization/C3-lithiation/electrophilic quenching flow sequence is documented with more than 20 examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantaleo Musci
- Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Timo von Keutz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Ferdinand Belaj
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Leonardo Degennaro
- Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Renzo Luisi
- Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
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28
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Gregson CHU, Noble A, Aggarwal VK. Divergent, Strain‐Release Reactions of Azabicyclo[1.1.0]butyl Carbinols: Semipinacol or Spiroepoxy Azetidine Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Noble
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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29
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Musci P, Keutz T, Belaj F, Degennaro L, Cantillo D, Kappe CO, Luisi R. Flow Technology for Telescoped Generation, Lithiation and Electrophilic (C
3
) Functionalization of Highly Strained 1‐Azabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pantaleo Musci
- Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences University of Bari “A. Moro” Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Timo Keutz
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Ferdinand Belaj
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Leonardo Degennaro
- Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences University of Bari “A. Moro” Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Renzo Luisi
- Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences University of Bari “A. Moro” Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
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30
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Kovács E, Faigl F, Mucsi Z. Regio- and Diastereoselective Synthesis of 2-Arylazetidines: Quantum Chemical Explanation of Baldwin's Rules for the Ring-Formation Reactions of Oxiranes†. J Org Chem 2020; 85:11226-11239. [PMID: 32786621 PMCID: PMC7498157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
![]()
A general,
scalable two-step regio- and diastereoselective method
has been described for the synthesis of versatile alkaloid-type azetidines
from simple building blocks with excellent overall yields. In the
kinetically controlled reaction, only the formation of the strained
four-membered ring can be achieved instead of the thermodynamically
favorable five-membered rings under appropriate conditions. Remarkable
functional group tolerance has also been demonstrated. In this paper,
we give a new scope of Baldwin’s rules by density functional
theory (DFT) calculations with an explicit solvent model, confirming
the proposed reaction mechanisms and the role of kinetic controls
in the stereochemical outcome of the reported transition-metal-free
carbon–carbon bond formation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ervin Kovács
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary.,MTA-BME Organic Chemical Technology Research Group, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.,Femtonics Ltd., Budapest H-1094, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Faigl
- MTA-BME Organic Chemical Technology Research Group, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
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31
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Abstract
AbstractBicyclo[1.1.0]- and 1-azabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes are structurally unique compounds that exhibit diverse chemistry. Bicyclo[1.1.0]butane is a four-membered carbocycle with a bridging C(1)-C(3) bond and 1-azabicyclo[1.1.0]butane is an analog of bicyclo[1.1.0]butane featuring a nitrogen atom at one bridgehead. These structures are highly strained, allowing them to participate in a range of strain-releasing reactions which typically cleave the central, strained bond to deliver cyclobutanes or azetidines. However, despite these molecules being discovered in the 1950s and 1960s, and possessing a myriad of alluring chemical features, the chemistry and applications of bicyclo[1.1.0]- and 1-azabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes remain underexplored. In the past 5 years, there has been a resurgent interest in their chemistry driven by the pharmaceutical industry’s increasing desire for new methods to access cyclobutanes and azetidines. This short review intends to provide a timely summary of the most recent developments in the chemistry of bicyclo[1.1.0]- and 1-azabicyclo[1.1.0]butane to highlight the diverse chemistry they can access, their value as synthetic precursors to cyclobutanes and azetidines, and to identify areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Fawcett
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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32
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Ociepa M, Wierzba AJ, Turkowska J, Gryko D. Polarity-Reversal Strategy for the Functionalization of Electrophilic Strained Molecules via Light-Driven Cobalt Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:5355-5361. [PMID: 32105464 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Strain-release-driven methodology is a powerful tool for accessing structural motifs, highly desirable by the pharmaceutical industry. The reactivity of spring-loaded cyclic reagents is dominated by transformations relying on their inherent electrophilic reactivity. Herein, we present a polarity-reversal strategy based on light-driven cobalt catalysis, which enables the generation of nucleophilic radicals through strain release. The applicability of this methodology is demonstrated by the design of two distinct types of reactions: Giese-type addition and Co/Ni-catalyzed cross-coupling. Moreover, a series of electrochemical, spectroscopic, and kinetic experiments as well as X-ray structural analysis of the intermediate alkylcobalt(III) complex give deeper insight into the mechanism of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Ociepa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra J Wierzba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Turkowska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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33
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Constantin T, Zanini M, Regni A, Sheikh NS, Juliá F, Leonori D. Aminoalkyl radicals as halogen-atom transfer agents for activation of alkyl and aryl halides. Science 2020; 367:1021-1026. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aba2419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organic halides are important building blocks in synthesis, but their use in (photo)redox chemistry is limited by their low reduction potentials. Halogen-atom transfer remains the most reliable approach to exploit these substrates in radical processes despite its requirement for hazardous reagents and initiators such as tributyltin hydride. In this study, we demonstrate that α-aminoalkyl radicals, easily accessible from simple amines, promote the homolytic activation of carbon-halogen bonds with a reactivity profile mirroring that of classical tin radicals. This strategy conveniently engages alkyl and aryl halides in a wide range of redox transformations to construct sp3-sp3, sp3-sp2, and sp2-sp2 carbon-carbon bonds under mild conditions with high chemoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margherita Zanini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Alessio Regni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Nadeem S. Sheikh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fabio Juliá
