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Mehyar N. Coronaviruses SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 helicase inhibitors: A systematic review of in vitro studies. J Virus Erad 2023:100327. [PMID: 37363132 PMCID: PMC10214743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2023.100327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The recent outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 significantly increased the need to find inhibitors that target the essential enzymes for virus replication in the host cells. This systematic review was conducted to identify potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 helicases that have been tested by in vitro methods. The inhibition mechanisms of these compounds were discussed in this review, in addition to their cytotoxic and viral infection protection properties. Methods The databases PUBMED/MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS, and Web of Science were searched using different combinations of the keywords "helicase", "nsp13", "inhibitors", "coronaviridae", "coronaviruses", "virus replication", "replication", and "antagonists and inhibitors". Results By the end of this search, a total of 6854 articles had been identified. Thirty-one articles were included in this review. These studies reported the inhibitory effects of 309 compounds on SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 helicase activities measured by in vitro methods. Helicase inhibitors were categorized according to the type of coronavirus and the type of tested enzymatic activity, nature, approval, inhibition level, cytotoxicity, and viral infection protection effects. These inhibitors are classified according to the site of their interaction with the coronavirus helicases into four types: zinc-binding site inhibitors, nucleic acid binding site inhibitors, nucleotide-binding site inhibitors, and inhibitors with no clear interaction site. Conclusion Evidence from in vitro studies suggests that helicase inhibitors have a high potential as antiviral agents. Several helicase inhibitors tested in vitro showed good antiviral activities while maintaining moderate cytotoxicity. These inhibitors should be clinically investigated to determine their efficiency in treating different coronavirus infections, particularly COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimer Mehyar
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Nakajima S, Ohashi H, Akazawa D, Torii S, Suzuki R, Fukuhara T, Watashi K. Antiviral Activity of Micafungin and Its Derivatives against SARS-CoV-2 RNA Replication. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020452. [PMID: 36851666 PMCID: PMC9958940 DOI: 10.3390/v15020452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinocandin antifungal drugs, including micafungin, anidulafungin, and caspofungin, have been recently reported to exhibit antiviral effects against various viruses such as flavivirus, alphavirus, and coronavirus. In this study, we focused on micafungin and its derivatives and analyzed their antiviral activities against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The micafungin derivatives Mi-2 and Mi-5 showed higher antiviral activity than micafungin, with 50% maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 5.25 and 6.51 µM, respectively (3.8 to 4.7-fold stronger than micafungin) and 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of >64 µM in VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells. This high anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity was also conserved in human lung epithelial cell-derived Calu-3 cells. Micafungin, Mi-2, and Mi-5 were suggested to inhibit the intracellular virus replication process; additionally, these compounds were active against SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Delta (AY.122, hCoV-19/Japan/TY11-927/2021), Omicron (BA.1.18, hCoV-19/Japan/TY38-873/2021), a variant resistant to remdesivir (R10/E796G C799F), and a variant resistant to casirivimab/imdevimab antibody cocktail (E406W); thus, our results provide basic evidence for the potential use of micafungin derivatives for developing antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Nakajima
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Choju Medical Institute, Fukushimura Hospital, 19-14 Yamanaka, Noyoricho, Toyohashi-shi 441-8124, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Ohashi
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Daisuke Akazawa
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Shiho Torii
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Insect-Virus Interactions Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Rigel Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Takasuke Fukuhara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Japan
- Correspondence:
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Arefkhani M, Babaei A, Masoudi M, Kafashan A. A step forward to overcome the cytotoxicity of graphene oxide through decoration with tragacanth gum polysaccharide. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 226:1411-1425. [PMID: 36442552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hybridization of nanomaterials (NMs) with natural polymers is one of the best techniques to promote their exciting properties. In this way, the main objective of this work was to investigate the efficiency of decoration of the graphene oxide (GO) nano-sheets with tragacanth gum (TG) polysaccharide. To aim this, different approaches were used (with and without ultrasonic treatment) and various tests (XRD, FTIR, Raman, UV-Vis, DLS, Zeta potential, contact angle, AFM, FE-SEM, TEM, and MTT assay) were conducted. Test results indicated that the nano-hybrids were successfully synthesized. Furthermore, our findings represented that, the TG hybridized GO (TG-GO) appreciably enhanced the biocompatibility of GO. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the ultrasonic treatment of TG solution put a remarkable impact on the microstructure, wettability, and also surface charge characteristic of fabricated nano-hybrids and consequently improved the biocompatibility against L929-fibroblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Arefkhani
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Amir Babaei
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Maha Masoudi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Azade Kafashan
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran
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Hao Y, Chen M, Othman Y, Xie XQ, Feng Z. Virus-CKB 2.0: Viral-Associated Disease-Specific Chemogenomics Knowledgebase. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:37476-37484. [PMID: 36312370 PMCID: PMC9609052 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Transmissible and infectious viruses can cause large-scale epidemics around the world. This is because the virus can constantly mutate and produce different variants and subvariants to counter existing treatments. Therefore, a variety of treatments are urgently needed to keep up with the mutation of the viruses. To facilitate the research of such treatment, we updated our Virus-CKB 1.0 to Virus-CKB 2.0, which contains 10 kinds of viruses, including enterovirus, dengue virus, hepatitis C virus, Zika virus, herpes simplex virus, Andes orthohantavirus, human immunodeficiency virus, Ebola virus, Lassa virus, influenza virus, coronavirus, and norovirus. To date, Virus-CKB 2.0 archived at least 65 antiviral drugs (such as remdesivir, telaprevir, acyclovir, boceprevir, and nelfinavir) in the market, 178 viral-related targets with 292 available 3D crystal or cryo-EM structures, and 3766 chemical agents reported for these target proteins. Virus-CKB 2.0 is integrated with established tools for target prediction and result visualization; these include HTDocking, TargetHunter, blood-brain barrier (BBB) predictor, Spider Plot, etc. The Virus-CKB 2.0 server is accessible at https://www.cbligand.org/g/virus-ckb. By using the established chemogenomic tools and algorithms and newly developed tools, we can screen FDA-approved drugs and chemical compounds that may bind to these proteins involved in viral-associated disease regulation. If the virus strain mutates and the vaccine loses its effect, we can still screen drugs that can be used to treat the mutated virus in a fleeting time. In some cases, we can even repurpose FDA-approved drugs through Virus-CKB 2.0.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yasmin Othman
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School
of Pharmacy; National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug
Abuse Research; Drug Discovery Institute; Departments of Computational
Biology and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Xiang-Qun Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School
of Pharmacy; National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug
Abuse Research; Drug Discovery Institute; Departments of Computational
Biology and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Zhiwei Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School
of Pharmacy; National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug
Abuse Research; Drug Discovery Institute; Departments of Computational
Biology and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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