1
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Kaiser L, Ondruš M, Poštová Slavětínská L, Raindlová V, Hocek M. Polymerase Synthesis of Hypermodified DNA Displaying a Combination of Thiol, Hydroxyl, Carboxylate, and Imidazole Functional Groups in the Major Groove. Chemistry 2025:e202501034. [PMID: 40327399 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202501034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2025] [Revised: 05/02/2025] [Accepted: 05/06/2025] [Indexed: 05/08/2025]
Abstract
We designed and synthesized a set of six 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-O-triphosphates (dNTPs) bearing functional groups mimicking amino acid side chains in enzyme active sites (OH, SH, COOH, and imidazole) attached to position 5 of pyrimidines or position 7 of 7-deazapurines through different linkers. These modified dNTPs were studied as substrates in enzymatic synthesis of modified and hypermodified DNA using several DNA polymerases. In primer extension (PEX), all modified dNTPs provided DNA containing one, two, three, or, (all) four modified nucleotides each bearing a different modification, although the thiol-modified dNTPs were worse substrates compared to the others. In PCR, we observed exponential amplification for any combination of one, two, or three nonsulfur dNTPs but the thiol-modified dNTP did not work well in any combinations. Sequencing of the hypermodified DNA confirmed the good fidelity of the incorporation of all the modified nucleotides. This set of modified dNTPs extends the portfolio of building blocks for prospective use in selections of functional nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Kaiser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6, Prague, CZ-16000, Czech Republic
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Ondruš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6, Prague, CZ-16000, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Poštová Slavětínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6, Prague, CZ-16000, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Raindlová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6, Prague, CZ-16000, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Hocek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6, Prague, CZ-16000, Czech Republic
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, Prague 2, Prague, CZ-12843, Czech Republic
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2
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Zelch D, Russo CM, Ruud KJ, O’Reilly MC. A General and Scalable Method toward Enantioenriched C2-Substituted Azetidines Using Chiral tert-Butanesulfinamides. J Org Chem 2024; 89:15137-15144. [PMID: 39348268 PMCID: PMC11494643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/02/2024]
Abstract
Diverse ranges of chiral nitrogen-containing heterocycles serve as a molecular toolbox for modulating a wide array of biological processes, but enantioenriched production of smaller chiral heterocycles is a bottleneck. There is a lack of general approaches for the stereoselective preparation of chiral 4-membered monocyclic C2-substituted azetidines, where many routes to different substitution types are possible, but no simple and common approach exists. To bridge this gap, inexpensive and widely available chiral tert-butanesulfinamides are harnessed for chiral induction with 1,3-bis-electrophilic 3-chloropropanal, providing a three-step approach to C2-substituted azetidines with aryl, vinyl, allyl, branched alkyl, and linear alkyl substituents. Eleven azetidine products are produced, and the approach is shown to be effective on a gram-scale with a single purification of the protected azetidine product in 44% yield over three steps in an 85:15 diastereomeric ratio. In most cases, the diastereomers are separable using normal phase chromatography, often resulting in previously elusive enantiopure azetidine products. Protected azetidines were shown to undergo rapid and efficient sulfinamide cleavage, producing an azetidine hydrochloride salt that was subjected to derivatization reactions, highlighting the method's applicability to medicinal chemistry approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zelch
- Department
of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Christopher M. Russo
- Department
of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Kirsten J. Ruud
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, University
of Wisconsin−River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, United States
| | - Matthew C. O’Reilly
- Department
of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
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3
