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Rokach M, Portioli C, Brahmachari S, Estevão BM, Decuzzi P, Barak B. Tackling myelin deficits in neurodevelopmental disorders using drug delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 207:115218. [PMID: 38403255 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Interest in myelin and its roles in almost all brain functions has been greatly increasing in recent years, leading to countless new studies on myelination, as a dominant process in the development of cognitive functions. Here, we explore the unique role myelin plays in the central nervous system and specifically discuss the results of altered myelination in neurodevelopmental disorders. We present parallel developmental trajectories involving myelination that correlate with the onset of cognitive impairment in neurodevelopmental disorders and discuss the key challenges in the treatment of these chronic disorders. Recent developments in drug repurposing and nano/micro particle-based therapies are reviewed as a possible pathway to circumvent some of the main hurdles associated with early intervention, including patient's adherence and compliance, side effects, relapse, and faster route to possible treatment of these disorders. The strategy of drug encapsulation overcomes drug solubility and metabolism, with the possibility of drug targeting to a specific compartment, reducing side effects upon systemic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Rokach
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Corinne Portioli
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Sayanti Brahmachari
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Bianca Martins Estevão
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Decuzzi
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Boaz Barak
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Faculty of Social Sciences, The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.
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Wang G, Zhang XA, Kapilevich L, Hu M. Recent advances in polymeric microparticle-based drug delivery systems for knee osteoarthritis treatment. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1290870. [PMID: 38130826 PMCID: PMC10733461 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1290870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the poor bioavailability and high joint clearance of drugs, sustained delivery of therapeutic agents has proven difficult in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). Intra-articular (IA) drug delivery strategy is an attractive option for enhancing OA patients' prognosis, for which various polymer materials have been used as drug carriers due to their attractive delivery properties, to slow or even reverse the progress of OA by prolonging the duration of therapeutic agent residence in the joint. This article focuses on the recent developments in natural and synthetic polymer-based microsphere drug delivery systems for treating knee osteoarthritis. It evaluates the translational potential of some novel formulations for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxin Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth People’s Hospital of Shenyang, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin-an Zhang
- College of Exercise and Health, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
| | - Leonid Kapilevich
- Faculty of Physical Education, Nаtionаl Reseаrch Tomsk Stаte University, Tomsk, Russiа
| | - Mingjie Hu
- College of Exercise and Health, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
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Chen H, Li Z, Li X, Lu J, Chen B, Wang Q, Wu G. Biomaterial-Based Gene Delivery: Advanced Tools for Enhanced Cartilage Regeneration. Drug Des Devel Ther 2023; 17:3605-3624. [PMID: 38076630 PMCID: PMC10706074 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s432056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy has emerged as a promising and innovative approach in cartilage regeneration. Integrating biomaterials into gene therapy offers a unique opportunity to enhance gene delivery efficiency, optimize gene expression dynamics, modulate immune responses, and promote tissue regeneration. Despite the rapid progress in biomaterial-based gene delivery, there remains a deficiency of comprehensive discussions on recent advances and their specific application in cartilage regeneration. Therefore, this review aims to provide a thorough overview of various categories of biomaterials employed in gene delivery, including both viral and non-viral vectors, with discussing their distinct advantages and limitations. Furthermore, the diverse strategies employed in gene therapy are discussed and summarized, such as the utilization of growth factors, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and chondrogenic genes. Additionally, we highlights the significant challenges that hinder biomaterial-based gene delivery in cartilage regeneration, including immune response modulation, gene delivery efficiency, and the sustainability of long-term gene expression. By elucidating the functional properties of biomaterials-based gene therapy and their pivotal roles in cartilage regeneration, this review aims to enhance further advances in the design of sophisticated gene delivery systems for improved cartilage regeneration outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Chen
