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Wu R, Wang Z, Fu Y, Jiang J, Chen YC, Liu T. High-Sensitive Hydrogel Optofluidic Microcavities for Heavy Metal Ion Detection. ACS Sens 2025; 10:2330-2338. [PMID: 40000614 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.5c00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2025]
Abstract
Hydrogels have emerged as promising sensors for detecting heavy metal ions in fluids and have been extensively developed. However, monitoring of multiple target analytes in Chinese herbs remains challenging due to subtle chemical signals and the complex composition of the extracted solutions. To address these challenges, we developed a hydrogel optofluidic sensor to amplify analyte signals through strong light-matter interactions within the hydrogel. This sensing platform integrates a hydrogel film encapsulated in a whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) microcavity for the detection of heavy metal ions, such as Pb2+ and Hg2+. The 3D cross-linked hydrophilic polymer network facilitates ion penetration from analyte solutions, inducing distinct WGM resonance shifts. The red shift in the spectral wavelength serves as a parameter to quantify the content of heavy metal ions. By modification of the hydrogel with aptamers, the optofluidic sensors achieve high sensitivity and selectivity. Finally, the platform's performance was demonstrated using Chinese herbs with varying Pb2+ concentrations, highlighting its practical applicability in real-world scenarios. The proposed hydrogel microcavity exhibit a promising method for development of functional hydrogel sensors and healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Wu
- School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Shanxi Jinshuo Biomedical Technology Co., Ltd., Jinzhong 030600, China
| | - Ziyihui Wang
- School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yaoxin Fu
- School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Junfeng Jiang
- School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Chen
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Tiegen Liu
- School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing Metrology and Measurement, State Administration for Market Regulation, Tianjin 300072, China
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You K, Wang Z, Lin J, Guo X, Lin L, Liu Y, Li F, Huang W. On-Demand Picoliter-Level-Droplet Inkjet Printing for Micro Fabrication and Functional Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2402638. [PMID: 39149907 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
With the advent of Internet of Things (IoTs) and wearable devices, manufacturing requirements have shifted toward miniaturization, flexibility, environmentalization, and customization. Inkjet printing, as a non-contact picoliter-level droplet printing technology, can achieve material deposition at the microscopic level, helping to achieve high resolution and high precision patterned design. Meanwhile, inkjet printing has the advantages of simple process, high printing efficiency, mask-free digital printing, and direct pattern deposition, and is gradually emerging as a promising technology to meet such new requirements. However, there is a long way to go in constructing functional materials and emerging devices due to the uncommercialized ink materials, complicated film-forming process, and geometrically/functionally mismatched interface, limiting film quality and device applications. Herein, recent developments in working mechanisms, functional ink systems, droplet ejection and flight process, droplet drying process, as well as emerging multifunctional and intelligence applications including optics, electronics, sensors, and energy storage and conversion devices is reviewed. Finally, it is also highlight some of the critical challenges and research opportunities. The review is anticipated to provide a systematic comprehension and valuable insights for inkjet printing, thereby facilitating the advancement of their emerging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejia You
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Future Technologies, Fujian Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Fujian Normal University and Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Future Technologies, Fujian Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Fujian Normal University and Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Jiasong Lin
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Future Technologies, Fujian Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Fujian Normal University and Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Xuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Liangxu Lin
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Future Technologies, Fujian Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Fujian Normal University and Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Future Technologies, Fujian Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Fujian Normal University and Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Fushan Li
- Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
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Tong J, Ge K, Xu Z, Zhai T. Switchable whispering gallery mode lasing via phase transition. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:5161-5164. [PMID: 37773410 DOI: 10.1364/ol.501359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Combining phase-transition materials with optical microcavities may advance the applications of whispering-gallery mode (WGM) lasing in performance customization, sensing, and optical switching. In this study, switchable WGM lasing based on phase transition is reported. The device is designed by introducing the phase-transition hydrogel into the capillary microcavity. After approaching the phase-transition point in hydrogel, the number of WGM lasing modes decreases sharply with a significant blueshift in the wavelength. The phenomenon is caused by the increase in light scattering and decrease in effective refractive index of the device. Furthermore, single-mode lasing is obtained by manipulating the phase transition, which exhibits superior reversibility. This study may pave the way for designing and multifunctioning of novel WGM lasing in photonic devices.
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Ge K, Ruan J, Cui L, Guo D, Tong J, Zhai T. Dynamic manipulation of WGM lasing by tailoring the coupling strength. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:28752-28761. [PMID: 36299064 DOI: 10.1364/oe.467945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturized lasing with dynamic manipulation is critical to the performance of compact and versatile photonic devices. However, it is still a challenge to manipulate the whispering gallery mode lasing modes dynamically. Here, we design the quasi-three-dimensional coupled cavity by a micromanipulation technique. The coupled cavity consists of two intersection polymer microfibers. The mode selection mechanism is demonstrated experimentally and theoretically in the coupled microfiber cavity. Dynamic manipulation from multiple modes to single-mode lasing is achieved by controlling the coupling strength, which can be quantitatively controlled by changing the coupling angle or the coupling distance. Our work provides a flexible alternative for the lasing mode modulation in the on-chip photonic integration.