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Yoshimura A, Zhdankin VV. Recent Progress in Synthetic Applications of Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagents. Chem Rev 2024; 124:11108-11186. [PMID: 39269928 PMCID: PMC11468727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 08/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Hypervalent iodine(III) compounds have found wide application in modern organic chemistry as environmentally friendly reagents and catalysts. Hypervalent iodine reagents are commonly used in synthetically important halogenations, oxidations, aminations, heterocyclizations, and various oxidative functionalizations of organic substrates. Iodonium salts are important arylating reagents, while iodonium ylides and imides are excellent carbene and nitrene precursors. Various derivatives of benziodoxoles, such as azidobenziodoxoles, trifluoromethylbenziodoxoles, alkynylbenziodoxoles, and alkenylbenziodoxoles have found wide application as group transfer reagents in the presence of transition metal catalysts, under metal-free conditions, or using photocatalysts under photoirradiation conditions. Development of hypervalent iodine catalytic systems and discovery of highly enantioselective reactions using chiral hypervalent iodine compounds represent a particularly important recent achievement in the field of hypervalent iodine chemistry. Chemical transformations promoted by hypervalent iodine in many cases are unique and cannot be performed by using any other common, non-iodine-based reagent. This review covers literature published mainly in the last 7-8 years, between 2016 and 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yoshimura
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aomori University, 2-3-1 Kobata, Aomori 030-0943, Japan
| | - Viktor V. Zhdankin
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
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4
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Wearing ER, Yeh YC, Terrones GG, Parikh SG, Kevlishvili I, Kulik HJ, Schindler CS. Visible light-mediated aza Paternò-Büchi reaction of acyclic oximes and alkenes to azetidines. Science 2024; 384:1468-1476. [PMID: 38935726 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj6771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The aza Paternò-Büchi reaction is a [2+2]-cycloaddition reaction between imines and alkenes that produces azetidines, four-membered nitrogen-containing heterocycles. Currently, successful examples rely primarily on either intramolecular variants or cyclic imine equivalents. To unlock the full synthetic potential of aza Paternò-Büchi reactions, it is essential to extend the reaction to acyclic imine equivalents. Here, we report that matching of the frontier molecular orbital energies of alkenes with those of acyclic oximes enables visible light-mediated aza Paternò-Büchi reactions through triplet energy transfer catalysis. The utility of this reaction is further showcased in the synthesis of epi-penaresidin B. Density functional theory computations reveal that a competition between the desired [2+2]-cycloaddition and alkene dimerization determines the success of the reaction. Frontier orbital energy matching between the reactive components lowers transition-state energy (ΔGǂ) values and ultimately promotes reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Wearing
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yu-Cheng Yeh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gianmarco G Terrones
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Seren G Parikh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ilia Kevlishvili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Heather J Kulik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Corinna S Schindler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z1 BC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4 BC, Canada
- BC Cancer, Vancouver V5Z 1G1 BC, Canada
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5
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Liao J, Tong J, Liu L, Ouyang L, Luo R. Construction of N-Aryl-Substituted Pyrrolidines by Successive Reductive Amination of Diketones via Transfer Hydrogenation. Molecules 2024; 29:2565. [PMID: 38893441 PMCID: PMC11173526 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
N-aryl-substituted pyrrolidines are important moieties widely found in bioactive substances and drugs. Herein, we present a practical reductive amination of diketones with anilines for the synthesis of N-aryl-substituted pyrrolidines in good to excellent yields. In this process, the N-aryl-substituted pyrrolidines were furnished via successive reductive amination of diketones via iridium-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation. The scale-up performance, water as a solvent, simple operation, as well as derivation of drug molecules showcased the potential application in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Liao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (J.L.); (J.T.); (L.L.); (L.O.)
| | - Jinghui Tong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (J.L.); (J.T.); (L.L.); (L.O.)
| | - Liang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (J.L.); (J.T.); (L.L.); (L.O.)
| | - Lu Ouyang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (J.L.); (J.T.); (L.L.); (L.O.)
| | - Renshi Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (J.L.); (J.T.); (L.L.); (L.O.)
