1
|
Othman M, Agosta L, Jeangros Q, Jaffrès A, Jenatsch S, Carnevali V, Lempesis N, Slama V, Steele JA, Zhang R, Solano E, Portale G, Boureau V, Paracchino A, Bornet A, Lai H, Fu F, Sachan AK, Tress W, Artuk K, Mensi MD, Golobostanfard MR, Kuba AG, Zeiske S, Armin A, Blondiaux N, Champault L, Röthlisberger U, Ruhstaller B, Ballif C, Hessler-Wyser A, Wolff CM. Suppression of Stacking Faults for Stable Formamidinium-Rich Perovskite Absorbers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2025:e2502142. [PMID: 40237242 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202502142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2025] [Revised: 03/21/2025] [Indexed: 04/18/2025]
Abstract
The poor intrinsic perovskite absorber stability is arguably a central limitation challenging the prospect of commercialization for photovoltaic (PV) applications. Understanding the nanoscopic structural features that trigger instabilities in perovskite materials is essential to mitigate device degradation. Using nanostructure characterization techniques, we observe the local degradation to be initiated by material loss at stacking faults, forming inherently in the (011)-faceted perovskite domains in different formamidinium lead triiodide perovskite compositions. We introduce Ethylene Thiourea (ETU) as an additive into the perovskite precursor, which manipulates the perovskite crystal growth and results in dominantly in-and out-of-plane (001) oriented perovskite domains. Combining in-depth experimental analysis and density functional theory calculations, we find that ETU lowered the perovskite formation energy, readily enabling crystallization of the perovskite phase at room temperature without the need for an antisolvent quenching step. This facilitated the fabrication of high-quality large area 5 cm by 5 cm blade-coated perovskite films and devices. Encapsulated and unmasked ETU-treated devices, with an active area of 0.2 cm2, retained > 93 % of their initial power conversion efficiency (PCE) for > 2100 hours at room temperature, and additionally, 1 cm2 ETU-treated devices maintained T80 (the duration for the PCE to decay to 80 % of the initial value) for > 600 hours at 65 °C, under continuous 1-sun illumination at the maximum power point in ambient conditions. Our demonstration of scalable and stable perovskite solar cells represents a promising step towards achieving a reliable perovskite PV technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Othman
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Electrical and Micro Engineering (IEM), Photovoltaics and Thin-Film Electronics Laboratory (PV-lab), Rue de la Maladière 71b, Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Agosta
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry (LCBC), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Quentin Jeangros
- Centre d'Electronique et de Microtechnique (CSEM), Rue Jaquet-Droz 1, Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland
| | - Anaël Jaffrès
- Centre d'Electronique et de Microtechnique (CSEM), Rue Jaquet-Droz 1, Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Jenatsch
- Fluxim AG, Katharina-Sulzer-Platz 2, Winterthur, 8400, Switzerland
| | - Virginia Carnevali
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry (LCBC), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaos Lempesis
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry (LCBC), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Vladislav Slama
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry (LCBC), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Julian A Steele
- Australian institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The university of Queensland, Queensland, 4067, Australia
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, 58183, Sweden
| | - Eduardo Solano
- CD-SWEET beamline ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08290, Spain
| | - Guiseppe Portale
- Photophysics and OptoElectronics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Victor Boureau
- Centre interdisciplinaire de Microscopie électronique (Cime) of EPFL, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Adriana Paracchino
- Centre d'Electronique et de Microtechnique (CSEM), Rue Jaquet-Droz 1, Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Bornet
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Platform, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Huagui Lai
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Fan Fu
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Amit Kumar Sachan
- The Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), School of Engineering, Forschungsschwerpunkt Organic Electronics & Photovoltaics, Technikumstrasse 71, Winterthur, 8400, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Tress
- The Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), School of Engineering, Forschungsschwerpunkt Organic Electronics & Photovoltaics, Technikumstrasse 71, Winterthur, 8400, Switzerland
| | - Kerem Artuk
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Electrical and Micro Engineering (IEM), Photovoltaics and Thin-Film Electronics Laboratory (PV-lab), Rue de la Maladière 71b, Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland
| | - Mounir D Mensi
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, X-ray Diffraction and Surface Analytics Facility, Sion, 1951, Switzerland
| | - Mohammad Reza Golobostanfard