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Luohe Medical College, Luohe, Henan, 462300, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Luohe Medical College, Luohe, Henan, 462300, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqi Li
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Luohe Medical College, Luohe, Henan, 462300, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiongjiong Lu
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Luohe Medical College, Luohe, Henan, 462300, People’s Republic of China
| | - Beibei Chen
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Luohe Medical College, Luohe, Henan, 462300, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiongchao Wang
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Luohe Medical College, Luohe, Henan, 462300, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangliang Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Luohe Medical College, Luohe, Henan, 462300, People’s Republic of China
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Ao Y, Duan J, Xiong N, Qian N, Zhang R, Yang L, Yu S, Wang F. Repeated intra-articular injections of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells for knee osteoarthritis: a phase I, single-arm study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2023; 24:488. [PMID: 37312112 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06555-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stem cell therapy has emerged as an effective treatment for multiple diseases, and some studies also demonstrate that it may be a promising treatment for osteoarthritis (OA). However, few studies have clarified the safety of repeated intra-articular injection of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs). To promote its application in treating OA, we conducted an open-label trial to investigate the safety of repeated intra-articular injections of UC-MSCs. METHODS Fourteen patients with OA (Kellgrene-Lawrence grade 2 or 3) who received repeated intra-articular injections of UC-MSCs were evaluated in three months of follow-up. The primary outcomes were the adverse events, and the second outcomes included visual analog scale (VAS), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), Magnetic Resonance Observation of Cartilage Repair Tissue (MOCART) scores and SF-12 quality of life score. RESULTS A total of 5 of 14 patients (35.7%) experienced transient adverse reactions, which resolved spontaneously. All patients showed some improvement in knee function limitation and pain after receiving stem cell therapy. VAS score 6.0 to 3.5, WOMAC score 26.0 to 8.5, MOCART score 42.0 to 58.0, SF-12 score 39.0 to 46.0. CONCLUSION Repeated intra-articular injection of UC-MSCs demonstrates safety in treating OA and does not induce serious adverse events. This treatment may transiently improve symptoms in patients with knee OA and may be a potential therapeutic option for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunong Ao
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jiangjie Duan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Na Xiong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Nannan Qian
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shicang Yu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Fuyou Wang
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.
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Li X, Li X, Yang J, Du Y, Chen L, Zhao G, Ye T, Zhu Y, Xu X, Deng L, Cui W. In Situ Sustained Macrophage-Targeted Nanomicelle-Hydrogel Microspheres for Inhibiting Osteoarthritis. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0131. [PMID: 37223475 PMCID: PMC10202383 DOI: 10.34133/research.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
There are still challenges in applying drug nanocarriers for in situ sustained macrophage targeting and regulation, due to the rapid clearance of nanocarriers and burst drug release in vivo. Herein, a nanomicelle-hydrogel microsphere, characterized by its macrophage-targeted nanosized secondary structure that allows it to accurately bind to M1 macrophages through active endocytosis, is employed for in situ sustained macrophage targeting and regulation, and addresses the insufficient osteoarthritis therapeutic efficacy caused by rapid clearance of drug nanocarriers. The 3-dimensional structure of a microsphere can prevent the rapid escape and clearance of a nanomicelle, thus keeping it in joints, while the ligand-guided secondary structure can carry drugs to accurately target and enter M1 macrophages, and release drugs via the transition from hydrophobicity to hydrophilicity of nanomicelles under inflammatory stimulation inside the macrophages. The experiments show that the nanomicelle-hydrogel microsphere can in situ sustainably target and regulate M1 macrophages for more than 14 days in joints, and attenuate local "cytokine storm" by continuous M1 macrophage apoptosis promotion and polarization inhibition. This micro/nano-hydrogel system shows excellent ability to sustainably target and regulate macrophage, realizes the improvement of drug utilization and efficacy inside the macrophage, and thereby can be a potential platform for treating macrophage-related diseases.