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China
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6
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Kuriyama Y, Sasano Y, Iwabuchi Y. Azetidine synthesis by La(OTf) 3-catalyzed intramolecular regioselective aminolysis of cis-3,4-epoxy amines. Front Chem 2023; 11:1251299. [PMID: 37795386 PMCID: PMC10546187 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1251299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Azetidine is a prevalent structural motif found in various biologically active compounds. In this research paper, we report La(OTf)3-catalyzed intramolecular regioselective aminolysis of cis-3,4-epoxy amines to afford azetidines. This reaction proceeded in high yields even in the presence of acid-sensitive and Lewis basic functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yoshiharu Iwabuchi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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7
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Park SH, Bae G, Choi A, Shin S, Shin K, Choi CH, Kim H. Electrocatalytic Access to Azetidines via Intramolecular Allylic Hydroamination: Scrutinizing Key Oxidation Steps through Electrochemical Kinetic Analysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37428820 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Azetidines are prominent structural scaffolds in bioactive molecules, medicinal chemistry, and ligand design for transition metals. However, state-of-the-art methods cannot be applied to intramolecular hydroamination of allylic amine derivatives despite their underlying potential as one of the most prevalent synthetic precursors to azetidines. Herein, we report an electrocatalytic method for intramolecular hydroamination of allylic sulfonamides to access azetidines for the first time. The merger of cobalt catalysis and electricity enables the regioselective generation of key carbocationic intermediates, which could directly undergo intramolecular C-N bond formation. The mechanistic investigations including electrochemical kinetic analysis suggest that either the catalyst regeneration by nucleophilic cyclization or the second electrochemical oxidation to access the carbocationic intermediate is involved in the rate-determining step (RDS) of our electrochemical protocol and highlight the ability of electrochemistry in providing ideal means to mediate catalyst oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve H Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Geunsu Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahhyeon Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyeon Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangmin Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hyuck Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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8
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Recent Advances in Synthetic Routes to Azacycles. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062737. [PMID: 36985708 PMCID: PMC10054516 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A heterocycle is an important structural scaffold of many organic compounds found in pharmaceuticals, materials, agrochemicals, and biological processes. Azacycles are one of the most common motifs of a heterocycle and have a variety of applications, including in pharmaceuticals. Therefore, azacycles have received significant attention from scientists and a variety of methods of synthesizing azacycles have been developed because their efficient synthesis plays a vital role in the production of many useful compounds. In this review, we summarize recent approaches to preparing azacycles via different methods as well as describe plausible reaction mechanisms.
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9
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Tran VH, Hong WP, Kim H. Facile titanium(
IV
) chloride and
TBD‐mediated
synthesis of
N
‐aryl‐substituted
azacycles from arylhydrazines. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Van Hieu Tran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital Jeonju Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital Jeonju Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Pyo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Gachon University Seongnam‐si Gyeongi‐do Republic of Korea
| | - Hee‐Kwon Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital Jeonju Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital Jeonju Republic of Korea
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10
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Tran VH, Kim HK. Facile tin(II)-catalyzed synthesis of N-heterocycles from dicarboxylic acids and arylamines. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:2881-2888. [PMID: 35318478 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00330a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel efficient transformation reaction of dicarboxylic acids into N-aryl-substituted azacycles is described. In this synthetic procedure, both catalytic SnCl2 and phenylsilane were used as crucial reagents for reaction of arylamines with dicarboxylic acids to produce the desired azacycles. Using this SnCl2-catalyzed synthetic method, various N-aryl-substituted azacycles were successfully prepared from arylamines with dicarboxylic acids in high yield. This practical synthetic method using catalytic SnCl2 can provide a useful approach for preparation of the desired azacycle products from many available dicarboxylic acid starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Hieu Tran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, 54907, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Kwon Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, 54907, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, 54907, Republic of Korea
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11
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Paddlewheel dirhodium(II) complexes with N-heterocyclic carbene or phosphine ligand: New reactivity and selectivity. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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12
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Leverenz M, Masson G, Pardo DG, Cossy J. Synthesis of Azocanes from Piperidines via an Azetidinium Intermediate. Chemistry 2021; 27:16325-16328. [PMID: 34643301 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
α-Trifluoromethyl azocanes are accessible from 2-(trifluoropropan-2-ol) piperidines by metal-free ring-expansion involving a bicyclic azetidinium intermediate. The opening of the azetidinium intermediate was achieved by various nucleophiles (amines, alcoholates, carboxylates, phosphonates, halides and pseudo-halides) with an excellent regio- diastereo- and enantioselectivity and in good yields. The relative configuration of the piperidines and azocanes were assigned and the deprotected azocanes offer opportunities for further derivatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Leverenz