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Electrical and Micro Engineering (IEM), Photovoltaics and Thin-Film Electronics Laboratory (PV-lab), Rue de la Maladière 71b, Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland
| | - Austin G Kuba
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Electrical and Micro Engineering (IEM), Photovoltaics and Thin-Film Electronics Laboratory (PV-lab), Rue de la Maladière 71b, Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Zeiske
- Sustainable Advanced Materials (Ser-SAM), Department of Physics, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Ardalan Armin
- Sustainable Advanced Materials (Ser-SAM), Department of Physics, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Nicolas Blondiaux
- Centre d'Electronique et de Microtechnique (CSEM), Rue Jaquet-Droz 1, Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Champault
- Centre d'Electronique et de Microtechnique (CSEM), Rue Jaquet-Droz 1, Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Röthlisberger
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry (LCBC), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Beat Ruhstaller
- Fluxim AG, Katharina-Sulzer-Platz 2, Winterthur, 8400, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Ballif
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Electrical and Micro Engineering (IEM), Photovoltaics and Thin-Film Electronics Laboratory (PV-lab), Rue de la Maladière 71b, Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland
- Centre d'Electronique et de Microtechnique (CSEM), Rue Jaquet-Droz 1, Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland
| | - Aïcha Hessler-Wyser
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Electrical and Micro Engineering (IEM), Photovoltaics and Thin-Film Electronics Laboratory (PV-lab), Rue de la Maladière 71b, Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland
| | - Christian M Wolff
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Electrical and Micro Engineering (IEM), Photovoltaics and Thin-Film Electronics Laboratory (PV-lab), Rue de la Maladière 71b, Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Datta K, van Laar SCW, Taddei M, Hidalgo J, Kodalle T, Aalbers GJW, Lai B, Li R, Tamura N, Frencken JTW, Quiroz Monnens SV, Westbrook RJE, Graham DJ, Sutter-Fella CM, Correa-Baena JP, Ginger DS, Wienk MM, Janssen RAJ. Local halide heterogeneity drives surface wrinkling in mixed-halide wide-bandgap perovskites. Nat Commun 2025; 16:1967. [PMID: 40000625 PMCID: PMC11861982 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-57010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Compositional heterogeneity in wide-bandgap (1.8 - 2.1 eV) mixed-halide perovskites is a key bottleneck in the processing of high-quality solution-processed thin films and prevents their application in efficient multijunction solar cells. Notably, mixed-cation (formamidinium-methylammonium) wide-bandgap perovskite films are prone to form micrometer-scale wrinkles which can interfere with the smooth surfaces ideal for multijunction devices. Here, we study the formation dynamics of wrinkled mixed-halide perovskite films and its impact on the local composition and optoelectronic properties. We use in situ X-ray scattering during perovskite film formation to show that crystallization of bromide-rich perovskites precedes that of mixed-halide phases in wrinkled films cast using an antisolvent-based process. Using nanoscopic X--ray fluorescence and hyperspectral photoluminescence imaging, we also demonstrate the formation of iodide- and bromide-rich phases in the wrinkled domains. This intrinsic spatial halide segregation results in an increased local bandgap variation and Urbach energy. Morphological disorder and compositional heterogeneity also aggravate the formation of sub-bandgap electronic defects, reducing photostability and accelerating light-induced segregation of iodide and bromide ions in thin films and solar cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Datta
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
| | - Simone C W van Laar
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Margherita Taddei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-1700, USA
| | - Juanita Hidalgo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Tim Kodalle
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Guus J W Aalbers
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Barry Lai
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Ruipeng Li
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Nobumichi Tamura
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jordi T W Frencken
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Simon V Quiroz Monnens
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Daniel J Graham
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-1653, USA
| | - Carolin M Sutter-Fella
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Juan-Pablo Correa-Baena
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - David S Ginger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-1700, USA
- Physical Sciences Division, Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Martijn M Wienk
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - René A J Janssen
