|
1
|
Wu J, Shao Z, Zheng B, Zhang Y, Yao X, Huang K, Feng S. Controlling the terminal layer atom of InTe for enhanced electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction performance. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:2418-2421. [PMID: 37143792 PMCID: PMC10153078 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00142c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the method of molecular-beam-epitaxial growth (MBE) for precisely regulating the terminal surface with different exposed atoms on indium telluride (InTe) and studied the electrocatalytic performances toward hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The improved performances result from the exposed In or Te atoms cluster, which affects the conductivity and active sites. This work provides insights into the comprehensive electrochemical attributes of layered indium chalcogenides and exhibits a new route for catalyst synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry and Jilin Provincial International Cooperation Key Laboratory of Advanced Inorganic Solid Functional Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Qianjin Street 2699 Changchun 130012 China
| | - Zhiyu Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry and Jilin Provincial International Cooperation Key Laboratory of Advanced Inorganic Solid Functional Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Qianjin Street 2699 Changchun 130012 China
| | - Beining Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry and Jilin Provincial International Cooperation Key Laboratory of Advanced Inorganic Solid Functional Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Qianjin Street 2699 Changchun 130012 China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry and Jilin Provincial International Cooperation Key Laboratory of Advanced Inorganic Solid Functional Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Qianjin Street 2699 Changchun 130012 China
| | - Xiangdong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry and Jilin Provincial International Cooperation Key Laboratory of Advanced Inorganic Solid Functional Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Qianjin Street 2699 Changchun 130012 China
| | - Keke Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry and Jilin Provincial International Cooperation Key Laboratory of Advanced Inorganic Solid Functional Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Qianjin Street 2699 Changchun 130012 China
| | - Shouhua Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry and Jilin Provincial International Cooperation Key Laboratory of Advanced Inorganic Solid Functional Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Qianjin Street 2699 Changchun 130012 China
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Li J, Wang S, Li L, Wei Z, Wang Q, Sun H, Tian J, Guo Y, Liu J, Yu H, Li N, Long G, Bai X, Yang W, Yang R, Shi D, Zhang G. Chemical Vapor Deposition of 4 Inch Wafer‐Scale Monolayer MoSe
2. SMALL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202200062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Li
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory Dongguan Guangdong 523808 China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Physical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Shuopei Wang
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory Dongguan Guangdong 523808 China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Lu Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Physical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Zheng Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Physical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Qinqin Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Physical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Huacong Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Physical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Jinpeng Tian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Physical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yutuo Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Physical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Jieying Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Physical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Hua Yu
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory Dongguan Guangdong 523808 China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Na Li
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory Dongguan Guangdong 523808 China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Gen Long
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory Dongguan Guangdong 523808 China
| | - Xuedong Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Physical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Wei Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Physical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Rong Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Physical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Dongxia Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Physical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Guangyu Zhang
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory Dongguan Guangdong 523808 China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Physical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Zhou D, Fuentes-Cabrera M, Singh A, Unocic RR, Carrillo JMY, Xiao K, Li Y, Li B. Atomic Edge-Guided Polyethylene Crystallization on Monolayer Two-Dimensional Materials. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
- Hybrid Nano-Architectures and Advanced Manufacturing Laboratory, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Miguel Fuentes-Cabrera
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Akash Singh
- Department of Industrial and Enterprise Systems Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Raymond R. Unocic
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jan Michael Y. Carrillo
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Kai Xiao
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Yumeng Li
- Department of Industrial and Enterprise Systems Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
- Hybrid Nano-Architectures and Advanced Manufacturing Laboratory, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| |
Collapse
|
|
4
|
Yang B, Gao L, Xue M, Wang H, Hou Y, Luo Y, Xiao H, Hu H, Cui C, Wang H, Zhang J, Li YF, Xie G, Tong X, Xie Y. Experimental and Simulation Research on the Preparation of Carbon Nano-Materials by Chemical Vapor Deposition. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14237356. [PMID: 34885507 PMCID: PMC8658281 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nano-materials have been widely used in many fields due to their electron transport, mechanics, and gas adsorption properties. This paper introduces the structure and properties of carbon nano-materials the preparation of carbon nano-materials by chemical vapor deposition method (CVD)—which is one of the most common preparation methods—and reaction simulation. A major factor affecting the material structure is its preparation link. Different preparation methods or different conditions will have a great impact on the structure and properties of the material (mechanical properties, electrical properties, magnetism, etc.). The main influencing factors (precursor, substrate, and catalyst) of carbon nano-materials prepared by CVD are summarized. Through simulation, the reaction can be optimized and the growth mode of substances can be controlled. Currently, numerical simulations of the CVD process can be utilized in two ways: changing the CVD reactor structure and observing CVD chemical reactions. Therefore, the development and research status of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for CVD are summarized, as is the potential of combining experimental studies and numerical simulations to achieve and optimize controllable carbon nano-materials growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; (B.Y.); (Y.H.)
- School of Materials and Architectural Engineering, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550014, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Big Data, School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; (L.G.); (M.X.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (H.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Lanxing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Big Data, School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; (L.G.); (M.X.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (H.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Miaoxuan Xue
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Big Data, School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; (L.G.); (M.X.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (H.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Haihe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Big Data, School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; (L.G.); (M.X.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (H.W.); (J.Z.)
