Bifunctional Pd@RhPd Core-Shell Nanodendrites for Methanol Electrolysis

Insights into the Corrosion of Pd-Pt-Co Core-Shell Nanocubes and Their Evolved Heterostructures as Active Methanol Oxidation Reaction Electrocatalysts

Unraveling the corrosion dynamics of nanocrystal electrocatalysts is crucial for their rational design and practical application. Meanwhile, top-down corrosion processes can lead to the formation of novel heterostructures with enhanced physicochemical properties for catalytic applications. Herein, we encapsulate Pt and PtCo shells on Pd nanocubes to systematically study the distinct corrosion behaviors induced by transition metal incorporation. The results reveal that the core of Pd@PtCo nanocubes undergoes dominant etching at the terraces, in stark contrast to the corner-focused corrosion on the Pd cores observed in Pd@Pt nanocubes. Mechanistic insights were obtained through transmission electron microscopy analysis, revealing corrosion-induced concave Pd@PtCo nanocubes with abundant atomic steps. These unique heterostructures exhibit exceptional performance in the methanol oxidation reaction, achieving mass and specific activities 10 and 27 times higher, respectively, than those of commercial catalysts. These results enhance our understanding of the corrosion dynamics in noble-metal heterostructures and provide valuable insights into the development of efficient and durable electrocatalysts.

Pd-based chalcogenides for energy conversion electrocatalysis

The research and development of high-performance electrocatalysts are crucial for advancing highly efficient energy conversion technologies. Pd-based chalcogenides, an innovative class of materials, have been extensively studied as electrocatalysts due to their diverse advantages for energy conversion reactions. This review summarizes recent progress in the synthesis, modification, and application of various Pd-based chalcogenides. It begins by presenting four effective synthesis methods with typical examples, followed by strategies for increasing the active sites, adjusting the electronic structure, and optimizing the binding energy with intermediates. The review also explores the applications of representative Pd-S, Pd-Se, and Pd-Te catalysts for electrocatalytic reactions. It is anticipated that this review will inspire further research into the development of advanced Pd-based chalcogenide electrocatalysts.

Recent Developments in Membrane-Free Hybrid Water Electrolysis for Low-Cost Hydrogen Production Along with Value-Added Products

Water electrolysis using renewable energy is considered as a promising technique for sustainable and green hydrogen production. Conventional water electrolysis has two components - hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) occurring at the cathode and anode respectively. However, electrolysis of water suffers from high overpotential due to the slow kinetics of OER. To overcome this hybrid water electrolysis has been developed by replacing conventional anode oxidation producing oxygen with oxidation of cost-effective materials producing value-added chemicals. This review summarizes recent advances in organic oxidative reactions such as alcohols, urea, hydrazine, and biomass at the anode instead of OER. Furthermore, the review also highlights the use of membrane-free hybrid water electrolysis as a method to overcome the cost and complexity associated with conventional membrane-based electrolyzer thereby improving overall efficiency. This approach holds promise for scalable and cost-effective large-scale hydrogen production along with value-added products. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives are discussed for further development in membrane-free hybrid water electrolysis.

Unlocking Efficient Hydrogen Production: Nucleophilic Oxidation Reactions Coupled with Water Splitting

Electrocatalytic water splitting driven by sustainable energy is a clean and promising water-chemical fuel conversion technology for the production of high-purity green hydrogen. However, the sluggish kinetics of anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) pose challenges for large-scale hydrogen production, limiting its efficiency and safety. Recently, the anodic OER has been replaced by a nucleophilic oxidation reaction (NOR) with biomass as the substrate and coupled with a hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), which has attracted great interest. Anode NOR offers faster kinetics, generates high-value products, and reduces energy consumption. By coupling NOR with hydrogen evolution reaction, hydrogen production efficiency can be enhanced while yielding high-value oxidation products or degrading pollutants. Therefore, NOR-coupled HER hydrogen production is another new green electrolytic hydrogen production strategy after electrolytic water hydrogen production, which is of great significance for realizing sustainable energy development and global decarbonization. This review explores the potential of nucleophilic oxidation reactions as an alternative to OER and delves into NOR mechanisms, guiding future research in NOR-coupled hydrogen production. It assesses different NOR-coupled production methods, analyzing reaction pathways and catalyst effects. Furthermore, it evaluates the role of electrolyzers in industrialized NOR-coupled hydrogen production and discusses future prospects and challenges. This comprehensive review aims to advance efficient and economical large-scale hydrogen production.

Platinum-palladium-on-reduced graphene oxide as bifunctional electrocatalysts for highly active and stable hydrogen evolution and methanol oxidation reaction

In the context of the gradual depletion of global fossil fuel resources, it is increasingly necessary to explore new alternative energy. Hydrogen energy has attracted great interest from researchers because of its green and pollution-free characteristics. Moreover, the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) can combine the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), replacing the anode reaction (oxygen evolution reaction-OER) in overall water splitting and efficiently producing hydrogen. In this study, platinum-palladium nanoparticles on reduced graphene oxide (PtPd/rGO) were successfully synthesized as HER and MOR bifunctional electrocatalysts under alkaline conditions by the stepwise loading of Pt and Pd bimetallic nanoparticles on rGO using a simple liquid-phase reduction method. PtPd/rGO-2 with 0.99 wt% Pt and 2.86 wt% Pd in the HER has the lowest overpotential (87.16 mV at 100 mA cm-2), with the smallest Tafel slope (18.9 mV dec-1). The exceptional mass activity of PtPd/rGO-2 in the MOR reaches 10.75 A mg-1PtPd, which is 18.22 and 53.75 times greater than that of commercial Pt/C (Pt/C) and commercial Pd/C (Pd/C), respectively. PtPd/rGO-2 is 0.935 V lower in the coupling reaction of HER and MOR (MOR ∥ HER) compared to the overall water splitting (OER ∥ HER) without methanol (10 mA cm-2). This is probably because appropriate Pt and Pd loading exposes many more catalytic sites, and the synergistic interaction between Pt, Pd, and Pt-Pd enhances the catalytic performance. This strategy can be used for the synthesis of novel bifunctional electrocatalysts.

