1
|
Sawada K, Hagihara H, Takimura Y, Kataoka M. Production and molecular weight variation of poly-γ-glutamic acid using a recombinant Bacillus subtilis with various Pgs-component ratios. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2024; 88:1217-1224. [PMID: 38955395 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbae093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (PGA) has been of interest as a sustainable biopolymer in industrial applications. PGA biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis is catalyzed by a transmembrane protein complex comprising PgsB, PgsC, and PgsA. To determine the Pgs component responsible for PGA overproduction, we constructed recombinants in which the promoter of the host-derived pgs gene was replaced with another host-derived gene promoter. These recombinants were then transformed using high-copy-number plasmids with various pgs-gene combinations to enhance Pgs component in different ratios. Subsequently, PGA production was investigated in batch cultures with l-glutamate supplemented medium. The recombinant strain enhanced with pgsB alone significantly overproduced PGA (maximum production 35.8 g/L) than either the pgsC- or pgsA-enhanced strain. The molecular weight of the PGA produced with the pgsB-enhanced strain was also greater than that for the pgsC- or pgsA-enhanced strain (approximately 10-fold). Hence, PgsB enhancement alone contributes to PGA overproduction with increased molecular weight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Sawada
- Global R&D-Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Haga, Tochigi, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Shinshu University, Wakasato, Nagano, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hagihara
- Global R&D-Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Haga, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yasushi Takimura
- Global R&D-Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Haga, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masakazu Kataoka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Shinshu University, Wakasato, Nagano, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qiu Y, Xu D, Lei P, Li S, Xu H. Engineering functional homopolymeric amino acids: from biosynthesis to design. Trends Biotechnol 2024; 42:310-325. [PMID: 37775417 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Homopolymeric amino acids (HPAs) are a class of microbial polymers that can be classified into two categories: anionic and cationic HPAs. Notable examples include γ-poly-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) and ε-poly-L-lysine (ε-PL) that have wide-ranging applications in medicine, food, and agriculture. The primary method of manufacture is through microbial synthesis. In recent decades significant efforts have been made to enhance the production of HPAs, specifically focusing on γ-PGA and ε-PL. We comprehensively review current advances in understanding the synthetic mechanisms as well as metabolic engineering and fermentation process techniques to improve the production of HPAs. In addition, we discuss the major challenges and solutions associated with desired structure regulation of HPAs and the development of novel structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Delei Xu
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, 99 South Third Ring Road, Changshu 215500, PR China
| | - Peng Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China.
| | - Hong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China; Nanjing Shineking Biotech Co. Ltd., Nanjing 210061, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kato H, Sakuta M, Tsunoda T, Nakashima Y, Morita H, Ogasawara Y, Dairi T. Peptide Epimerase Responsible for d-Amino Acid Introduction in Poly-γ-glutamic Acid Biosynthesis. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:349-354. [PMID: 38095677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (PGA) is a natural polymer of d- and/or l-glutamic acid (Glu) linked by isopeptide bonds. We recently showed that PGA synthetase, an enzyme complex composed of PgsB, PgsC, and PgsA, uses only l-Glu for polymerization, and d-Glu residues are introduced by peptide epimerization. However, it remains unclear which of the three enzymes is responsible for epimerization because in vitro functional characterization of the membrane-associated PgsBCA complex has never been successful. Here, we performed gene exchange experiments and showed that PgsA is responsible for the epimerization. Additionally, we identified a region in PgsA that modulates epimerization activity based on homology modeling from the recently solved structure of MslH, which showed 53% identity to PgsA. Our results suggested that d/l-ratios of the PGA product can be altered by introducing amino acid substitutions in this region, which will be useful for the production of PGA with controlled d/l-ratios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hinata Kato
- Graduate School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Moeka Sakuta
- Graduate School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tsunoda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yu Nakashima
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Morita
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ogasawara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Tohru Dairi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang Z, He P, Cai D, Chen S. Genetic and metabolic engineering for poly-γ-glutamic acid production: current progress, challenges, and prospects. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:208. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03390-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
5
|
Unusual Post-Translational Modifications in the Biosynthesis of Lasso Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137231. [PMID: 35806232 PMCID: PMC9266682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lasso peptides are a subclass of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) and feature the threaded, lariat knot-like topology. The basic post-translational modifications (PTMs) of lasso peptide contain two steps, including the leader peptide removal of the ribosome-derived linear precursor peptide by an ATP-dependent cysteine protease, and the macrolactam cyclization by an ATP-dependent macrolactam synthetase. Recently, advanced bioinformatic tools combined with genome mining have paved the way to uncover a rapidly growing number of lasso peptides as well as a series of PTMs other than the general class-defining processes. Despite abundant reviews focusing on lasso peptide discoveries, structures, properties, and physiological functionalities, few summaries concerned their unique PTMs. In this review, we summarized all the unique PTMs of lasso peptides uncovered to date, shedding light on the related investigations in the future.