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Yang K, Chen YL, Wang T, Liu JC, Fan YR, Yang YD, Xiao JL, Huang YZ. Single-mode lasing in an AlGaInAs/InP dual-port square microresonator. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:3672-3675. [PMID: 35913286 DOI: 10.1364/ol.461304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mode selection is crucial to achieving stable single-mode lasing in microlasers. Here, we demonstrate experimentally a dual-port square microresonator for single-mode lasing with a side-mode-suppression ratio (SMSR) exceeding 40 dB. By connecting waveguides at two opposite vertices, the quality factor for the antisymmetric mode (ASM) is much higher than that of the symmetric mode (SM), enabling single-mode lasing. Furthermore, far-field interference patterns similar to Young's two-slit interference are observed. This microlaser is capable of providing two optical sources simultaneously for optical signal processing in high-density integrated photonic circuits.
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Liu F, Tong J, Xu Z, Ge K, Ruan J, Cui L, Zhai T. Electrically Tunable Polymer Whispering-Gallery-Mode Laser. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15144812. [PMID: 35888278 PMCID: PMC9317815 DOI: 10.3390/ma15144812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Microlasers hold great promise for the development of photonics and optoelectronics. At present, tunable microcavity lasers, especially regarding in situ dynamic tuning, are still the focus of research. In this study, we combined a 0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.3PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) piezoelectric crystal with a Poly [9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl] (PFO) microring cavity to realize a high-quality, electrically tunable, whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) laser. The dependence of the laser properties on the diameter of the microrings, including the laser spectrum and quality (Q) value, was investigated. It was found that with an increase in microring diameter, the laser emission redshifted, and the Q value increased. In addition, the device effectively achieved a blueshift under an applied electric field, and the wavelength tuning range was 0.71 nm. This work provides a method for in situ dynamic spectral modulation of microcavity lasers, and is expected to provide inspiration for the application of integrated photonics technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Liu
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (F.L.); (Z.X.); (K.G.); (J.R.)
| | - Junhua Tong
- College of Mathematics and Physics, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Zhiyang Xu
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (F.L.); (Z.X.); (K.G.); (J.R.)
| | - Kun Ge
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (F.L.); (Z.X.); (K.G.); (J.R.)
| | - Jun Ruan
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (F.L.); (Z.X.); (K.G.); (J.R.)
| | - Libin Cui
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (F.L.); (Z.X.); (K.G.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (T.Z.)
| | - Tianrui Zhai
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (F.L.); (Z.X.); (K.G.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (T.Z.)
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Ge K, Guo D, Ma X, Xu Z, Hayat A, Li S, Zhai T. Large-Area Biocompatible Random Laser for Wearable Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1809. [PMID: 34361195 PMCID: PMC8308224 DOI: 10.3390/nano11071809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, wearable sensor technology has drawn attention to many health-related appliances due to its varied existing optical, electrical, and mechanical applications. Similarly, we have designed a simple and cheap lift-off fabrication technique for the realization of large-area biocompatible random lasers to customize wearable sensors. A large-area random microcavity comprises a matrix element polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) in which rhodamine B (RhB, which acts as a gain medium) and gold nanorods (Au NRs, which offer plasmonic feedback) are incorporated via a spin-coating technique. In regards to the respective random lasing device residing on a heterogenous film (area > 100 cm2), upon optical excitation, coherent random lasing with a narrow linewidth (~0.4 nm) at a low threshold (~23 μJ/cm2 per pulse) was successfully attained. Here, we maneuvered the mechanical flexibility of the device to modify the spacing between the feedback agents (Au NRs), which tuned the average wavelength from 612.6 to 624 nm under bending while being a recoverable process. Moreover, the flexible film can potentially be used on human skin such as the finger to serve as a motion and relative-humidity sensor. This work demonstrates a designable and simple method to fabricate a large-area biocompatible random laser for wearable sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Ge
- Faculty of Science, College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (K.G.); (D.G.); (X.M.); (Z.X.); (A.H.)
| | - Dan Guo
- Faculty of Science, College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (K.G.); (D.G.); (X.M.); (Z.X.); (A.H.)
| | - Xiaojie Ma
- Faculty of Science, College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (K.G.); (D.G.); (X.M.); (Z.X.); (A.H.)
| | - Zhiyang Xu
- Faculty of Science, College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (K.G.); (D.G.); (X.M.); (Z.X.); (A.H.)
| | - Anwer Hayat
- Faculty of Science, College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (K.G.); (D.G.); (X.M.); (Z.X.); (A.H.)
| | - Songtao Li
- Department of Mathematics & Physics, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071000, China;
| | - Tianrui Zhai
- Faculty of Science, College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (K.G.); (D.G.); (X.M.); (Z.X.); (A.H.)
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