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Dutch Institute of Fundamental Energy Research, De Zaale 20, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu H, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Cao F, Qiu Z, Zhang L, Asiri AM, Dyson PJ, Nazeeruddin MK, Ye J, Xiao C. Anomalous Electroluminescence Characteristics of Perovskite Modules. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:41986-41995. [PMID: 39093718 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Spatially resolved photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EL) imaging technologies play a crucial role in evaluating the performance and stability of photovoltaic devices. However, their application in perovskite devices presents unique challenges. In this study, we report a discrepancy between the electrical performance of perovskite solar modules (PSMs) and the EL images. Following the application of a reverse bias voltage, we observed an increase in EL brightness associated with prolonged carrier lifetime and transport length. Furthermore, cross-sectional Kelvin probe force microscopy identified a significant potential increase primarily at the electron-transport layer (ETL) side after reverse bias, suggesting the presence of defective ETL/perovskite interfaces with filled hole traps. To address this EL mismatch, we proposed a mild reverse current recovery method aimed at aligning EL images with the cell performance without compromising device efficiency. This approach effectively mitigates discrepancies, ensuring alignment between the device performance and EL imaging. Our study underscores that caution is required when utilizing EL imaging to monitor spatial homogeneity in PSMs for future industrial production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Wu
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315200, China
| | - Junchuan Zhang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315200, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230041, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fangfang Cao
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315200, China
| | - Zhiheng Qiu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315200, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230041, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315200, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230041, China
| | - Abdullah M Asiri
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paul J Dyson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jichun Ye
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315200, China
| | - Chuanxiao Xiao
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315200, China
- Ningbo New Materials Testing and Evaluation Center Co. Ltd., Ningbo 315201, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schröder VRF, Fratzscher N, Zorn Morales N, Rühl DS, Hermerschmidt F, Unger EL, List-Kratochvil EJW. Bicolour, large area, inkjet-printed metal halide perovskite light emitting diodes. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:1989-1996. [PMID: 38353605 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh02025h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate a bicoloured metal halide perovskite (MHP) light emitting diode (LED) fabricated in two sequential inkjet printing steps. By adjusting the printing parameters, we selectively and deliberately redissolve and recrystallize the first printed emissive layer to add a pattern emitting in a different color. The red light emitting features (on a green light emitting background) have a minimum size of 100 μm and originate from iodide-rich domains in a phase-segregated, mixed MHP. This phase forms between the first layer, a bromide-based MHP, which is partially dissolved by printing, and the second layer, an iodide-containing MHP. With an optimised printing process we can retain the active layer integrity and fabricate bicolour, large area MHP-based LEDs with up to 1600 mm2 active area. The two emission peaks at 535 nm and 710 nm are well separated and produce a strong visual contrast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent R F Schröder
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicolas Fratzscher
- Institut für Physik, Institut für Chemie, IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Großen Windkanal 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Nicolas Zorn Morales
- Institut für Physik, Institut für Chemie, IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Großen Windkanal 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Daniel Steffen Rühl
- Institut für Physik, Institut für Chemie, IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Großen Windkanal 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Felix Hermerschmidt
- Institut für Physik, Institut für Chemie, IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Großen Windkanal 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Eva L Unger
- Department Solution Processing of Hybrid Materials & Devices, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Kekuléstraße 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Chemie, IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Großen Windkanal 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, PO Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Emil J W List-Kratochvil