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Daniele Leonori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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34
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Turkowska J, Durka J, Gryko D. Strain release – an old tool for new transformations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:5718-5734. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01771j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This Feature Article provides an overview of research advances in the chemistry of spring-loaded molecules, focusing mainly on strain-release transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Turkowska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences
- Warsaw 01-224
- Poland
| | - Jakub Durka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences
- Warsaw 01-224
- Poland
- Department of Chemistry
- Warsaw University of Technology
| | - Dorota Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences
- Warsaw 01-224
- Poland
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35
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Andresini M, Degennaro L, Luisi R. The renaissance of strained 1-azabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes as useful reagents for the synthesis of functionalized azetidines. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:5798-5810. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01251c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery in the late 1960s, 1-azabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes have demonstrated to be interesting precursors of azetidines, because of the peculiar reactivity of the C3–N bond that allows double functionalization in the 1,3 positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Andresini
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences
- University of Bari “A. Moro” Via E. Orabona 4
- Bari 70125
- Italy
| | - Leonardo Degennaro
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences
- University of Bari “A. Moro” Via E. Orabona 4
- Bari 70125
- Italy
| | - Renzo Luisi
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences
- University of Bari “A. Moro” Via E. Orabona 4
- Bari 70125
- Italy
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36
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Becker MR, Richardson AD, Schindler CS. Functionalized azetidines via visible light-enabled aza Paternò-Büchi reactions. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5095. [PMID: 31704919 PMCID: PMC6841681 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13072-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Azetidines are four-membered nitrogen-containing heterocycles that hold great promise in current medicinal chemistry due to their desirable pharmacokinetic effects. However, a lack of efficient synthetic methods to access functionalized azetidines has hampered their incorporation into pharmaceutical lead structures. As a [2+2] cycloaddition reaction between imines and alkenes, the aza Paternò-Büchi reaction arguably represents the most direct approach to functionalized azetidines. Hampered by competing reaction paths accessible upon photochemical excitation of the substrates, the current synthetic utility of these transformations is greatly restricted. We herein report the development of a visible light-enabled aza Paternò-Büchi reaction that surmounts existing limitations and represents a mild solution for the direct formation of functionalized azetidines from imine and alkene containing precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Becker
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Alistair D Richardson
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Corinna S Schindler
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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37
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Trongsiriwat N, Pu Y, Nieves‐Quinones Y, Shelp RA, Kozlowski MC, Walsh PJ. Reactions of 2‐Aryl‐1,3‐Dithianes and [1.1.1]Propellane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201905531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nisalak Trongsiriwat
- Roy and Diana Vagelos LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Youge Pu
- Roy and Diana Vagelos LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA USA
- College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Yexenia Nieves‐Quinones
- Roy and Diana Vagelos LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Russell A. Shelp
- Roy and Diana Vagelos LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Marisa C. Kozlowski
- Roy and Diana Vagelos LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Patrick J. Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA USA
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38
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Trongsiriwat N, Pu Y, Nieves-Quinones Y, Shelp RA, Kozlowski MC, Walsh PJ. Reactions of 2-Aryl-1,3-Dithianes and [1.1.1]Propellane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:13416-13420. [PMID: 31291500 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201905531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes (BCPs) have sparked the interest of medicinal chemists due to their recent discovery as bioisosteres of aromatic rings. To study the biological activity of this relatively new class of bioisosteres, reliable methods to incorporate BCPs into target molecules are in high demand, as reflected by a flurry of methods for BCP synthesis in recent years. In this work, we disclose a general method for the synthesis of BCP-containing dithianes which, upon deprotection, provide access to BCP analogues of medicinally abundant diarylketones. A broad scope of 2-aryl-1,3-dithianes, including several heterocyclic derivatives, react with [1.1.1]propellane to afford 26 new derivatives in good to excellent yields. Further transformation of the dithiane portion into a variety of functional groups demonstrates the robustness of the products. A computational study indicates that the reaction of 2-aryl-1,3-dithianes and [1.1.1]propellane proceeds via a two-electron pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisalak Trongsiriwat
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Youge Pu
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yexenia Nieves-Quinones
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Russell A Shelp
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marisa C Kozlowski
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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39
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Reidl TW, Anderson LL. Divergent Functionalizations of Azetidines and Unsaturated Azetidines. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler W. Reidl
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Chicago 845 W. Taylor St. Chicago, IL USA
| | - Laura L. Anderson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Chicago 845 W. Taylor St. Chicago, IL USA
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