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Liu S, Zhang C, Zhou Y, Zhang F, Duan X, Liu Y, Zhao X, Liu J, Shuai X, Wang J, Cao Z. MRI-visible mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticles with enhanced antioxidant capacity for osteoarthritis therapy. Biomaterials 2023; 295:122030. [PMID: 36758340 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Since the progression of osteoarthritis (OA) is closely associated with synovitis and cartilage destruction, the inhibition of inflammatory responses in synovial macrophages and reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced apoptosis in chondrocytes is crucial for OA amelioration. However, most of the current anti-inflammatory and antioxidant drugs are small molecules apt to be eliminated in vivo. Herein, mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticles (DAMM NPs) doped with arginine and manganese (Mn) ions were prepared to load dexamethasone (DEX) for OA intervention. A series of in vitro studies showed that the sustained release of DEX from DAMM NPs suppressed synovial inflammation and simultaneously inhibited toll-like receptor 3 (TLR-3) production in chondrocytes, contributing to prevention of chondrocyte apoptosis through the inflammatory factor-dependent TLR-3/NF-κB signaling pathway via modulation of macrophage-chondrocyte crosstalk. In addition, DAMM NPs exerted a predominant role in removal of ROS generated in chondrocytes. Therefore, the DEX-loaded DAMM NPs significantly attenuated OA development in mice model. Importantly, the T1-T2 magnetic contrast capabilities of DAMM NPs allowed an MRI-trackable delivery, manifesting a distinct feature widely regarded to boost the potential of nanomedicines for clinical applications. Together, our developed antioxidant-enhanced DAMM NPs with MRI-visible signals may serve as a novel multifunctional nanocarriers for prevention of OA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitong Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Xiaohui Duan
- Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Xibang Zhao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Xintao Shuai
- Nanomedicine Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China.
| | - Zhong Cao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China.
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Ozkan H, Di Francesco M, Willcockson H, Valdés-Fernández J, Di Francesco V, Granero-Moltó F, Prósper F, Decuzzi P, Longobardi L. Sustained inhibition of CC-chemokine receptor-2 via intraarticular deposition of polymeric microplates in post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:689-701. [PMID: 36109442 PMCID: PMC9794532 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01235-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) is mostly treated via corticosteroid administration, and total joint arthroplasty continues to be the sole effective intervention in severe conditions. To assess the therapeutic potential of CCR2 targeting in PTOA, we used biodegradable microplates (µPLs) to achieve a slow and sustained intraarticular release of the CCR2 inhibitor RS504393 into injured knees and followed joint damage during disease progression. RS504393-loaded µPLs (RS-µPLs) were fabricated via a template-replica molding technique. A mixture of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and RS504393 was deposited into 20 × 10 μm (length × height) wells in a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) square-patterned template. After physicochemical and toxicological characterizations, the RS504393 release profile from µPL was assessed in PBS buffer. C57BL/6 J male mice were subjected to destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM)/sham surgery, and RS-µPLs (1 mg/kg) were administered intraarticularly 1 week postsurgery. Administrations were repeated at 4 and 7 weeks post-DMM. Drug free-µPLs (DF-µPLs) and saline injections were performed as controls. Mice were euthanized at 4 and 10 weeks post-DMM, corresponding to the early and severe PTOA stages, respectively. Knees were evaluated for cartilage structure score (ACS, H&E), matrix loss (safranin O score), osteophyte formation and maturation from cartilage to bone (cartilage quantification), and subchondral plate thickness. The RS-µPL architecture ensured the sustained release of CCR2 inhibitors over several weeks, with ~ 20% of RS504393 still available at 21 days. This prolonged release improved cartilage structure and reduced bone damage and synovial hyperplasia at both PTOA stages. Extracellular matrix loss was also attenuated, although with less efficacy. The results indicate that local sustained delivery is needed to optimize CCR2-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Ozkan
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology and the Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina-, Chapel Hill, 3300 Thurston Bowels Bldg, Campus, Box 7280, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Martina Di Francesco
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Helen Willcockson
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology and the Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina-, Chapel Hill, 3300 Thurston Bowels Bldg, Campus, Box 7280, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - José Valdés-Fernández
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology and the Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina-, Chapel Hill, 3300 Thurston Bowels Bldg, Campus, Box 7280, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA ,Cell Therapy Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Valentina Di Francesco
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Froilán Granero-Moltó
