Tandem Rh(II) and Chiral Squaramide Relay Catalysis: Enantioselective Synthesis of Dihydro-β-carbolines via Insertion to C–H Bond and Aza-Michael Reaction

Late-Stage Functionalization Strategies of 1,2,3-Triazoles: A Post-Click Approach in Organic Synthesis

The 1,2,3-triazole scaffolds are an important class of biologically privileged heterocyclic compounds with several key applications in chemistry, biology, medicine, agriculture, and material science. The "postclick" functionalization of 1,2,3-triazoles may emerge as a promising tactic for the construction of molecular architectures of therapeutics and is considered to be a growing area of investigation. This interest extends beyond the regioselective Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) method that involves the trapping of Cu(I)-triazole with suitable precursors. In this Perspective, we highlight the growing impact of postclick strategies in organic synthesis required for the late-stage functionalization of 1,2,3-triazoles with a hope that this emerging concept may provide ample opportunities in modern organic synthesis of notable applications in medicinal chemistry, biology, and materials science.

Catalytic Enantioselective [4+1]-Annulation of Carboxylic Acids with Cyclopropenes

An efficient asymmetric synthesis of 3-vinylphthalides has been accomplished through rhodium-catalyzed [4+1]-annulation of arylcarboxylic acids with cyclopropenes involving C-H bond functionalization. The method exhibited excellent compatibility for various functional groups and offered diverse substituted 3-vinylphthalides in excellent yield and enantioselectivity. Synthetic application and control experiments were also performed to demonstrate the utility and understand the reaction pathway.

Catalytic enantioselective nitrone cycloadditions enabling collective syntheses of indole alkaloids

Tetrahydro-β-carboline skeletons are prominent and ubiquitous in an extraordinary range of indole alkaloid natural products and pharmaceutical compounds. Powerful synthetic approaches for stereoselective synthesis of tetrahydro-β-carboline skeletons have immense impacts and have attracted enormous attention. Here, we outline a general chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of 3,4-dihydro-β-carboline-2-oxide type nitrone that enables access to three types of chiral tetrahydro-β-carbolines bearing continuous multi-chiral centers and quaternary chiral centers. The method displays different endo/exo selectivity from traditional nitrone chemistry. The distinct power of this strategy has been illustrated by application to collective and enantiodivergent total syntheses of 40 tetrahydro-β-carboline-type indole alkaloid natural products with divergent stereochemistry and varied architectures.

Hydrazine Hydrate in Asymmetric Synthesis: A Bifunctional Squaramide Catalytic Approach toward Fused Pyrazolines

A unified strategy has been developed to utilize hydrazine hydrate in asymmetric organic synthesis by overcoming the rapid background reaction with dienone. The H-bond donor ability of the cinchona-alkaloid-derived squaramide catalyst unlocks this previously deemed infeasibility. The dissymmetric hydrazine addition to symmetrical dienones tolerates various substitutions, resulting in the formation of optically pure fused pyrazoline derivatives under mild reaction conditions. Furthermore, the scalability of this methodology and a successful demonstration of postsynthetic transformations have been accomplished.

Synthesis of Dihydro-3,1-benzoxazine Derivatives from 1,3-Amino Alcohols and N-Sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazole

An efficient rhodium-catalyzed synthesis of dihydro-3,1-benzoxazine derivatives has been accomplished from aniline-derived 1,3-amino alcohols and N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazole. The developed reaction demonstrates the new reactivity of azavinyl carbenes and allows access to diverse substituted dihydro-3,1-benzoxazines in good yields. Importantly, the reaction was readily extended to diols and could be used for selective protection of amino alcohols with N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazole as the protecting reagent.

Unravelling the Development of Non-Covalent Organocatalysis in India

This review is devoted to underpinning the contributions of Indian researchers towards asymmetric organocatalysis. More specifically, a comprehensive compilation of reactions mediated by a wide range of non-covalent catalysis is illustrated. A detailed overview of vividly catalogued asymmetric organic transformations promoted by hydrogen bonding and Brønsted acid catalysis, alongside an assortment of catalysts is provided. Although asymmetric organocatalysis has etched itself in history, we aim to showcase the scientific metamorphosis of Indian research from baby steps to large strides within this field.