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, UMR 7167 ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Guillaume Masson
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, UMR 7167 ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Domingo Gomez Pardo
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, UMR 7167 ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Janine Cossy
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, UMR 7167 ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
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13
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Colella M, Musci P, Cannillo D, Spennacchio M, Aramini A, Degennaro L, Luisi R. Development of a Continuous Flow Synthesis of 2-Substituted Azetines and 3-Substituted Azetidines by Using a Common Synthetic Precursor. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13943-13954. [PMID: 34291947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The generation and functionalization, under continuous flow conditions, of two different lithiated four-membered aza-heterocycles is reported. N-Boc-3-iodoazetidine acts as a common synthetic platform for the genesis of C3-lithiated azetidine and C2-lithiated azetine depending on the lithiation agent. Flow technology enables easy handling of such lithiated intermediates at much higher temperatures compared to batch processing. Flow technology combined with cyclopentylmethyl ether as an environmentally responsible solvent allows us to address sustainability concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Colella
- FLAME-Lab, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Pantaleo Musci
- FLAME-Lab, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Debora Cannillo
- FLAME-Lab, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Mauro Spennacchio
- FLAME-Lab, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Aramini
- Department of Discovery, Dompé Farmaceutici S.p.A., Via Campo di Pile, L'Aquila 67100, Italy
| | - Leonardo Degennaro
- FLAME-Lab, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Renzo Luisi
- FLAME-Lab, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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14
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Kondoh A, Ojima R, Terada M. Formal Fluorinative Ring Opening of 2-Benzoylpyrrolidines Utilizing [1,2]-Phospha-Brook Rearrangement for Synthesis of 2-Aryl-3-fluoropiperidines. Org Lett 2021; 23:7894-7899. [PMID: 34585940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A ring expansion of 2-benzoylpyrrolidines, which involves the formal fluorinative ring opening utilizing the [1,2]-phospha-Brook rearrangement under Brønsted base catalysis and a subsequent intramolecular reductive amination, was developed. The operationally simple three-step protocol provides an efficient access to 2-aryl-3-fluoropiperidines. The methodology was further applied to the syntheses of azepanes and tetrahydroquinolines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Kondoh
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Rihaku Ojima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masahiro Terada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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15
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Henry Blackwell J, Harris GR, Smith MA, Gaunt MJ. Modular Photocatalytic Synthesis of α-Trialkyl-α-Tertiary Amines. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15946-15959. [PMID: 34551248 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Molecules displaying an α-trialkyl-α-tertiary amine motif provide access to an important and versatile area of biologically relevant chemical space but are challenging to access through existing synthetic methods. Here, we report an operationally straightforward, multicomponent protocol for the synthesis of a range of functionally and structurally diverse α-trialkyl-α-tertiary amines, which makes use of three readily available components: dialkyl ketones, benzylamines, and alkenes. The strategy relies on the of use visible-light-mediated photocatalysis with readily available Ir(III) complexes to bring about single-electron reduction of an all-alkyl ketimine species to an α-amino radical intermediate; the α-amino radical undergoes Giese-type addition with a variety of alkenes to forge the α-trialkyl-α-tertiary amine center. The mechanism of this process is believed to proceed through an overall redox neutral pathway that involves photocatalytic redox-relay of the imine, generated from the starting amine-ketone condensation, through to an imine-derived product. This is possible because the presence of a benzylic amine component in the intermediate scaffold drives a 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer step after the Giese addition to form a stable benzylic α-amino radical, which is able to close the photocatalytic cycle. These studies detail the evolution of the reaction platform, an extensive investigation of the substrate scope, and preliminary investigation of some of the mechanistic features of this distinct photocatalytic process. We believe this transformation will provide convenient access to previously unexplored α-trialkyl-α-tertiary amine scaffolds that should be of considerable interest to practitioners of synthetic and medicinal chemistry in academic and industrial institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Henry Blackwell
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Georgia R Harris
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Milo A Smith
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Gaunt
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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16
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Wang F, Zhou Q, Zhang X, Fan X. Direct α-Alkenylation of Cyclic Amines with Maleimides through Fe(III)-Catalyzed C(sp 3)-H/C(sp 2)-H Cross Dehydrogenative Coupling. J Org Chem 2021; 86:11708-11722. [PMID: 34355565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Presented herein is a novel and efficient α-C(sp3)-H alkenylation of cyclic amines with maleimides. Mechanistically, this C(sp3)-H/C(sp2)-H cross dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) reaction involves a cascade procedure including oxidative α-amino radical formation from the cyclic amine substrate and nucleophilic addition of the in situ formed α-amino radical onto the electron-deficient carbon-carbon double bond of maleimide followed by oxidation and β-elimination. Notably, this direct α-functionalization provides an effective alternative to the conventional ionic reaction mode, in which an imine or iminium intermediate is formed to react with electron-rich coupling partners other than electron-deficient ones. In general, this method features readily available and structurally diverse substrates, a green and economical catalyst, a unique reaction pathway, mild reaction conditions, high efficiency, and excellent atom economy. This new reaction enriches the application of Fe(III)-catalyzed C(sp3)-H activation and functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.,Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Qianting Zhou