- Cell Therapy Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain ,Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain ,Program of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain ,Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Felipe Prósper
- Cell Therapy Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain ,Program of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain ,Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain ,Department of Hematology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain ,Program of Hemato-Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Paolo Decuzzi
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lara Longobardi
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology and the Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina-, Chapel Hill, 3300 Thurston Bowels Bldg, Campus, Box 7280, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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Zhao Y, Deng X, Tan S, Zhang J, Han J, Wang X, Pei J, Li H, Deng X, Yin C, Yin D, Tian Y, Qian A. Co-Polymer Carrier with Dual Advantages of Cartilage-Penetrating and Targeting Improves Delivery and Efficacy of MicroRNA Treatment of Osteoarthritis. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202143. [PMID: 36511367 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a debilitating joint disease affecting nearly 400 million people with no efficient etiological therapies. OA is primarily identified by cartilage destruction, and gradual degeneration of the whole joint would happen when the OA progresses. Hence, cartilage has been identified as the primary therapeutic target of OA. Unfortunately, numerous barriers block the delivery of therapeutic agents into cartilage, including avascular traits and high hardness of the extracellular matrix. Herein, a cartilage-targeting peptide (CAP) modified polyvinylamine (PVAm)- poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) copolymer (CAP-PVAm-PLGA) is designed, which can form spherical nanoparticles with the r-miR-140 (CPP-NPs). CPP-NPs possessed enhanced mechanical properties due to the introduction of PLGA to vehicles. Meanwhile, CAP endowed the cartilage targeting which facilitated CPP-NPs localization in cartilage. With such dual advantages, CPP-NPs exhibited outstanding penetrability and accumulation in cartilage even subchondral bone, and can penetrate to a depth of 1000 µm into human cartilage. The degeneration area of cartilage is reduced by 65% and synovial inflammation score by 80% in OA mice, and the microarchitecture of subchondral bone is also ameliorated. These studies established a promising platform for therapeutic RNA delivery in OA therapy that overcame the cartilage barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipu Zhao
- Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Xudong Deng
- Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Shenxing Tan
- Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Jiangfan Han
- Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Xue Wang
- Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Pei
- Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoni Deng
- Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Chong Yin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Academician (expert) workstation, Lab of epigenetics and RNA therapy, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, P. R. China
| | - Dachuan Yin
- Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Ye Tian
- Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Airong Qian
- Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
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Karateev AE, Nesterenko VA, Makarov MA, Lila AM. Chronic post-traumatic pain: rheumatological and orthopedic aspects. RHEUMATOLOGY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.47360/1995-4484-2022-526-537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Trauma causes a complex local and systemic reaction of the macroorganism, the consequences of which can be various functional, neurological and psychoemotional disorders. One of the most painful complications of injuries of the musculoskeletal system is chronic post-traumatic pain (CPTP), which occurs, depending on the severity of the damage, in 10–50% of cases. The pathogenesis of this syndrome is multifactorial and includes the development of chronic inflammation, degenerative changes (fibrosis, angiogenesis, heterotopic ossification), pathology of the muscular and nervous systems, neuroplastic changes leading to the development of central sensitization, as well as depression, anxiety and catastrophization. Risk factors for CPTP should be considered the severity of injury, comorbid diseases and conditions (in particular, obesity), stress and serious trauma-related experiences (within the framework of post-traumatic stress disorder), the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis and chronic tendopathy, genetic predisposition, deficiencies in treatment and rehabilitation in the early period after injury. To date, there is no clear system of prevention and treatment of CPTP. Considering the pathogenesis of this suffering, adequate anesthesia after injury, active anti–inflammatory therapy (including local injections of glucocorticoids), the use of hyaluronic acid, slow-acting symptomatic agents and autologous cellular preparations – platelet-riched plasma, mesenchymal stem cells, etc. are of fundamental importance. However, therapeutic and surgical methods of CPTP control require further study
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - A. M. Lila
- V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology; Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation
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10
