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Song G, Li B, Yang Z, Lin H, Cheng J, Huang Y, Xing C, Lv F, Bai H, Wang S. Regulation of Cell Membrane Potential through Supramolecular System for Activating Calcium Ion Channels. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:25383-25393. [PMID: 39196894 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c10710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2024]
Abstract
The regulation of the cell membrane potential plays a crucial role in governing the transmembrane transport of various ions and cellular life processes. However, in situ and on-demand modulation of cell membrane potential for ion channel regulation is challenging. Herein, we have constructed a supramolecular assembly system based on water-soluble cationic oligo(phenylenevinylene) (OPV) and cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]). The controllable disassembly of OPV/4CB[7] combined with the subsequent click reaction provides a step-by-step adjustable surface positive potential. These processes can be employed in situ on the plasma membrane to modulate the membrane potential on-demand for precisely controlling the activation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) ion channel and up-regulating exogenous calcium-responsive gene expression. Compared with typical optogenetics, electrogenetics, and mechanogenetics, our strategy provides a perspective supramolecular genetics toolbox for the regulation of membrane potential and downstream intracellular gene regulation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Boying Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwen Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hongrui Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Cheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chengfen Xing
- School of Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
| | - Fengting Lv
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Haotian Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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Voci S, Vannoy KJ, Dick JE. Femtoliter oil droplets act as CO 2 micropumps for uninterrupted electrochemiluminescence at the water|oil interface. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 661:853-860. [PMID: 38330657 PMCID: PMC11307245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.01.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Interfacial effects are well-known to significantly alter chemical reactivity, especially in confined environments, where the surface to volume ratio increases. Here, we observed an inhomogeneity in the electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) intensity decrease over time in a multiphasic system composed of femtoliter water droplets entrapping femtoliter volumes of the 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) continuous phase. In usual electrochemiluminescence (ECL) reactions involving an ECL chromophore and oxalate ([C2O4]2-), the build-up of CO2 diminishes the ECL signal with time because of bubble formation. We hypothesised that relative solubilities of chemical species in these environments play a dramatic role in interfacial reactivity. Water droplets, loaded with the ECL luminophore [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and the coreactant [C2O4]2- were allowed to stochastically collide and adsorb at the surface of a glassy carbon macroelectrode. When water droplets coalesce on the surface, they leave behind femtoliter droplets of the DCE phase (inclusions). We report the surprising finding that the addition of multiple interfaces, due to the presence of continuous phase's femtoliter inclusions, allows sustained ECL over time after successive potential applications at the triple-phase boundary between water droplet|electrode|DCE inclusion. When femtoliter droplets of DCE form on the electrode surface, bright rings of ECL are observed during the simultaneous oxidation of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and [C2O4]2-. Control experiments and finite element modelling allowed us to propose that these rings arise because CO2 that is generated near the 1,2-dichloroethane droplet partitions in due to relative solubility of CO2 in 1,2-dichloroethane and builds up and/or is expelled at the top of the droplet. The small droplets of the DCE phase act as micropumps, pumping away carbon dioxide from the interface. These results highlight the unexpected point that confined microenvironments and their geometry can tune chemical reactions of industrial importance and fundamental interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Voci
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kathryn J Vannoy
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Cui X, Li X, Peng C, Qiu Y, Shi Y, Liu Y, Fei JF. Beyond External Light: On-Spot Light Generation or Light Delivery for Highly Penetrated Photodynamic Therapy. ACS NANO 2023; 17:20776-20803. [PMID: 37874930 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
External light sources, such as lasers, light emitting diodes (LEDs) and lamps, are widely applied in photodynamic therapy (PDT); however, their use is severely limited by the nature of shallow tissue penetration depth. The recent exploration of light delivery or local generation on tumor sites has attracted much attention, owing to the fact that these systems are significantly endowed with high tissue penetration. In this review, we briefly introduced the principle of "on-spot light generation or delivery systems" in PDT. These systems are divided into different categories: (1) implantable luminescence, (2) mechanoluminescence, (3) electrochemiluminescence, (4) Cerenkov luminescence, (5) chemiluminescence, and (6) bioluminescence. Finally, their applications, advantages, and disadvantages in PDT will be appropriately summarized and further discussed in detail. We believe that this review will provide general guidance for the further design of light generation or delivery systems and clinical studies for PDT-mediated cancer treatments with unparalleled merits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Cui
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Li
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China, Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanhui Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China, Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China, Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanmei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China, Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Feng Fei
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, People's Republic of China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, People's Republic of China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