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xinying Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xuesen Fan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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17
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Xu P, Zhang M, Ingoglia B, Allais C, Dechert-Schmitt AMR, Singer RA, Morken JP. Construction of Azacycles by Intramolecular Amination of Organoboronates and Organobis(boronates). Org Lett 2021; 23:3379-3383. [PMID: 33852313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Intramolecular amination of organoboronates occurs with a 1,2-metalate shift of an aminoboron "ate" complex to form azetidines, pyrrolidines, and piperidines. Bis(boronates) undergo site-selective amination to form boronate-containing azacycles. Enantiomerically enriched azacycles are formed with high stereospecificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Mingkai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Bryan Ingoglia
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Christophe Allais
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | - Robert A Singer
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - James P Morken
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
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18
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Zhang H, Sun MC, Yin LM, Wei D, Song MP, Yang D, Niu JL. Direct intramolecular C(sp 3)–H bond sulfonamidation to synthesize benzosultam derivatives under metal-free conditions. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01235e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient intramolecular C(sp3)–H bond amination under metal-free conditions has been developed to provide a straightforward method for the synthesis of 5-membered cyclic sulfonamides (benzosultams).
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Chan Sun
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Li-Ming Yin
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Donghui Wei
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Mao-Ping Song
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Yang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Long Niu
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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19
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Kweon J, Chang S. Highly Robust Iron Catalyst System for Intramolecular C(sp
3
)−H Amidation Leading to γ‐Lactams. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeonguk Kweon
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
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20
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Kweon J, Chang S. Highly Robust Iron Catalyst System for Intramolecular C(sp
3
)−H Amidation Leading to γ‐Lactams. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:2909-2914. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeonguk Kweon
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
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21
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Kovács E, Faigl F, Mucsi Z. Regio- and Diastereoselective Synthesis of 2-Arylazetidines: Quantum Chemical Explanation of Baldwin's Rules for the Ring-Formation Reactions of Oxiranes†. J Org Chem 2020; 85:11226-11239. [PMID: 32786621 PMCID: PMC7498157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
![]()
A general,
scalable two-step regio- and diastereoselective method
has been described for the synthesis of versatile alkaloid-type azetidines
from simple building blocks with excellent overall yields. In the
kinetically controlled reaction, only the formation of the strained
four-membered ring can be achieved instead of the thermodynamically
favorable five-membered rings under appropriate conditions. Remarkable
functional group tolerance has also been demonstrated. In this paper,
we give a new scope of Baldwin’s rules by density functional
theory (DFT) calculations with an explicit solvent model, confirming
the proposed reaction mechanisms and the role of kinetic controls
in the stereochemical outcome of the reported transition-metal-free
carbon–carbon bond formation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ervin Kovács
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary.,MTA-BME Organic Chemical Technology Research Group, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.,Femtonics Ltd., Budapest H-1094, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Faigl
- MTA-BME Organic Chemical Technology Research Group, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
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22
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Shamsabadi A, Maruani A, Ahmed N, Chudasama V. Aerobically-initiated C(sp3)–H bond amination through the use of activated azodicarboxylates. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:6258-6264. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01562h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this article we report a procedure for α-C(sp3)–H amination of ethereal compounds through use of azodicarboxylates as the nitrogen source and freely-available atmospheric oxygen to access ethereal radical intermediates via aerobic C–H activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nehaal Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London
- UK
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23
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Andresini M, Degennaro L, Luisi R. The renaissance of strained 1-azabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes as useful reagents for the synthesis of functionalized azetidines. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:5798-5810. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01251c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery in the late 1960s, 1-azabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes have demonstrated to be interesting precursors of azetidines, because of the peculiar reactivity of the C3–N bond that allows double functionalization in the 1,3 positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Andresini
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences
- University of Bari “A. Moro” Via E. Orabona 4
- Bari 70125
- Italy
| | - Leonardo Degennaro
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences
- University of Bari “A. Moro” Via E. Orabona 4
- Bari 70125
- Italy
| | - Renzo Luisi
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences
- University of Bari “A. Moro” Via E. Orabona 4
- Bari 70125
- Italy
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