Collapse
|
6
|
Johnson LC, Akinmola AT, Scholz C. Poly(glutamic acid): From natto to drug delivery systems. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
7
|
Feng Z, Ogasawara Y, Dairi T. Identification of the peptide epimerase MslH responsible for d-amino acid introduction at the C-terminus of ribosomal peptides. Chem Sci 2020; 12:2567-2574. [PMID: 34164024 PMCID: PMC8179263 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06308h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A lasso peptide MS-271 is a ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide (RiPP) consisting of 21 amino acids with a d-tryptophan (Trp) at its C terminus. The presence of d-amino acids is rare in RiPPs and few mechanisms of d-amino acid introduction have been characterized. Here, we report the identification of MslH, previously annotated as a hypothetical protein, as a novel epimerase involved in the post-translational epimerization of the C-terminal Trp residue of the precursor peptide MslA. MslH is the first epimerase that catalyzes epimerization at the Cα center adjacent to a carboxylic acid in a cofactor-independent manner. We also demonstrate that MslH exhibits broad substrate specificity toward the N-terminal region of the core peptide, showing that MslH-type epimerases offer opportunities in peptide bioengineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Feng
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
| | - Yasushi Ogasawara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
| | - Tohru Dairi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sha Y, Huang Y, Zhu Y, Sun T, Luo Z, Qiu Y, Zhan Y, Lei P, Li S, Xu H. Efficient Biosynthesis of Low-Molecular-Weight Poly-γ-glutamic Acid Based on Stereochemistry Regulation in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:1395-1405. [PMID: 32353226 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight poly-γ-glutamic acid (LMW-γ-PGA) has attracted much attention because of its many potential applications in food, agriculture, medicine, and cosmetics. Enzymatic degradation is an efficient way for the synthesis of LMW-γ-PGA. However, the stereochemistry of γ-PGA limits the degradation of γ-PGA. This study identifies the role of γ-PGA synthase (pgsA) and glutamate racemase (racE) in the regulation of γ-PGA stereochemistry and demonstrates their combinational use for LMW-γ-PGA synthesis. First, the expression of pgsA and racE was enhanced, leading to improvements both in the molecular weight (Mw) and the d-glutamate proportion of γ-PGA. Then, an optimal combination of pgsA, racE, and γ-PGA hydrolase pgdS was constructed by exchanging the gene origins for the synthesis of LMW-γ-PGA. Finally, the Mw of γ-PGA was decreased to 6-8 kDa, which was much lower compared with the case without stereochemistry switching (20-30 kDa). This study provides a novel strategy to control the Mw of γ-PGA based on stereochemistry regulation and lays a solid foundation for synthesis of LMW-γ-PGA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Sha
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yueyuan Huang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Tao Sun
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Zhengshan Luo
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yibin Qiu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Yijing Zhan
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- Nanjing Shineking Biotech Co., Ltd, Nanjing 210061, P. R. China
| | - Peng Lei
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Sha Li
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Hong Xu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Identification and Heterologous Expression of the Biosynthetic Gene Cluster Encoding the Lasso Peptide Humidimycin, a Caspofungin Activity Potentiator. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9020067. [PMID: 32046042 PMCID: PMC7168211 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Humidimycin (MDN-0010) is a ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide (RiPP) belonging to class I lasso peptides, and is structurally related to siamycins, which have been shown to have strong antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria and to possess anti-HIV activity. Humidimycin was isolated from the strain Streptomyces humidus CA-100629, and was shown to synergize the activity of the fungal cell wall inhibitor caspofungin. In this work, the biosynthetic gene cluster of humidimycin was identified by genome mining of S. humidus CA-100629, cloned by Gibson assembly, and heterologously expressed.
Collapse
|