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Institut für Chemie, IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Großen Windkanal 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Niu X, Li N, Cui Z, Li L, Pei F, Lan Y, Song Q, Du Y, Dou J, Bao Z, Wang L, Liu H, Li K, Zhang X, Huang Z, Wang L, Zhou W, Yuan G, Chen Y, Zhou H, Zhu C, Liu G, Bai Y, Chen Q. Anion Confinement for Homogeneous Mixed Halide Perovskite Film Growth by Electrospray. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2305822. [PMID: 37565713 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Wide-bandgap perovskites are promising absorbers for state-of-the-art tandem solar cells to feasibly surpass Shockley-Queisser limit with low cost. However, the commonly used mixed halide perovskites suffer from poor stability; particularly, photoinduced phase segregation. Electrospray deposition is developed to bridge the gap of growth rate between iodide and bromide components during film growth by spatially confining the anion diffusion and eliminating the kinetic difference, which universally improves the initial homogeneity of perovskite films regardless of device architectures. It thus promotes the efficiency and stability of corresponding solar cells based on wide-bandgap (1.68 eV) absorbers. Remarkable power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 21.44% and 20.77% are achieved in 0.08 cm2 and 1.0 cm2 devices, respectively. In addition, these devices maintain 90% of their initial PCE after 1550 h of stabilized power output (SPO) tracking upon one sun irradiation (LED) at room temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Niu
- Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Nengxu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Cui
- Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Liang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Fengtao Pei
- Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yisha Lan
- Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Qizhen Song
- Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yujiang Du
- Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Jing Dou
- Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoboxun Bao
- Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Lina Wang
- Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Huifen Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Kailin Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xinran Zhang
- Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Zijian Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Lan Wang
- School of Internet of Things Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Wentao Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Guizhou Yuan
- Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yihua Chen
- Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Huanping Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Guilin Liu
- School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Qi Chen
- Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Szostak R, de Souza Gonçalves A, de Freitas JN, Marchezi PE, de Araújo FL, Tolentino HCN, Toney MF, das Chagas Marques F, Nogueira AF. In Situ and Operando Characterizations of Metal Halide Perovskite and Solar Cells: Insights from Lab-Sized Devices to Upscaling Processes. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3160-3236. [PMID: 36877871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The performance and stability of metal halide perovskite solar cells strongly depend on precursor materials and deposition methods adopted during the perovskite layer preparation. There are often a number of different formation pathways available when preparing perovskite films. Since the precise pathway and intermediary mechanisms affect the resulting properties of the cells, in situ studies have been conducted to unravel the mechanisms involved in the formation and evolution of perovskite phases. These studies contributed to the development of procedures to improve the structural, morphological, and optoelectronic properties of the films and to move beyond spin-coating, with the use of scalable techniques. To explore the performance and degradation of devices, operando studies have been conducted on solar cells subjected to normal operating conditions, or stressed with humidity, high temperatures, and light radiation. This review presents an update of studies conducted in situ using a wide range of structural, imaging, and spectroscopic techniques, involving the formation/degradation of halide perovskites. Operando studies are also addressed, emphasizing the latest degradation results for perovskite solar cells. These works demonstrate the importance of in situ and operando studies to achieve the level of stability required for scale-up and consequent commercial deployment of these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Szostak
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Energia Solar (LNES), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), 13083-100 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Agnaldo de Souza Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Energia Solar (LNES), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Gleb Wataghin Institute of Physics, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-859 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Jilian Nei de Freitas
- Center for Information Technology Renato Archer (CTI), 13069-901 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo E Marchezi
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Energia Solar (LNES), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Department of Engineering and Physics, Karlstad University, 651 88 Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Francineide Lopes de Araújo
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Energia Solar (LNES), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Hélio Cesar Nogueira Tolentino
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), 13083-100 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Michael F Toney