1 Introduction

2 Non-Covalent Catalysis and Its Various Activation Modes

3 Hydrogen-Bonding Catalysis

3.1 Urea- and Thiourea-Derived Organocatalysts

3.1.1 Thiourea-Derived Organocatalysts

3.1.2 Urea-Derived Organocatalysts

3.2 Squaramide-Derived Organocatalysts

3.2.1 Michael Reactions

3.2.2 C-Alkylation Reactions

3.2.3 Mannich Reactions

3.2.4 [3+2] Cycloaddition Reactions

3.3 Cinchona-Alkaloid-Derived Organocatalysts

3.3.1 Michael Reactions

3.3.2 Aldol Reactions

3.3.3 Friedel–Crafts Reactions

3.3.4 Vinylogous Alkylation of 4-Methylcoumarins

3.3.5 C-Sulfenylation Reactions

3.3.6 Peroxyhemiacetalisation of Isochromans

3.3.7 Diels–Alder Reactions

3.3.8 Cycloaddition Reactions

3.3.9 Morita–Baylis–Hilman Reactions

4 Brønsted Acid Derived Organocatalysts

4.1 Chiral Phosphoric Acid Catalysis

4.1.1 Diels–Alder Reactions

4.1.2 Addition of Ketimines

4.1.3 Annulation of Acyclic Enecarbamates

5 Conclusion

Recent advances in transition-metal-catalyzed carbene insertion to C-H bonds

C-H functionalization has been emerging as a powerful method to establish carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Many efforts have been devoted to transition-metal-catalyzed direct transformations of C-H bonds. Metal carbenes generated in situ from transition-metal compounds and diazo or its equivalents are usually applied as the transient reactive intermediates to furnish a catalytic cycle for new C-C and C-X bond formation. Using this strategy compounds from unactivated simple alkanes to complex molecules can be further functionalized or transformed to multi-functionalized compounds. In this area, transition-metal-catalyzed carbene insertion to C-H bonds has been paid continuous attention. Diverse catalyst design strategies, synthetic methods, and potential applications have been developed. This critical review will summarize the advance in transition-metal-catalyzed carbene insertion to C-H bonds dated up to July 2021, by the categories of C-H bonds from aliphatic C(sp³)-H, aryl (aromatic) C(sp²)-H, heteroaryl (heteroaromatic) C(sp²)-H bonds, alkenyl C(sp²)-H, and alkynyl C(sp)-H, as well as asymmetric carbene insertion to C-H bonds, and more coverage will be given to the recent work. Due to the rapid development of the C-H functionalization area, future directions in this topic are also discussed. This review will give the authors an overview of carbene insertion chemistry in C-H functionalization with focus on the catalytic systems and synthetic applications in C-C bond formation.

Catalytic Insertion Reactions of α-Imino Carbenoids

Over the past decade, α-imino carbenoids generated via transition metal (such as rhodium, nickel, copper, palladium, silver) catalyzed denitrogenative ring-opening of N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles have found an extensive account of applications in synthetic organic chemistry. Particularly, they have been widely utilized as a donor/acceptor carbene complex in a range of transformations leading to diverse nitrogen containing compounds and heterocycles. Along the same direction, 3-diazoindolin-2-imines were successfully applied as an alternative source of α-imino carbenoid precursors for the development of a number of methodologies to access diverse indole derivatives. This review summarizes the insertion reactions of α-imino metal carbenes derived from N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles and 3-diazoindolin-2-imines.

Cobalt-catalyzed multisubstituted allylation of the chelation-assisted C-H bond of (hetero)arenes with cyclopropenes

Cyclopropenes are highly strained three-membered carbocycles, which offer unique reactivity in organic synthesis. Herein, Cp*CoIII-catalyzed ring-opening isomerization of cyclopropenes to cobalt vinylcarbene has been utilized for the synthesis of multisubstituted allylarenes via directing group-assisted functionalization of C-H bonds of arenes and heteroarenes. Employing this methodology, various substituents can be introduced at all three carbons of the allyl moiety with high selectivity. The important highlights are excellent functional group tolerance, multisubstituted allylation, high selectivity, gram scale synthesis, removable directing group, and synthesis of cyclopenta[b]indoles. In addition, a potential cobaltocycle intermediate was identified and a plausible mechanism is also proposed.

