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Zhang L, Zhang Y, Xu Z, Zhu P. The Foreseeable Future of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: Advanced Upcycling for Toxic Electrolyte, Cathode, and Anode from Environmental and Technological Perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13270-13291. [PMID: 37610371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
With the rise of the new energy vehicle industry represented by Tesla and BYD, the need for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) grows rapidly. However, owing to the limited service life of LIBs, the large-scale retirement tide of LIBs has come. The recycling of spent LIBs has become an inevitable trend of resource recovery, environmental protection, and social demand. The low added value recovery of previous LIBs mostly used traditional metal extraction, which caused environmental damage and had high cost. Beyond metal extraction, the upcycling of spent LIBs came into being. In this work, we have outlined and particularly focus on sustainable upcycling technologies of toxic electrolyte, cathode, and anode from spent LIBs. For electrolyte, whether electrolyte extraction or decomposition, restoring the original electrolyte components or decomposing them into low-carbon energy conversion is the goal of electrolyte upcycling. Direct regeneration and preparation of advanced materials are the best strategies for cathodic upcycling with the advantages of cost and energy consumption, but challenges remain in industrial practice. The regeneration of advanced graphite-based materials and battery-grade graphite shows us the prospect of regeneration of anode. Furthermore, the challenges and future development of spent LIBs upcycling are summarized and discussed from technological and environmental perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingen Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zhenming Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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Li X, Qian J, Wu Z, Liu C, Guan X, Zhou Y, Chen Z, Chen F. Conductive polymer polyaniline covering promotes the electrochemical properties of a nickel-rich quaternary cathode LiNi 0.88Co 0.06Mn 0.03Al 0.03O 2. NEW J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj06292e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Conductive polymer PANI coated Ni-rich quaternary cathode LiNi0.88Co0.06Mn0.03Al0.03O2 demonstrates superior cycling performance owing to the stable surface protective layer.
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Wang R, Wang L, Fan Y, Yang W, Zhan C, Liu G. Controversy on necessity of cobalt in nickel-rich cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Li P, Kang Z, Rao F, Lu Y, Zhang Y. Nanowelding in Whole-Lifetime Bottom-Up Manufacturing: From Assembly to Service. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100654. [PMID: 34927947 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The continuous miniaturization of microelectronics is pushing the transformation of nanomanufacturing modes from top-down to bottom-up. Bottom-up manufacturing is essentially the way of assembling nanostructures from atoms, clusters, quantum dots, etc. The assembly process relies on nanowelding which also existed in the synthesis process of nanostructures, construction and repair of nanonetworks, interconnects, integrated circuits, and nanodevices. First, many kinds of novel nanomaterials and nanostructures from 0D to 1D, and even 2D are synthesized by nanowelding. Second, the connection of nanostructures and interfaces between metal/semiconductor-metal/semiconductor is realized through low-temperature heat-assisted nanowelding, mechanical-assisted nanowelding, or cold welding. Finally, 2D and 3D interconnects, flexible transparent electrodes, integrated circuits, and nanodevices are constructed, functioned, or self-healed by nanowelding. All of the three nanomanufacturing stages follow the rule of "oriented attachment" mechanisms. Thus, the whole-lifetime bottom-up manufacturing process from the synthesis and connection of nanostructures to the construction and service of nanodevices can be organically integrated by nanowelding. The authors hope this review can bring some new perspective in future semiconductor industrialization development in the expansion of multi-material systems, technology pathway for the refined design, controlled synthesis and in situ characterization of complex nanostructures, and the strategies to develop and repair novel nanodevices in service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifeng Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Kang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Feng Rao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Nanomanufacturing Laboratory (NML), Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
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