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Yu H, Huang C, Kong X, Ma J, Ren P, Chen J, Zhang X, Luo H, Chen G. Nanoarchitectonics of Cartilage-Targeting Hydrogel Microspheres with Reactive Oxygen Species Responsiveness for the Repair of Osteoarthritis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:40711-40723. [PMID: 36063108 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Clinically, intra-articular administration can hardly achieve the truly targeted therapy, and the drugs are usually insufficient to show local and long-term therapeutic effects because of their rapid clearance. Herein, inspired by the phenomenon that bees track the scent of flowers to collect nectar, we developed cartilage-targeting hydrogel microspheres with reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive ability via combining the microfluidic method and photopolymerization processes to integrate cartilage-targeting peptides and ROS-responsive nanoparticles in the hydrogel matrix. The hydrogel microspheres with cartilage-targeting properties promoted better retention in the joint cavity and enhanced cellular uptake of the nanoparticles. Moreover, the ROS-responsive nanoparticles could react with osteoarthritis (OA)-induced intracellular ROS, resulting in the depolymerization of nanoparticles, which could not only eliminate excess ROS and reduce inflammation but also promote the release of dexamethasone (Dex) and kartogenin (KGN) in situ, realizing effective OA therapy. It was demonstrated that this hydrogel microsphere showed favorable ROS-responsive ability and enhanced chondrogenic differentiation as well as the downregulation of pro-inflammatory factors in vitro. Additionally, the hydrogel microspheres, similar to bees, could target and effectively repair cartilage in the OA model. Thus, the injectable hydrogel microspheres exerted an excellent potential to repair OA and may also provide an effective avenue for inflammatory bowel disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation on Orthopedic Biomaterials, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, 1518 North Huancheng Road, Jiaxing 314000, P. R. China
| | - Chenglong Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation on Orthopedic Biomaterials, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, 1518 North Huancheng Road, Jiaxing 314000, P. R. China
| | - Xiangjia Kong
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation on Orthopedic Biomaterials, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, 1518 North Huancheng Road, Jiaxing 314000, P. R. China
| | - Jun Ma
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation on Orthopedic Biomaterials, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, 1518 North Huancheng Road, Jiaxing 314000, P. R. China
| | - Peng Ren
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation on Orthopedic Biomaterials, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, 1518 North Huancheng Road, Jiaxing 314000, P. R. China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation on Orthopedic Biomaterials, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, 1518 North Huancheng Road, Jiaxing 314000, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation on Orthopedic Biomaterials, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, 1518 North Huancheng Road, Jiaxing 314000, P. R. China
| | - Huanhuan Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation on Orthopedic Biomaterials, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, 1518 North Huancheng Road, Jiaxing 314000, P. R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation on Orthopedic Biomaterials, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, 1518 North Huancheng Road, Jiaxing 314000, P. R. China
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11
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Moore TL, Cook AB, Bellotti E, Palomba R, Manghnani P, Spanò R, Brahmachari S, Di Francesco M, Palange AL, Di Mascolo D, Decuzzi P. Shape-specific microfabricated particles for biomedical applications: a review. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:2019-2037. [PMID: 35284984 PMCID: PMC9242933 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The storied history of controlled the release systems has evolved over time; from degradable drug-loaded sutures to monolithic zero-ordered release devices and nano-sized drug delivery formulations. Scientists have tuned the physico-chemical properties of these drug carriers to optimize their performance in biomedical/pharmaceutical applications. In particular, particle drug delivery systems at the micron size regime have been used since the 1980s. Recent advances in micro and nanofabrication techniques have enabled precise control of particle size and geometry-here we review the utility of microplates and discoidal polymeric particles for a range of pharmaceutical applications. Microplates are defined as micrometer scale polymeric local depot devices in cuboid form, while discoidal polymeric nanoconstructs are disk-shaped polymeric particles having a cross-sectional diameter in the micrometer range and a thickness in the hundreds of nanometer range. These versatile particles can be used to treat several pathologies such as cancer, inflammatory diseases and vascular diseases, by leveraging their size, shape, physical properties (e.g., stiffness), and component materials, to tune their functionality. This review highlights design and fabrication strategies for these particles, discusses their applications, and elaborates on emerging trends for their use in formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Moore
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Alexander B Cook
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elena Bellotti
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Palomba
