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Marques BDS, de Andrade KN, Peixoto BP, Dos Santos FM, Pedrosa LF, Fiorot RG, Costa de Souza M. Sequential nucleophilic aromatic substitutions on cyanuric chloride: synthesis of BODIPY derivatives and mechanistic insights. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:5987-5998. [PMID: 38989906 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00683f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Herein we report a study on the sequential substitution of different nucleophiles on cyanuric chloride to obtain potential candidates for metal sensors (5a-c). The set of nucleophiles on the 1,3,5-triazine ring includes a phenolic BODIPY, an aminoalkyl pyridine and aminoalkyl phosphoramidates, each one designed to play a specific role in the final fluoroionophore. Three new triazine triads were synthesized in similar yields: 5a (45%), 5b (43%) and 5c (52%) after a methodical sequential combination of the nucleophiles via thermodependent nucleophilic aromatic substitution of the three chlorine atoms of cyanuric chloride. To ratify the synthetic results we simulated the reaction mechanisms for the different nucleophiles, aiming to address the distinctive orthogonality and temperature control inherent in this process, identifying and providing a sound rationale for any preferential sequence of nucleophiles inserted into the triazine core. According to our experimental and computational analysis (thermo- and kinetic preferences), we have identified the following preferential order for the sequential substitution: p-hydroxybenzaldehyde > 2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine > aminoalkyl phosphoramidate, indicating that all steps follow a single-step process (concerted) in two stages, where nucleophilic addition precedes leaving group dissociation. The Meisenheimer σ-complex was identified as a transition state structure, with insufficient stability to exist as an intermediate. We observed a consistent and progressive increase in barrier height: 2-8 kcal mol-1 for the first step, 9-15 kcal mol-1 for the second step, and >15 kcal mol-1 for the third substitution. These findings align with the experimental observation of thermodependency in the sequential substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno da Silva Marques
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Karine Nascimento de Andrade
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Bárbara Pereira Peixoto
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Fernando Martins Dos Santos
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Leandro Ferreira Pedrosa
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 27213-145, Volta Redonda, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Goetze Fiorot
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Costa de Souza
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
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Savickienė V, Bieliauskas A, Belyakov S, Arbačiauskienė E, Šačkus A. Multicomponent Synthesis of New Fluorescent Boron Complexes Derived from 3-Hydroxy-1-phenyl-1 H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde. Molecules 2024; 29:3432. [PMID: 39065010 PMCID: PMC11279739 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29143432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Novel fluorescent pyrazole-containing boron (III) complexes were synthesized employing a one-pot three-component reaction of 3-hydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde, 2-aminobenzenecarboxylic acids, and boronic acids. The structures of the novel heterocyclic compounds were confirmed using 1H-, 13C-, 15N-, 19F-, and 11B-NMR, IR spectroscopy, HRMS, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. The photophysical properties of the obtained iminoboronates were investigated using spectroscopic techniques, such as UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopies. Compounds display main UV-vis absorption maxima in the blue region, and fluorescence emission maxima are observed in the green region of the visible spectrum. It was revealed that compounds exhibit fluorescence quantum yield up to 4.3% in different solvents and demonstrate an aggregation-induced emission enhancement effect in mixed THF-water solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktorija Savickienė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Aurimas Bieliauskas
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Sergey Belyakov
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Eglė Arbačiauskienė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Algirdas Šačkus
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania;
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Wang L, Qian Y. Heavy-atom-free BODIPY dendrimer: utilizing the spin-vibronic coupling mechanism for two-photon photodynamic therapy in zebrafish. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:6175-6189. [PMID: 38831689 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00535j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the heavy-atom-free BODIPY dendrimer TM4-BDP was synthesized for near-infrared photodynamic therapy, and was composed of a triphenylamine-BODIPY dimer and four 1-(2-morpholinoethyl)-1H-indole-3-ethenyl groups. The TM4-BDP could achieve near-infrared photodynamic therapy through two different photosensitive pathways, which include one-photon excitation at 660 nm and two-photon excitation at 1000 nm. In the one-photon excitation pathway, the TM4-BDP could generate singlet oxygen and superoxide radicals under 660 nm illumination. In addition, the one-photon PDT experiment in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (CNE-2) cells also indicated that the TM4-BDP could specifically accumulate in lysosomes and show great cell phototoxicity with an IC50 of 22.1 μM. In the two-photon excitation pathway, the two-photon absorption cross-section at 1030 nm of TM4-BDP was determined to be 383 GM, which means that it could generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) under 1000 nm femtosecond laser excitation. Moreover, the two-photon PDT experiment in zebrafish also indicated the TM4-BDP could be used for two-photon fluorescence imaging and two-photon induced ROS generation in biological environments. Furthermore, in terms of the ROS generation mechanism, the TM4-BDP employed a novel spin-vibronic coupling intersystem crossing (SV-ISC) process for the mechanism of ROS generation and the femtosecond transient absorption spectra indicated that this novel SV-ISC mechanism was closely related to its charge transfer state lifetime. These above experiments of TM4-BDP demonstrate that the dendrimer design is an effective strategy for constructing heavy-atom-free BODIPY photosensitizers in the near-infrared region and lay the foundation for two-photon photodynamic therapy in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
| | - Ying Qian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
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Gangemi CMA, Monforte M, Arrigo A, Bonaccorsi PM, Conoci S, Iaconis A, Puntoriero F, Franco D, Barattucci A. Synthesis of Bodipy-Tagged Galactoconjugates and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial Properties. Molecules 2024; 29:2299. [PMID: 38792159 PMCID: PMC11124175 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
As a development of our research on biocompatible glycoconjugate probes and specifically multi-chromophoric systems, herein, we report the synthesis and early bactericidal tests of two luminescent glycoconjugates whose basic structure is characterized by two boron dipyrromethene difluoride (BODIPY) moieties and three galactoside rings mounted on an oligophenylene ethynylene (OPE) skeleton. BODIPY fluorophores have found widespread application in many branches of biology in the last few decades. In particular, molecular platforms showing two different BODIPY groups have unique photophysical behavior useful in fluorescence imaging. Construction of the complex architecture of the new probes is accomplished through a convergent route that exploits a series of copper-free Heck-Cassar-Sonogashira cross-couplings. The great emergency due to the proliferation of bacterial infections, in conjunction with growing antibiotic resistance, requires the production of new multifunctional drugs and efficient methods for their targeted delivery to control bacteria-associated diseases. Preliminary studies of the glycoconjugate properties as antibacterial agents against representatives of Gram-negative (P. aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (S. aureus) pathogens, which are associated with chronic infections, indicated significant bactericidal activity ascribable to their structural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Maria Antonietta Gangemi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina, V.le F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.M.A.G.); (M.M.); (A.A.); (P.M.B.); (S.C.); (A.I.); (F.P.)
