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Manna AK, Doi M, Matsuo K, Sakurai H, Subrahmanyam C, Sato K, Narumi T, Mase N. Fine bubble technology for the green synthesis of fairy chemicals. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3396-3404. [PMID: 38576351 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00237g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Fairy chemicals (FCs), such as 2-azahypoxanthine (AHX), are a potential new class of plant hormones that are naturally present in plants and produced via a novel purine metabolic pathway. FCs support plant resilience against various stresses and regulate plant growth. In this study, we developed a four-step method for synthesising AHX from 2-cyanoacetamide, achieving a good yield. Oxime was obtained from 2-cyanoacetamide via the oximation reaction. Cascade-type one-pot selective Pt/C-catalysed reduction of oxime, followed by a coupling reaction with formamidine acetate, yielded intermediate 5-amino-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide (AICA). For the synthesis of AICA from oxime, we used modern fine bubble technology, affording AICA in 69% yield. Subsequently, we synthesised 4-diazo-4H-imidazole-5-carboxamide (DICA) from AICA via the diazotisation reaction. Notably, the synthesis of DICA from AICA was achieved, and the stability of previously known less stable DICA in the solid state was confirmed. Finally, PhI(OAc)2 (0.5 mol%) catalysed the intramolecular cyclisation of DICA in the green solvent water to yield AHX (overall yield of 47%). This study's innovative techniques and substantial discoveries highlight its potential influence and significance in FC science, thereby establishing a new standard for subsequent research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar Manna
- Department of Optoelectronics and Nanostructure Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Mizuki Doi
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1, Johoku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Keiya Matsuo
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1, Johoku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroto Sakurai
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1, Johoku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ch Subrahmanyam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, 502285, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Kohei Sato
- Department of Optoelectronics and Nanostructure Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Shizuoka, Japan.
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1, Johoku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Shizuoka, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Narumi
- Department of Optoelectronics and Nanostructure Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Shizuoka, Japan.
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1, Johoku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Shizuoka, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Mase
- Department of Optoelectronics and Nanostructure Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Shizuoka, Japan.
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1, Johoku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Shizuoka, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Shizuoka, Japan
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2
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Wang P, Cheng T, Pan J. Nucleoside Analogs: A Review of Its Source and Separation Processes. Molecules 2023; 28:7043. [PMID: 37894522 PMCID: PMC10608831 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs play a crucial role in the production of high-value antitumor and antimicrobial drugs. Currently, nucleoside analogs are mainly obtained through nucleic acid degradation, chemical synthesis, and biotransformation. However, these methods face several challenges, such as low concentration of the main product, the presence of complex matrices, and the generation of numerous by-products that significantly limit the development of new drugs and their pharmacological studies. Therefore, this work aims to summarize the universal separation methods of nucleoside analogs, including crystallization, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), column chromatography, solvent extraction, and adsorption. The review also explores the application of molecular imprinting techniques (MITs) in enhancing the identification of the separation process. It compares existing studies reported on adsorbents of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for the separation of nucleoside analogs. The development of new methods for selective separation and purification of nucleosides is vital to improving the efficiency and quality of nucleoside production. It enables us to obtain nucleoside products that are essential for the development of antitumor and antiviral drugs. Additionally, these methods possess immense potential in the prevention and control of serious diseases, offering significant economic, social, and scientific benefits to the fields of environment, biomedical research, and clinical therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jianming Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (P.W.); (T.C.)
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Kotajima M, Choi JH, Suzuki H, Suzuki T, Wu J, Hirai H, Nelson DC, Ouchi H, Inai M, Dohra H, Kawagishi H. Identification of Biosynthetic and Metabolic Genes of 2-Azahypoxanthine in Lepista sordida Based on Transcriptomic Analysis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:710-718. [PMID: 36802627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
2-Azahypoxanthine was isolated from the fairy ring-forming fungus Lepista sordida as a fairy ring-inducing compound. 2-Azahypoxanthine has an unprecedented 1,2,3-triazine moiety, and its biosynthetic pathway is unknown. The biosynthetic genes for 2-azahypoxanthine formation in L. sordida were predicted by a differential gene expression analysis using MiSeq. The results revealed that several genes in the purine and histidine metabolic pathways and the arginine biosynthetic pathway are involved in the biosynthesis of 2-azahypoxanthine. Furthermore, nitric oxide (NO) was produced by recombinant NO synthase 5 (rNOS5), suggesting that NOS5 can be the enzyme involved in the formation of 1,2,3-triazine. The gene encoding hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT), one of the major phosphoribosyltransferases of purine metabolism, increased when 2-azahypoxanthine content was the highest. Therefore, we hypothesized that HGPRT might catalyze a reversible reaction between 2-azahypoxanthine and 2-azahypoxanthine-ribonucleotide. We proved the endogenous existence of 2-azahypoxanthine-ribonucleotide in L. sordida mycelia by LC-MS/MS for the first time. Furthermore, it was shown that recombinant HGPRT catalyzed reversible interconversion between 2-azahypoxanthine and 2-azahypoxanthine-ribonucleotide. These findings demonstrate that HGPRT can be involved in the biosynthesis of 2-azahypoxanthine via 2-azahypoxanthine-ribonucleotide generated by NOS5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tomohiro Suzuki
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, 350 mine-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | | | | | - David C Nelson
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Hitoshi Ouchi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Makoto Inai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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Takemura H, Choi JH, Fushimi K, Narikawa R, Wu J, Kondo M, Nelson DC, Suzuki T, Ouchi H, Inai M, Hirai H, Kawagishi H. Role of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase in the metabolism of fairy chemicals in rice. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:2556-2561. [PMID: 36880328 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00026e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Fairy chemicals (FCs), 2-azahypoxanthine (AHX), imidazole-4-carboxamide (ICA), and 2-aza-8-oxohypoxanthine (AOH), are molecules with many diverse functions in plants. The defined biosynthetic pathway for FCs is a novel purine metabolism in which they are biosynthesized from 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide. Here, we show that one of the purine salvage enzymes, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT), recognizes AHX and AOH as substrates. Two novel compounds, AOH ribonucleotide and its ribonucleoside which are the derivatives of AOH, were enzymatically synthesized. The structures were determined by mass spectrometry, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray single-crystal diffraction analysis. This report demonstrates the function of HGPRT and the existence of novel purine metabolism associated with the biosynthesis of FCs in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohide Takemura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Jae-Hoon Choi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
