Immunopolymer Lipid Nanoparticles for Delivery of Macromolecules to Antigen-Expressing Cells

Impact of local drug delivery and natural agents as new target strategies against periodontitis: new challenges for personalized therapeutic approach

Periodontitis is a persistent inflammation of the soft tissue around the teeth that affects 60% of the population in the globe. The self-maintenance of the inflammatory process can cause periodontal damage from the alveolar bone resorption to tooth loss in order to contrast the effects of periodontitis, the main therapy used is scaling and root planing (SRP). At the same time, studying the physiopathology of periodontitis has shown the possibility of using a local drug delivery system as an adjunctive therapy. Using local drug delivery devices in conjunction with SRP therapy for periodontitis is a potential tool since it increases drug efficacy and minimizes negative effects by managing drug release. This review emphasized how the use of local drug delivery agents and natural agents could be promising adjuvants for the treatment of periodontitis patients affected or not by cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and other system problems. Moreover, the review evidences the current issues and new ideas that can inspire potential later study for both basic research and clinical practice for a tailored approach.

Lipid-Polymer Hybrid Nanosystems: A Rational Fusion for Advanced Therapeutic Delivery

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are spherical vesicles composed of ionizable lipids that are neutral at physiological pH. Despite their benefits, unmodified LNP drug delivery systems have substantial drawbacks, including a lack of targeted selectivity, a short blood circulation period, and in vivo instability. lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPHNPs) are the next generation of nanoparticles, having the combined benefits of polymeric nanoparticles and liposomes. LPHNPs are being prepared from both natural and synthetic polymers with various techniques, including one- or two-step methods, emulsification solvent evaporation (ESE) method, and the nanoprecipitation method. Varieties of LPHNPs, including monolithic hybrid nanoparticles, core-shell nanoparticles, hollow core-shell nanoparticles, biomimetic lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles, and polymer-caged liposomes, have been investigated for various drug delivery applications. However, core-shell nanoparticles having a polymeric core surrounded by a highly biocompatible lipid shell are the most commonly explored LPHNPs for the treatment of various diseases. In this review, we will shed light on the composition, methods of preparation, classification, surface functionalization, release mechanism, advantages and disadvantages, patents, and clinical trials of LPHNPs, with an emphasis on core-shell-structured LPHNPs.

Treatment challenges and delivery systems in immunomodulation and probiotic therapies for periodontitis

Introduction: Periodontitis is a widespread illness that arises due to disrupted interplay between the oral microbiota and the host immune response. In some cases, conventional therapies can provide temporary remission, although this is often followed by disease relapse. Recent studies of periodontitis pathology have promoted the development of new therapeutics to improve treatment options, together with local application using advanced drug delivery systems.Areas covered: This paper provides a critical review of the status of current treatment approaches to periodontitis, with a focus on promising immunomodulation and probiotic therapies. These are based on delivery of small molecules, peptides, proteins, DNA or RNA, and probiotics. The key findings on novel treatment strategies and formulation of advanced delivery systems, such as nanoparticles and nanofibers, are highlighted.Expert opinion: Multitarget therapy based on antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and probiotic active ingredients incorporated into advanced delivery systems for application to the periodontal pocket can improve periodontitis treatment outcomes. Translation of such adjuvant therapy from laboratory to patient is expected in the future.