| | - Maura Monforte
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina, V.le F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.M.A.G.); (M.M.); (A.A.); (P.M.B.); (S.C.); (A.I.); (F.P.)
| | - Antonino Arrigo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina, V.le F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.M.A.G.); (M.M.); (A.A.); (P.M.B.); (S.C.); (A.I.); (F.P.)
| | - Paola Maria Bonaccorsi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina, V.le F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.M.A.G.); (M.M.); (A.A.); (P.M.B.); (S.C.); (A.I.); (F.P.)
| | - Sabrina Conoci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina, V.le F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.M.A.G.); (M.M.); (A.A.); (P.M.B.); (S.C.); (A.I.); (F.P.)
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- LAB Sense Beyond Nano—URT Department of Sciences Physics and Technologies of Matter (DSFTM) CNR, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonella Iaconis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina, V.le F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.M.A.G.); (M.M.); (A.A.); (P.M.B.); (S.C.); (A.I.); (F.P.)
| | - Fausto Puntoriero
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina, V.le F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.M.A.G.); (M.M.); (A.A.); (P.M.B.); (S.C.); (A.I.); (F.P.)
| | - Domenico Franco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina, V.le F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.M.A.G.); (M.M.); (A.A.); (P.M.B.); (S.C.); (A.I.); (F.P.)
| | - Anna Barattucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina, V.le F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.M.A.G.); (M.M.); (A.A.); (P.M.B.); (S.C.); (A.I.); (F.P.)
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Mi L, Niu C, Chen J, Han F, Ji X. Development of an activatable far-red fluorescent probe for rapid visualization of hypochlorous acid in live cells and mice with neuroinflammation. Front Chem 2024; 12:1355238. [PMID: 38370093 PMCID: PMC10869478 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1355238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent investigations have suggested that abnormally elevated levels of HOCl may be tightly related to the severity of neuroinflammation. Although some successes have been achieved, fluorescent probes with far-red fluorescence emission and capable of detecting HOCl with high specificity in pure aqueous solution are still urgently needed. Herein, a responsive far-red fluorescent probe, DCI-H, has been constructed to monitor HOCl activity in vivo and in vitro. DCI-H could rapidly respond to HOCl within 120 s and had a low detection limit for HOCl of 1.5 nM. Importantly, physiologically common interfering species, except for HOCl, did not cause a change in the fluorescence intensity of DCI-HOCl at 655 nm. The results of confocal imaging demonstrated the ability of DCI-H to visualize endogenous HOCl produced by MPO-catalyzed H2O2/Cl- and LPS stimulation. With the assistance of DCI-H, upregulation of HOCl levels was observed in the mice model of LPS-induced neuroinflammation. Thus, we believed that DCI-H provided a valuable tool for HOCl detection and diagnosis of inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Mi
- Department of Radiology, Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Changhe Niu
- Wuhan Children’s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianqiang Chen
- Department of Radiology, Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Feng Han
- Department of Radiology, Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xueying Ji
- Department of Radiology, Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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Das S, Banerjee A, Roy S, Mallick T, Maiti S, De P. Zwitterionic Polysulfobetaine Inhibits Cancer Cell Migration Owing to Actin Cytoskeleton Dynamics. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:144-153. [PMID: 38150303 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration is an essential dynamic process for most living cells, mainly driven by the reorganization of actin cytoskeleton. To control actin dynamics, a molecular architecture that can serve as a nucleator has been designed by polymerizing sulfobetaine methacrylate. The synthesized zwitterionic polymer, poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (PZI), effectively nucleates the polymerization process of G-actin and substantially accelerates the rate of polymerization. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and bioinformatics analysis indicated binding between PZI and monomeric G-actin. Thus, in vitro actin dynamics was studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS), pyrene-actin polymerization assay, and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM). Furthermore, a 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) fluorophore-containing monomeric unit was incorporated into the sulfobetaine zwitterionic architecture to visualize the effect of polymer in the cellular environment. The BODIPY-containing zwitterionic sulfobetaine polymer (PZI-F) successfully penetrated the cell and remained in the lysosome with minimal cytotoxicity. Confocal microscopy revealed the influence of this polymer on the cellular actin cytoskeleton dynamics. The PZI-F polymer was successfully able to inhibit the collective migration of the human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa cell) and breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231 cell), as confirmed by a wound healing assay. Therefore, polyzwitterionic sulfobetaine could be explored as an inhibitor of cancer cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Arnab Banerjee
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Subhadip Roy
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Tamanna Mallick
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Sankar Maiti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Priyadarsi De
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India
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