Recent advances in organocatalytic asymmetric aza-Michael reactions of amines and amides

Nitrogen-containing scaffolds are ubiquitous in nature and constitute an important class of building blocks in organic synthesis. The asymmetric aza-Michael reaction (aza-MR) alone or in tandem with other organic reaction(s) is an important synthetic tool to form new C-N bond(s) leading to developing new libraries of diverse types of bioactive nitrogen compounds. The synthesis and application of a variety of organocatalysts for accomplishing highly useful organic syntheses without causing environmental pollution in compliance with 'Green Chemistry" has been a landmark development in the recent past. Application of many of these organocatalysts has been extended to asymmetric aza-MR during the last two decades. The present article overviews the literature published during the last 10 years concerning the asymmetric aza-MR of amines and amides catalysed by organocatalysts. Both types of the organocatalysts, i.e., those acting through non-covalent interactions and those working through covalent bond formation have been applied for the asymmetric aza-MR. Thus, the review includes the examples wherein cinchona alkaloids, squaramides, chiral amines, phase-transfer catalysts and chiral bifunctional thioureas have been used, which activate the substrates through hydrogen bond formation. Most of these reactions are accompanied by high yields and enantiomeric excesses. On the other hand, N-heterocyclic carbenes and chiral pyrrolidine derivatives acting through covalent bond formation such as the iminium ions with the substrates have also been included. Wherever possible, a comparison has been made between the efficacies of various organocatalysts in asymmetric aza-MR.

Doyle-Kirmse reaction using 3,3-difluoroallyl sulfide and N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazole: an efficient access to gem-difluoroallylated multifunctional quaternary carbon

A Doyle-Kirmse reaction of N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazole with 3,3-difluoroallyl sulfide through a Rh(ii)-catalyzed [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement has been developed, which provides an efficient access to multifunctional quaternary centers containing aryl, imino, thio, and brominated gem-difluoroallyl groups. The reaction features broad substrate scope with moderate to excellent yields. The applicability of the method is confirmed by gram-scale synthesis and further transformations.

Catalytic Functionalization of Metallocarbenes Derived from α-Diazocarbonyl Compounds and Their Precursors

Short and efficient synthesis of heterocyclic compounds are highly desirable in synthetic organic chemistry. It is a dream approach to accomplish these syntheses from readily available starting materials in a single step. In this personal account, we discuss our contribution in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds and beyond from N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles and α-diazocarbonyl compounds, which are the precursors for α-imino (carbonyl) metal carbenes in the presence of transition metal catalysts. Functionalization of α-imino(carbonyl) metal carbenes has been achieved through in-situ generated metal-stabilized ylides followed by either intramolecular trapping by non-polar bonds, rearrangement, cycloaddition, or 1,3-insertion fashion, which led to the efficient synthesis of various synthetically important intermediates and heterocyclic compounds.

Two Decades of Progress in the Asymmetric Intramolecular aza-Michael Reaction

The asymmetric intramolecular aza-Michael reaction (IMAMR) is a very convenient strategy for the generation of heterocycles bearing nitrogen-substituted stereocenters. Due to the ubiquitous presence of these skeletons in natural products, the IMAMR has found widespread applications in the total synthesis of alkaloids and biologically relevant compounds. The development of asymmetric versions of the IMAMR are quite recent, most of them reported in this century. The fundamental advances in this field involve the use of organocatalysts. Chiral imidazolidinones, diaryl prolinol derivatives, Cinchone-derived primary amines and quaternary ammonium salts, and BINOL-derived phosphoric acids account for the success of those methodologies. Moreover, the use of N-sulfinyl imines with a dual role, as nitrogen nucleophiles and as chiral auxiliaries, appeared as a versatile mode of performing the asymmetric IMAMR.

Rh(ii)-Catalyzed denitrogenative 1-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazole-1-alkyl-1,2,3-triazole cross-coupling as a route to 3-sulfonamido-1H-pyrroles and 1,2,3-triazol-3-ium ylides

The reaction of 1-alkyl-1H-1,2,3-triazoles with rhodium(ii) azavinyl carbenes, generated from 1-sulfonyl-1H-1,2,3-triazoles, was utilized to prepare 3-sulfonamido-1H-pyrroles and 1,2,3-triazol-3-ium ylides in good yields.

Rhodium-catalyzed Sommelet–Hauser type rearrangement of α-diazoimines: synthesis of functionalized enamides

An efficient rhodium catalyzed Sommelet–Hauser type rearrangement of sulfur ylides derived from α-thioesters and N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles has been successfully accomplished for the synthesis of various functionalized enamides.