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Qileng A, Chen S, Liang H, Chen M, Lei H, Liu W, Liu Y. Boosting ultralong chemiluminescence for the self-powered time-resolved immunosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 234:115338. [PMID: 37137191 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The construction of an immunosensor based on ultralong chemiluminescence is challenged due to the shortage of highly efficient initiator for long and stable catalysis. Herein, the heterogeneous Au/Pt@CuO/Cu2O catalyst was used to investigate the structure-activity relationship, while Au/Pt significantly promotes the activity of CuO/Cu2O to catalyze H2O2 and thus produces ·OH and O2•- radicals in highly alkaline solutions, resulting in the strong and long chemiluminescence in the reaction with luminol (10 mL, more than 4 min with 1 μg catalyst). By using the Au/Pt@CuO/Cu2O as the label in the immunoassay, the strong and long chemiluminescence could initiate the photocurrent of the photoelectrochemical (PEC) substrate, and the luminescence time could influence the photocurrent extinction time, thus a self-powered time-resolved PEC immunosensor was developed to detect furosemide, showing a linear relationship between the extinction time and the logarithm of concentrations from 10-3 to 1 μg/L. This work not only experimentally verifies that the Pt-O-Cu bond in heterogeneous catalysts breaks the pH limitation of the Fenton reaction, but also realizes the chemiluminescence for self-powered time-resolved immunosensor, thereby expanding the portable applicability of chemiluminescence in food safety inspection, health monitoring, and biomedical detection without external light source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aori Qileng
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; The Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shizhang Chen
- College of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hongzhi Liang
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Mengting Chen
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hongtao Lei
- The Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Weipeng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yingju Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; The Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Wang Z, Qu S, Gao D, Shao Q, Nie C, Xing C. A Strategy of On-Demand Immune Activation for Antifungal Treatment Using Near-Infrared Responsive Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:326-335. [PMID: 36548213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic fungal infection is a major clinical threat because pathogenic fungi have developed resistant mechanisms to evade the innate immune response, especially interactions with macrophages. Herein, a strategy to activate immune responses of macrophages to fungi based on near-infrared (NIR) responsive conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs-M) is reported for antifungal immunotherapy. Under NIR light irradiation, CPNs-M exposes β-glucan on the surface of fungal conidia by photothermal damage and drug released from CPNs-M. The exposed β-glucan elicits macrophage recognition and subsequently activates calcium-calmodulin (Ca2+-CaM) signaling followed by the LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) pathway to kill fungal conidia. Consequently, a remarkable elimination of intracellular fugal conidia and successful treatment of fungal pneumonia are achieved. This remote regulation strategy to restore pathogen-immune cell interaction on demand provides a new insight into combatting intractable intracellular infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijuan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Shuyi Qu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Dong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Molecular Biophysics, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Qi Shao
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Molecular Biophysics, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Chenyao Nie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Chengfen Xing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Molecular Biophysics, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
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Lin H, Bai H, Yang Z, Shen Q, Li M, Huang Y, Lv F, Wang S. Conjugated Polymers for Biomedical Applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7232-7244. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02177c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers (CPs) are a series of organic semiconductor materials with large π-conjugated backbones and delocalized electronic structures. Due to their specific photophysical properties and photoelectric effects, plenty of CPs...
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Mao Q, Fang J, Wang A, Zhang Y, Cui C, Ye S, Zhao Y, Feng Y, Li J, Shi H. Aggregation of Gold Nanoparticles Triggered by Hydrogen Peroxide‐Initiated Chemiluminescence for Activated Tumor Theranostics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiulian Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Jing Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Anna Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Chaoxiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Shuyue Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Yali Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Jiachen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Haibin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
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Mao Q, Fang J, Wang A, Zhang Y, Cui C, Ye S, Zhao Y, Feng Y, Li J, Shi H. Aggregation of Gold Nanoparticles Triggered by Hydrogen Peroxide-Initiated Chemiluminescence for Activated Tumor Theranostics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23805-23811. [PMID: 34472168 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Developing endogenous photo-activated theranostic platforms to overcome the limitation of low tissue-penetration from external light sources is highly significant for cancer diagnosis and treatment. We report a H2 O2 -initiated chemiluminescence (CL)-triggered nanoparticle aggregation strategy to activate theranostic functions of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for effective tumor imaging and therapy. Two types of AuNPs (tAuNP & mAuNP) were designed and fabricated by conjugating 2,5-diphenyltetrazole and methacrylic acid onto the surface of AuNPs, respectively. Luminol was adsorbed onto the mAuNPs to afford self-illuminating mAuNP/Lu NPs that could produce strong CL by reaction with H2 O2 in the tumor microenvironment, which triggers significant aggregation of AuNPs resulting in enhanced accumulation and retention of AuNPs for activated photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy of tumors. We thus believe that this approach may offer a promising tool for effective tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiulian Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jing Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Anna Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Chaoxiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Shuyue Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yali Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jiachen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Haibin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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