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Purnima Manghnani
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Raffaele Spanò
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sayanti Brahmachari
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Martina Di Francesco
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Palange
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniele Di Mascolo
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Decuzzi
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
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12
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Di Francesco M, Fragassi A, Pannuzzo M, Ferreira M, Brahmachari S, Decuzzi P. Management of osteoarthritis: From drug molecules to nano/micromedicines. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1780. [PMID: 35253405 PMCID: PMC9285805 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With the change in lifestyle and aging of the population, osteoarthritis (OA) is emerging as a major medical burden globally. OA is a chronic inflammatory and degenerative disease initially manifesting with joint pain and eventually leading to permanent disability. To date, there are no drugs available for the definitive treatment of osteoarthritis and most therapies have been palliative in nature by alleviating symptoms rather than curing the disease. This coupled with the vague understanding of the early symptoms and methods of diagnosis so that the disease continues as a global problem and calls for concerted research efforts. A cascade of events regulates the onset and progression of osteoarthritis starting with the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α; catabolic enzymes, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)‐1, ‐3, and ‐13, culminating into cartilage breakdown, loss of lubrication, pain, and inability to load the joint. Although intra‐articular injections of small and macromolecules are often prescribed to alleviate symptoms, low residence times within the synovial cavity severely impair their efficacy. This review will briefly describe the factors dictating the onset and progression of the disease, present the current clinically approved methods for its treatment and diagnosis, and finally elaborate on the main challenges and opportunities for the application of nano/micromedicines in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Thus, future treatment regimens will benefit from simultaneous consideration of the mechanobiological, the inflammatory, and tissue degradation aspects of the disease. This article is categorized under:Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanotechnology in Tissue Repair and Replacement
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Di Francesco
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Agnese Fragassi
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Martina Pannuzzo
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Miguel Ferreira
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sayanti Brahmachari
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Decuzzi
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
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13
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Huang H, Lou Z, Zheng S, Wu J, Yao Q, Chen R, Kou L, Chen D. Intra-articular drug delivery systems for osteoarthritis therapy: shifting from sustained release to enhancing penetration into cartilage. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:767-791. [PMID: 35261301 PMCID: PMC8920370 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2048130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive chronic inflammation that leads to cartilage degeneration. OA Patients are commonly given pharmacological treatment, but the available treatments are not sufficiently effective. The development of sustained-release drug delivery systems (DDSs) for OA may be an attractive strategy to prevent rapid drug clearance and improve the half-life of a drug at the joint cavity. Such delivery systems will improve the therapeutic effects of anti-inflammatory effects in the joint cavity. Whereas, for disease-modifying OA drugs (DMOADs) which target chondrocytes or act on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), the cartilage-permeable DDSs are required to maximize their efficacy. This review provides an overview of joint structure in healthy and pathological conditions, introduces the advances of the sustained-release DDSs and the permeable DDSs, and discusses the rational design of the permeable DDSs for OA treatment. We hope that the ideas generated in this review will promote the development of effective OA drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huirong Huang
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zijian Lou
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shimin Zheng
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianing Wu
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qing Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ruijie Chen
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Longfa Kou
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Daosen Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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14