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, and Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | | | - Ana Flavia Nogueira
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Energia Solar (LNES), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rehermann C, Schröder V, Flatken M, Ünlü F, Shargaieva O, Hoell A, Merdasa A, Mathies F, Mathur S, Unger EL. Role of solution concentration in formation kinetics of bromide perovskite thin films during spin-coating monitored by optical in situ metrology. RSC Adv 2022; 12:32765-32774. [PMID: 36425710 PMCID: PMC9664315 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06314j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Optoelectronic devices based on metal halide perovskites continue to show a improved performance, and solution-based coating techniques pave the way for large-area applications. However, not all parameters influencing the thin film formation process of metal halide perovskites are identified and entirely rationalised over their full compositional range, thus hampering optimised thin film fabrication. Furthermore, while the perovskite deposition via spin-coating and annealing is an easily accessible technique, more profound insights into the chemical formation process are still lacking. Varying the precursor solution concentration is commonly used to vary the resulting thin film thickness. This study shows that varying the precursor solution concentration also affects the thin film morphology and optoelectronic quality. Hence, we herein investigate the influence of the precursor solution concentration on the formation process of a pure bromide-based triple cation perovskite (Cs0.05MA0.10FA0.85PbBr3) by fiber-based optical in situ measurement. During the spin-coating process, in situ UV-vis and PL measurements reveal formation kinetics are strongly dependent on the concentration. Furthermore, we identify delayed nucleation and retarded growth kinetics for more concentrated precursor solutions. In addition, we quantify the shifting chemical equilibrium of colloidal pre-coordination in the precursor solution depending on concentration. Namely, colloids are pre-organised to a higher degree and higher-coordination lead-bromide complexes tend to form in more concentrated precursor solutions. Thus, the modified solution chemistry rationalises retarded perovskite formation kinetics and highlights the precursor concentration as an influential and optimisable parameter for solution-based thin film deposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Rehermann
- Department of Solution-Processed Materials and Devices, HySPRINT Innovation Lab, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialen und Energie GmbH Kekuléstraße 5 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - V Schröder
- Helmholtz Zentrum für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany
| | - M Flatken
- Department Novel Materials and Interfaces for Photovoltaic Solar Cells, HySPRINT Innovation Lab, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialen und Energie GmbH Kekuléstraße 5 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - F Ünlü
- Inorganic and Materials Chemistry, University of Cologne Greinstr. 6 50939 Cologne Germany
| | - O Shargaieva
- Department of Solution-Processed Materials and Devices, HySPRINT Innovation Lab, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialen und Energie GmbH Kekuléstraße 5 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - A Hoell
- Helmholtz Zentrum für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany
| | - A Merdasa
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University Sölvegatan 17 Lund Sweden
| | - F Mathies
- Department of Solution-Processed Materials and Devices, HySPRINT Innovation Lab, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialen und Energie GmbH Kekuléstraße 5 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - S Mathur
- Inorganic and Materials Chemistry, University of Cologne Greinstr. 6 50939 Cologne Germany
| | - E L Unger
- Department of Solution-Processed Materials and Devices, HySPRINT Innovation Lab, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialen und Energie GmbH Kekuléstraße 5 12489 Berlin Germany
- Hybrid Materials: Formation and Scaling, IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Am Großen Windkanal 2 12489 Berlin Germany
- Chemical Physics and Nano Lund, Lund University Lund Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xu K, Al-Ashouri A, Peng ZW, Köhnen E, Hempel H, Akhundova F, Marquez JA, Tockhorn P, Shargaieva O, Ruske F, Zhang J, Dagar J, Stannowski B, Unold T, Abou-Ras D, Unger E, Korte L, Albrecht S. Slot-Die Coated Triple-Halide Perovskites for Efficient and Scalable Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2022; 7:3600-3611. [PMID: 36277135 PMCID: PMC9578656 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.2c01506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wide bandgap halide perovskite materials show promising potential to pair with silicon bottom cells. To date, most efficient wide bandgap perovskites layers are fabricated by spin-coating, which is difficult to scale up. Here, we report on slot-die coating for an efficient, 1.68 eV wide bandgap triple-halide (3halide) perovskite absorber, (Cs0.22FA0.78)Pb(I0.85Br0.15)3 + 5 mol % MAPbCl3. A suitable solvent system is designed specifically for the slot-die coating technique. We demonstrate that our fabrication route