Crystal Phase-Related Toxicity of One-Dimensional Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials on Kidney Cells

The role of resveratrol in delivering antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic defense against nephrotoxicity generated by titanium dioxide

Titanium dioxide is a prevalent food ingredient for human ingestion. We investigated the nephrotoxic effects of titanium dioxide in Wistar albino rats subjected to oral exposure for 14 days. The rats were categorized into four groups (n = 8): (1) control (saline solution), (2) exposure to titanium dioxide (30 mg/kg), (3) exposure to resveratrol (100 mg/kg), and (4) exposure to both titanium dioxide and resveratrol. The investigations revealed that the administration of titanium dioxide resulted in considerable histological abnormalities and a significant prevalence of apoptotic cells marked by caspase-3 in the titanium dioxide group, with a markedly elevated quantity and strong staining of cells reacting with 4-HN across the tissue in the kidney. Blood serum assessments revealed that BUN and creatinine levels were elevated in the titanium group relative to the other three groups, with a reduction in these levels observed in the group receiving both titanium and resveratrol (P < 0.05). The assessment of oxidative stress markers in kidney tissue revealed that GSH-Px and SOD activity considerably decreased in the titanium dioxide group relative to the other experimental groups. In contrast, MDA levels increased markedly (P < 0.05). The activities of GSH-Px and SOD were significantly elevated in the group receiving both titanium dioxide and resveratrol compared to the titanium dioxide-only group (P < 0.05). The analysis of inflammation markers TNF-α and IL-6 revealed a substantial rise in their levels in the titanium dioxide group compared to the other groups (P < 0.05).

The ROS Mediates MCUb in Mitochondria-Regulated Apoptosis of TM4 Cells Induced by Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) can cause mitochondrial apoptosis of TM4 cells associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and Ca2+ overload, but the relations among these processes remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate whether the accumulation of ROS caused by TiO2 NPs inhibits MCUb expression, leading to mitochondrial calcium overload and subsequent cell apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. TM4 cells were exposed to different concentrations of TiO2 NPs (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 μg/mL) for 24 h. We assessed cell viability, ROS level, MCUb and VDAC1 expression, mitochondrial and cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), apoptosis rate, and key proteins related to mitochondrial apoptosis (Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase 3, Caspase 9, p53 and Cyt c). Additionally, the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on MCUb expression, calcium homeostasis, and cell apoptosis was evaluated. Compared to control group, TiO2 NPs significantly increased ROS level, downregulated MCUb expression, elevated Ca2+ levels in mitochondria and cytoplasm, and enhanced mitochondria-regulated apoptosis, starting from the 50 μg/mL TiO2 NPs group. However, NAC significantly increased MCUb expression, attenuated Ca2+ levels in mitochondria and cytoplasm, and reduced mitochondria-related apoptosis. In conclusion, TiO2 NPs induced ROS accumulation, which inhibited the expression of MCUb. The decreased MCUb level led to Ca2+ overload in mitochondria, causing TM4 cell apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway. This research elucidates, for the first time, the role of MCUb and its relation with ROS in apoptosis of TM4 cells induced by TiO2 NPs, which supplementing the molecular mechanism of cell apoptosis caused by TiO2 NPs.

The toxicological effects of nano titanium dioxide on target organs and mechanisms of toxicity

Nano-titanium dioxide (TiO2 NPs) is widely used for its extremely high stability, corrosion resistance, and photocatalytic properties and has penetrated into various fields of production and life. Assessing its toxicity to different organs should be a key part of preclinical toxicity assessment of TiO2 NPs, which is relatively incomprehensive yet. Therefore, this review focuses on the toxic effects of TiO2 NPs on various organs in mammals and biological mechanisms from different organs. The commonality of toxic effects on various target organs reflected in tissue structure damage and dysfunction, such as liver damage and dysfunction; pulmonary fibrosis; and renal impairment (including hematuria and nephritis); damage of brain tissue and neurons; alteration of intestinal villi; and weight loss. And effects on the reproductive system are affected by different sexes, including ovarian dysfunction, testicular development damage, and sperm viability reduction. We believe that the toxic mechanisms of TiO2 NPs in target organs have commonalities, such as oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and organelle damage. However, different target organ toxicities also have their specificities. TiO2 NPs disturb the intestinal flora and cause undesirable changes in feces products. And in spleen are infiltration of neutrophils and lymphadenopathy and eventually immune deficiency. Although the toxic pathways are different, but there may be a close link between the different toxic pathways. In this article, the main manifestations of the toxic effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on major mammalian organs are reviewed, in order to provide basic data for their better application from a medical perspective.

In Vitro Safety Assessment of In-House Synthesized Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: Impact of Washing and Temperature Conditions

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) have been widely used in food, cosmetics, and biomedical research. However, human safety following exposure to TiO2 NPs remains to be fully understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro safety and toxicity of TiO2 NPs synthesized via the Stöber method under different washing and temperature conditions. TiO2 NPs were characterized by their size, shape, surface charge, surface area, crystalline pattern, and band gap. Biological studies were conducted on phagocytic (RAW 264.7) and non-phagocytic (HEK-239) cells. Results showed that washing amorphous as-prepared TiO2 NPs (T1) with ethanol while applying heat at 550 °C (T2) resulted in a reduction in the surface area and charge compared to washing with water (T3) or a higher temperature (800 °C) (T4) and influenced the formation of crystalline structures with the anatase phase in T2 and T3 and rutile/anatase mixture in T4. Biological and toxicological responses varied among TiO2 NPs. T1 was associated with significant cellular internalization and toxicity in both cell types compared to other TiO2 NPs. Furthermore, the formation of the crystalline structure induced toxicity independent of other physicochemical properties. Compared with anatase, the rutile phase (T4) reduced cellular internalization and toxicity. However, comparable levels of reactive oxygen species were generated following exposure to the different types of TiO2, indicating that toxicity is partially driven via non-oxidative pathways. TiO2 NPs were able to trigger an inflammatory response, with varying trends among the two tested cell types. Together, the findings emphasize the importance of standardizing engineered nanomaterial synthesis conditions and evaluating the associated biological and toxicological consequences arising from changes in synthesis conditions.

Synergic fabrication of succimer coated titanium dioxide nanomaterials delivery for in vitro proliferation and in vivo examination on human aortic endothelial cells

The probable nanotoxicity to human health and the environment is a significant challenge for the sustainable application of nanomaterials in medicine. The cytototoxical effect of succimer (meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid-DMSA) coated titanium dioxide (DMSA-TiO2) with cultured human aortic endothelial cells (HAoECs) was assessed in this investigation. Our findings have shown that DMSA-TiO2 can be accumulated in HAoECs and dispersed in a cytoplasm on the culture medium. DMSA-cytotoxicity TiO2 effects were dose-responsive, and the concentrations were of little toxicity, and MTT stain testing showed that they had only 0.02 mg ml-1. Meanwhile, the lactate dehydrogenase biomarker was not considerably more remarkable than the biomarker from untreated (control) cells (free DMSA-TiO2). Though, also without any apparent signs of cell damage, the endocrine functions for prostacyclin I-2 and endothelin-1 and the urea transporter functions were modified. In addition, in vitro endothelial tube development has been shown that HAoECs could induce angiogenesis even with small amounts of DMSA-TiO2 (0.01 and 0.02 mg ml-1). Further, we have examined the in vivo toxicity and biochemical parameter by animal model. Furthermore, in vivo assessments designated that the resulting DMSA-TiO2 presented synergistic activities of angiogenesis activity. Overall, these findings show the cytotoxicity of DMSA-TiO2 and could induce adverse effects on normal endothelial cells.