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Bellotti E, Contarini G, Geraci F, Torrisi SA, Piazza C, Drago F, Leggio GM, Papaleo F, Decuzzi P. Long-lasting rescue of schizophrenia-relevant cognitive impairments via risperidone-loaded microPlates. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:1829-1842. [PMID: 34973133 PMCID: PMC9242964 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a disorder characterized by cognitive impairment and psychotic symptoms that fluctuate over time and can only be mitigated with the chronic administration of antipsychotics. Here, we propose biodegradable microPlates made of PLGA for the sustained release of risperidone over several weeks. Two microPlate configurations - short: 20 × 20 × 10 μm; tall: 20 × 20 × 20 μm - are engineered and compared to conventional ~ 10 μm PLGA microspheres in terms of risperidone loading and release. Tall microPlates realize the slowest release documenting a 35% risperidone delivery at 100 days with a residual rate of 30 ng/ml. Short microPlates and microspheres present similar release profiles with over 50% of the loaded risperidone delivered within the first 40 days. Then, the therapeutic efficacy of one single intraperitoneal injection of risperidone microPlates is compared to the daily administration of free risperidone in heterozygous knockout mice for dysbindin-1, a clinically relevant mouse model of cognitive and psychiatric liability. In temporal order object recognition tasks, mice treated with risperidone microPlates outperform those receiving free risperidone up to 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks of observation. This suggests that the sustained release of antipsychotics from one-time microPlate deposition can rescue cognitive impairment in dysbindin mice for up to several weeks. Overall, these results demonstrate that risperidone-loaded microPlates are a promising platform for improving cognitive symptoms associated to schizophrenia. Moreover, the long-term efficacy with one single administration could be of clinical relevance in terms of patient's compliance and adherence to the treatment regimen. Single injection of long-acting risperidone-loaded µPL ameliorates the dysbindin-induced deficit in a clinically relevant mouse model of cognitive and psychiatric liability for up to 12 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bellotti
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Contarini
- Department of Biomedical and Technological Sciences, Università Di Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95125, Catania, Italy
- Genetics of Cognition Laboratory, Neuroscience area, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Federica Geraci
- Department of Biomedical and Technological Sciences, Università Di Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Alfio Torrisi
- Department of Biomedical and Technological Sciences, Università Di Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Cateno Piazza
- Analytical Department, Consortium Unifarm, Università Di Catania, Viale A. Doria 21, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Technological Sciences, Università Di Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Gian Marco Leggio
- Department of Biomedical and Technological Sciences, Università Di Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Papaleo
- Genetics of Cognition Laboratory, Neuroscience area, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Decuzzi
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
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15
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Bedingfield SK, Colazo JM, Di Francesco M, Yu F, Liu DD, Di Francesco V, Himmel LE, Gupta MK, Cho H, Hasty KA, Decuzzi P, Duvall CL. Top-Down Fabricated microPlates for Prolonged, Intra-articular Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 siRNA Nanocarrier Delivery to Reduce Post-traumatic Osteoarthritis. ACS NANO 2021; 15:14475-14491. [PMID: 34409835 PMCID: PMC9074946 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c04005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) associated with joint injury triggers a degenerative cycle of matrix destruction and inflammatory signaling, leading to pain and loss of function. Here, prolonged RNA interference (RNAi) of matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) is tested as a PTOA disease modifying therapy. MMP13 is upregulated in PTOA and degrades the key cartilage structural protein type II collagen. Short interfering RNA (siRNA) loaded nanoparticles (siNPs) were encapsulated in shape-defined poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) based microPlates (μPLs) to formulate siNP-μPLs that maintained siNPs in the joint significantly longer than delivery of free siNPs. Treatment with siNP-μPLs against MMP13 (siMMP13-μPLs) in a mechanical load-induced mouse model of PTOA maintained potent (65-75%) MMP13 gene expression knockdown and reduced MMP13 protein production in joint tissues throughout a 28-day study. MMP13 silencing reduced PTOA articular cartilage degradation/fibrillation, meniscal deterioration, synovial hyperplasia, osteophytes, and pro-inflammatory gene expression, supporting the therapeutic potential of long-lasting siMMP13-μPL therapy for PTOA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fang Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Danielle D. Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States; Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Valentina Di Francesco
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - Lauren E. Himmel
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Mukesh K. Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Hongsik Cho
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee Health Science Center-Campbell Clinic, Memphis, Tennessee 38104, United States; Research 151, VA Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38104, United States
| | - Karen A. Hasty
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee Health Science Center-Campbell Clinic, Memphis, Tennessee 38104, United States; Research 151, VA Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38104, United States
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