is suitable for tandem solar cells without phase segregation. The slot-die coated wet halide perovskite is dried by a "nitrogen (N2)-knife" with high reproducibility and avoiding antisolvents. We explore varying annealing conditions and identify parameters allowing crystallization of the perovskite film into large grains reducing charge collection losses and enabling higher current density. At 150 °C, an optimized trade-off between crystallization and the PbI2 aggregates on the film's top surface is found. Thus, we improve the cell stability and performance of both single-junction cells and tandems. Combining the 3halide top cells with a 120 μm thin saw damage etched commercial Czochralski industrial wafer, a 2-terminal monolithic tandem solar cell with a PCE of 25.2% on a 1 cm2 active area is demonstrated with fully scalable processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Department
Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Kekuléstraße 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Amran Al-Ashouri
- Department
Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Kekuléstraße 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Zih-Wei Peng
- Competence
Centre Photovoltaics (PVcomB), Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin, Schwarzschildstraße
3, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eike Köhnen
- Department
Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Kekuléstraße 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hannes Hempel
- Department
of Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fatima Akhundova
- Department
of Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jose A. Marquez
- Department
of Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Tockhorn
- Department
Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Kekuléstraße 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oleksandra Shargaieva
- Department
Solution-Processing of Hybrid Materials and Devices, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Kekuléstraße 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Ruske
- Department
Novel Materials and Interfaces for Photovoltaic Solar Cells, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie GmbH, Kekuléstraße
5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jiahuan Zhang
- Department
Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Kekuléstraße 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Janardan Dagar
- Department
Solution-Processing of Hybrid Materials and Devices, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Kekuléstraße 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Stannowski
- Competence
Centre Photovoltaics (PVcomB), Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin, Schwarzschildstraße
3, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Unold
- Department
of Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Abou-Ras
- Department
of Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Unger
- Department
Solution-Processing of Hybrid Materials and Devices, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Kekuléstraße 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Korte
- Department
Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Kekuléstraße 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Steve Albrecht
- Department
Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Kekuléstraße 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Technical University Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Özeren MD, Pekker Á, Kamarás K, Botka B. Evaluation of surface passivating solvents for single and mixed halide perovskites. RSC Adv 2022; 12:28853-28861. [PMID: 36320540 PMCID: PMC9552863 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04278a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface passivation is one of the commonly used approaches to reduce the density of defects on the surfaces and interfaces hindering the performance and stability of perovskite optoelectronic devices. Although surface passivation leads to performance improvement for the targeted devices, details of the complex intermolecular interactions occurring between the molecules and perovskites are not entirely known. Here, we investigated a variety of commonly used solvents in the post-processing of perovskites by using photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy on single and mixed halide perovskites (MAPbI3, MAPbBr3 and MAPb(Br0.5I0.5)3). Our results show that solvents with medium and low Gutmann donor and acceptor numbers provide PL intensity increase for both single halide perovskites by passivating the surface defect sites. Among the single halide perovskites, MAPbBr3 is more attracted to hydrogen bonding solvents, in contrast to MAPbI3 that is preferred by Lewis bases. This halide selective attraction also has an influence on the mixed-halide composition. Identifying these interaction mechanisms provides new insights into passivating the surface of perovskites for future device design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Derya Özeren
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for PhysicsKonkoly Thege u. 29-33H-1121 BudapestHungary,Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and EconomicsMűegyetem rkp. 3H-1111 BudapestHungary
| | - Áron Pekker
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for PhysicsKonkoly Thege u. 29-33H-1121 BudapestHungary
| | - Katalin Kamarás
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for PhysicsKonkoly Thege u. 29-33H-1121 BudapestHungary