- Research Institute for Mushroom Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Keiji Fushimi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Rei Narikawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Jing Wu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
- Research Institute for Mushroom Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kondo
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - David C Nelson
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Tomohiro Suzuki
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, 350 Minemachi, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ouchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Makoto Inai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Hirai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
- Research Institute for Mushroom Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kawagishi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
- Research Institute for Mushroom Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
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Ouchi H, Namiki T, Iwamoto K, Matsuzaki N, Inai M, Kotajima M, Wu J, Choi JH, Kimura Y, Hirai H, Xie X, Kawagishi H, Kan T. S-Adenosylhomocysteine Analogue of a Fairy Chemical, Imidazole-4-carboxamide, as its Metabolite in Rice and Yeast and Synthetic Investigations of Related Compounds. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:453-458. [PMID: 33480692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
During the course of our investigations of fairy chemicals (FCs), we found S-ICAr-H (8a), as a metabolite of imidazole-4-carboxamide (ICA) in rice and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). In order to determine its absolute configuration, an efficient synthetic method of 8a was developed. This synthetic strategy was applicable to the preparation of analogues of 8a that might be biologically very important, such as S-ICAr-M (9), S-AICAr-H (10), and S-AICAr-M (11).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Ouchi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Takuya Namiki
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kenji Iwamoto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Nobuo Matsuzaki
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Makoto Inai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Mihaya Kotajima
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Jing Wu
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Jae-Hoon Choi
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Yoko Kimura
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Hirai
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Xiaonan Xie
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, 350 mine-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kawagishi
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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Kawagishi H. Chemical studies on bioactive compounds related to higher fungi. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1-7. [PMID: 33577664 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hericium erinaceus (Yamabushitake in Japan) is a well-known edible and medicinal mushroom. We discovered antidementia compounds, hericenones C to H, from the fruiting bodies and erinacine A to I from the cultured mycelia of the fungus. Based on the data of the compounds, several clinical experiments were performed using the fungus. "Fairy rings" is a phenomenon that turfgrass grows more prolific or inhibited than the surrounding area as a ring and then occasionally mushrooms develop on the ring. We found fairy-ring causing principles "fairy chemicals" and the biosynthetic routes of the compounds on the purine metabolic pathway in plants and mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Kawagishi
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
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Ito A, Choi JH, Takemura H, Kotajima M, Wu J, Tokuyama S, Hirai H, Asakawa T, Ouchi H, Inai M, Kan T, Kawagishi H. Biosynthesis of the Fairy Chemicals, 2-Azahypoxanthine and Imidazole-4-carboxamide, in the Fairy Ring-Forming Fungus Lepista sordida. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:2469-2476. [PMID: 32786881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fairy rings resulting from a fungus-plant interaction appear worldwide. 2-Azahypoxanthine (AHX) and imidazole-4-carboxamide (ICA) were first isolated from the culture broth of one of the fairy ring-forming fungi, Lepista sordida. Afterward, a common metabolite of AHX in plants, 2-aza-8-oxohypoxanthine (AOH), was found in AHX-treated rice. The biosynthetic pathway of the three compounds that are named as fairy chemicals (FCs) in plants has been partially elucidated; however, that in mushrooms remains unknown. In this study, it was revealed that the carbon skeletons of AHX and ICA were constructed from Gly in L. sordida mycelia and the fungus metabolized 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICA) to both of the compounds. These results indicated that FCs were biosynthesized by a diversion of the purine metabolic pathway in L. sordida mycelia, similar to that in plants. Furthermore, we showed that recombinant adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) catalyzed reversible interconversion not only between 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranosyl 5'-monophosphate (AICAR) and AICA but also between ICA-ribotide (ICAR) and ICA. Furthermore, the presence of ICAR in L. sordida mycelia was proven for the first time by LC-MS/MS detection, and this study provided the first report that there was a novel metabolic pathway of ICA in which its ribotide was an intermediate in the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinobu Ito
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | | | - Hirohide Takemura
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Tomohiro Asakawa
- Marine Science and Technology, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka City, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ouchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Makoto Inai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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Plant growth regulators from mushrooms. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2020; 73:657-665. [PMID: 32684620 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-020-0352-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Plants interact with fungi in their natural growing environments, and relationships between plants and diverse fungal species impact plants in complex symbiotic, parasitic, and pathogenic ways. Over the past 10 years, we have intensively investigated plant growth regulators produced by mushrooms, and we succeeded in finding various regulators from mushroom-forming fungi: (1) fairy chemicals as a candidate family of new plant hormones from Lepista sordida, (2) agrocybynes A to E from fungus Agrocybe praecox that stimulate strawberry growth, (3) armillariols A to C and sesquiterpene aryl esters from genus Armillaria that are allelopathic and cause Arimillaria root disease, and (4) other plant growth regulators from other mushrooms, such as Stropharia rugosoannulata, Tricholoma flavovirens, Hericium erinaceus, Leccinum extremiorientale, Russula vinosa, Pholiota lubrica and Cortinarius caperatus.
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