- Guizhou Ecological and Environment Monitoring Center, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Yanqing Hou
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; (B.Y.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Big Data, School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; (L.G.); (M.X.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (H.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yingchun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Big Data, School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; (L.G.); (M.X.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (H.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Han Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Big Data, School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; (L.G.); (M.X.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (H.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Hailiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Big Data, School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; (L.G.); (M.X.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (H.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Can Cui
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Big Data, School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; (L.G.); (M.X.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (H.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Huanjiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Big Data, School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; (L.G.); (M.X.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (H.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jianhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Big Data, School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; (L.G.); (M.X.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (H.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yu-Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Big Data, School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; (L.G.); (M.X.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (H.W.); (J.Z.)
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (G.X.); (X.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Gang Xie
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; (B.Y.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Big Data, School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; (L.G.); (M.X.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (H.W.); (J.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Common Associated Non-Ferrous Metal Resources Pressure Hydrometallurgy Technology, Kunming 650503, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (G.X.); (X.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Xin Tong
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Big Data, School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; (L.G.); (M.X.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (H.W.); (J.Z.)
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550014, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (G.X.); (X.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yadian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Big Data, School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; (L.G.); (M.X.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (H.W.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (G.X.); (X.T.); (Y.X.)
| |
Collapse
|
|
5
|
Yan H, Yu T, Li H, Li Z, Tang H, Hu H, Yu H, Yin S. Synthesis of large-area monolayer and few-layer MoSe 2 continuous films by chemical vapor deposition without hydrogen assistance and formation mechanism. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:8922-8930. [PMID: 33955448 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr00552a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two dimensional (2D) MoSe2 with a layered structure has attracted extensive research due to its excellent electronic and optical properties. The controlled synthesis of large-scale and high-quality MoSe2 is highly desirable but still remains challenging. Ambient pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) is an excellent method for the synthesis of 2D materials but the inevitable use of hydrogen during the growth and the easy formation of cracks in the ultrathin films still need to be solved. In the present work, we reported the synthesis of large-area continuous MoSe2 films with different layers by the APCVD method without the assistance of hydrogen on SiO2/Si substrates just by raising the reaction temperature of Se. The synthesized continuous MoSe2 films can reach several centimeters, which can be seen clearly by naked eyes, and, more importantly, the size of the monolayer film can reach up to 3 mm. The morphology, structural characteristics, and optical properties of the synthesized MoSe2 films have been investigated, demonstrating good performance and high crystallinity of the films. Raman spectra give the empirical expression of the frequency difference between E2g1 and A1g dependence of the layer number (N = 1-10 L) for CVD grown MoSe2, which is useful in layer number identification. Further, the formation mechanism of the MoSe2 continuous film is of interest as a fundamental scientific problem and needs to be studied. We proposed the wing model, boundary layer theory, and diffusion theory to account quantitatively for the formation behavior of the MoSe2 film. The presented facile growth method and theoretical model are useful to synthesize other ultrathin transition metal dichalcogenide films and understand the formation behaviors of the systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China. and Key Laboratory of Display Materials and Photoelectric Devices, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Function Materials Education, Institute of Functional Crystal, Tianjin University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Tong Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China. and Key Laboratory of Display Materials and Photoelectric Devices, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Function Materials Education, Institute of Functional Crystal, Tianjin University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Heng Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductors and Applications, Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Semiconductors and Efficient Devices, Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China and Jiujiang Research Institute of Xiamen University, Jiujiang 332000, China
| | - Zhuocheng Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China. and Key Laboratory of Display Materials and Photoelectric Devices, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Function Materials Education, Institute of Functional Crystal, Tianjin University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Haitao Tang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Hangwei Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Hao Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China. and Key Laboratory of Display Materials and Photoelectric Devices, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Function Materials Education, Institute of Functional Crystal, Tianjin University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Shougen Yin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China. and Key Laboratory of Display Materials and Photoelectric Devices, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Function Materials Education, Institute of Functional Crystal, Tianjin University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300384, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
6
|
Li Y, Huang S, Wei C, Zhou D, Li B, Wu C, Mochalin VN. Adhesion Between MXenes and Other 2D Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:4682-4691. [PMID: 33433988 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
MXenes, a large family of two-dimensional (2D) early transition metal carbides and nitrides, have excellent electrical and electrochemical properties, which can also be explored in assemblies with other 2D materials, like graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), creating heterostructures with unique properties. Understanding the interaction mechanism between 2D materials is critical for the design and manipulation of these 2D heterostructures. Our previous work investigated the interaction between SiO2 and two MXenes (Ti3C2Tx and Ti2CTx). However, no experimental research has been done on MXene interlayer interactions and interactions in MXene heterostructures. Here, we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) with SiO2 tip and Ti3C2Tx and Ti2CTx MXene-coated tips, respectively, to measure the adhesion energies of graphene, MoSe2, Ti3C2Tx, and Ti2CTx MXene with other 2D materials. The measured adhesion energies show that only the interfaces involving graphene demonstrate dependence on the number of material monolayers in a stack. Comparing 40 interacting pairs of 2D materials, the lowest adhesion energy (∼0.27 J/m2) was found for the interfaces involving MoSe2 and the highest adhesion energy was observed for the interfaces involving Ti3C2Tx (∼1.23 J/m2). The obtained set of experimental data for 2D interfaces involving MXenes provides a basis for a future in-depth understanding of adhesive mechanisms at interfaces between 2D materials, which is an important topic for the design of 2D heterostructures with controlled interfacial strength and properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiao Li
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65401, United States
| | - Shuohan Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65401, United States
| | - Congjie Wei
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65401, United States
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Chenglin Wu
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65401, United States
| | - Vadym N Mochalin
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65401, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| |
Collapse
|