| | - Bea Botka
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for PhysicsKonkoly Thege u. 29-33H-1121 BudapestHungary
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sun Y, Wang X, Wang HY, Yuan S, Wang Y, Ai XC, Zhang JP. Lewis Base-Mediated Perovskite Crystallization as Revealed by In Situ, Real-Time Optical Absorption Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:5357-5362. [PMID: 34076449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The strategy of Lewis base modification has been shown to be rather effective in fabricating high-quality perovskite crystals; however, the underlying mechanisms remain controversial owing to the lack of any systematic characterization of the crystallization process. Herein, we report a novel non-invasive optical technique, termed vertical reflection-type in situ, real-time absorption spectroscopy, to investigate the mechanisms of Lewis base-mediated optimization of perovskite crystallinity by visualizing the entire energetic landscape of crystal growth. We show that by virtue of the urea additive, a prototypical Lewis base, the growth kinetics is accelerated prominently by decreasing the activation energy from 73.7 to 41.7 kJ/mol. In addition, the self-passivation of structural disorder during thermal annealing is identified, which is shown to be further strengthened by urea modification toward a shallower distribution of trap states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Xinli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Hao-Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Xi-Cheng Ai
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Jian-Ping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang H, Qin M, Chen Z, Yu W, Ren Z, Liu K, Huang J, Zhang Y, Liang Q, Chandran HT, Fong PWK, Zheng Z, Lu X, Li G. Bottom-Up Quasi-Epitaxial Growth of Hybrid Perovskite from Solution Process-Achieving High-Efficiency Solar Cells via Template-Guided Crystallization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100009. [PMID: 33893688 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Epitaxial growth gives the highest-quality crystalline semiconductor thin films for optoelectronic devices. Here, a universal solution-processed bottom-up quasi-epitaxial growth of highly oriented α-formamidinium lead triiodide (α-FAPbI3 ) perovskite film via a two-step method is reported, in which the crystal orientation of α-FAPbI3 film is precisely controlled through the synergetic effect of methylammonium chloride and the large-organic cation butylammonium bromide. In situ GIWAXS visualizes the BA-related intermediate phase formation at the bottom of film, which serves as a guiding template for the bottom-up quasi-epitaxial growth in the subsequent annealing process. The template-guided epitaxially grown BAFAMA perovskite film exhibits increased crystallinity, preferred crystallographic orientation, and reduced defects. Moreover, the BAFAMA perovskite solar cells demonstrate decent stability, maintaining 95% of their initial power conversion efficiency after 2600 h ambient storage, and 4-time operation condition lifetime enhancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hengkai Zhang
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Minchao Qin
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiliang Chen
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Zhiwei Ren
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Kuan Liu
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Jiaming Huang
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Yaokang Zhang
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiong Liang
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Hrisheekesh Thachoth Chandran
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Patrick W K Fong
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xinhui Lu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Schötz K, Panzer F. Using In Situ Optical Spectroscopy to Elucidate Film Formation of Metal Halide Perovskites. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:2209-2225. [PMID: 33596069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c10765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The research interest in halide perovskites has gained momentum enormously over the last recent years, also due to the demonstration of high-efficient perovskite-based optoelectronic devices. A prerequisite for such highly efficient devices is to realize high-quality perovskite layers, which requires a deep understanding about the perovskite formation and good process control. In that context, in situ optical spectroscopy during the processing of halide perovskites has become increasingly popular. Even though it is a relatively easily accessible yet powerful tool for studying perovskite formation, there exist some technical and analytical aspects that need to be considered to unfold its full potential. In this Perspective, we give an overview of the latest developments in the field of in situ optical spectroscopy to control and better understand the film processing of halide perovskites. We highlight possibilities and pitfalls regarding the analysis of measured optical data, discuss the development of technical concepts, and address future prospects of optical in situ spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Schötz
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
| | - Fabian Panzer
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
| |
Collapse
|