A 2D/2D heterojunction of ultrathin Pd nanosheet/MXene towards highly efficient methanol oxidation reaction: the significance of 2D material nanoarchitectonics

Two-dimensional (2D) Pd nanosheet-based catalysts have recently garnered widespread attention due to their high atom utilization efficiency. However, their catalytic ability and structural stability still require significant enhancement before they can be widely applied. In this study, we presented the rational design and controllable fabrication of a novel 2D/2D heterojunction, which consists of ultrathin Pd nanosheets (NSs) grown on the Ti3C2Tx MXene surface (Pd NSs/MXene). This heterostructure was achieved through a robust and convenient stereo-assembly strategy. The newly developed Pd NSs/MXene heterojunction not only provides numerous exposed active Pd atoms with an optimized electronic structure but also enables an intimate Pd/MXene interfacial interaction, ensuring a stable hybrid configuration. Consequently, the resulting Pd NSs/MXene heterojunction exhibits exceptional methanol oxidation properties. It possesses a large electrochemically active surface area, high mass and specific activities, and a long operating life, which are significantly superior to those of traditional Pd nanoparticle/carbon and Pd nanosheet/carbon catalysts. Theoretical simulations further reveal strong electronic interactions between the Pd nanosheet and MXene, which dramatically enhance the adsorption energy of the Pd component and simultaneously lower its d-band center. As a result, the Pd NSs/MXene heterojunction is less susceptible to CO poisoning. This work introduces a new 2D/2D heterojunction based on MXene and noble metallic materials and holds significance for the development of other novel heterojunctions, particularly within the realm of 2D material nanoarchitectonics.

Engineering metallenes for boosting electrocatalytic biomass-oxidation-assisted hydrogen evolution reaction

Metallenes exhibit great potential for catalytic reaction, particularly for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and biomass oxidation reaction, due to their favorable electronic configurations, ultrahigh specific surface areas, and highly accessible surface atoms. Therefore, metallenes can function as bifunctional electrocatalysts to boost the energy-saving biomass-oxidation-assisted HER, and have attracted great interest. Given the growing importance of green hydrogen as an alternative energy source in recent years, it is timely and imperative to summarize the recent progress and current status of metallene-based catalysts for the biomass-oxidation-assisted HER. Here, we review the recent advances in metallenes in terms of composition and structural regulations including alloying, nonmetal doping, defect engineering, surface functionalization, and heterostructure engineering strategies and their applications in driving electrocatalytic HER, with special focus on biomass-oxidation-assisted hydrogen production. The underlying structure-activity relationship and mechanisms are also comprehensively discussed. Finally, we also propose the challenges and future directions of metallene-based catalysts for the applications in biomass-oxidation-assisted HER.

Unraveling ultrasonic assisted aqueous-phase one-step synthesis of porous PtPdCu nanodendrites for methanol oxidation with a CO-poisoning tolerance

The tailored design of tri-metallic Pt-based porous nanodendrites (PNDs) is crucial for green energy production technologies, ascribed to their fancy features, great surface areas, accessible active sites, and stability against aggregation. However, their aqueous-phase one-step synthesis at room temperature remains a daunting challenge. Herein, we present a facile, green, and template-free approach for the one-step synthesis of PtPdCu PNDs by ultrasonication of an aqueous solution of metal salts and Pluronic F127 at 25 ℃, based on natural isolation among nucleation and growth step driven by the disparate reduction kinetics of the metals and acoustic cavitation mechanism of ultrasonic waves. The resultant PtPdCu PNDs formed in a spatial nanodendritic shape with a dense array of branches, open corners, interconnected pores, high surface area (46.9 m²/g), and high Cu content (21 %). The methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) mass activity of PtPdCu PNDs (3.66 mA/µg_Pt) is 1.45, 2.73, and 2.83 times higher than those of PtPd PNDs, PtCu PNDs, and commercial Pt/C, respectively based on equivalent Pt mass, which is superior to previous PtPdCu catalysts reported elsewhere, besides a superior durability and CO-poisoning tolerance. This study may pave the way for the controlled fabrication of ternary Pt-based PNDs for various electrocatalytic applications.

Noble metal nanodendrites: growth mechanisms, synthesis strategies and applications

Inorganic nanodendrites (NDs) have become a kind of advanced nanomaterials with broad application prospects because of their unique branched architecture. The structural characteristics of nanodendrites include highly branched morphology, abundant tips/edges and high-index crystal planes, and a high atomic utilization rate, which give them great potential for usage in the fields of electrocatalysis, sensing, and therapeutics. Therefore, the rational design and controlled synthesis of inorganic (especially noble metals) nanodendrites have attracted widespread attention nowadays. The development of synthesis strategies and characterization methodology provides unprecedented opportunities for the preparation of abundant nanodendrites with interesting crystallographic structures, morphologies, and application performances. In this review, we systematically summarize the formation mechanisms of noble metal nanodendrites reported in recent years, with a special focus on surfactant-mediated mechanisms. Some typical examples obtained by innovative synthetic methods are then highlighted and recent advances in the application of noble metal nanodendrites are carefully discussed. Finally, we conclude and present the prospects for the future development of nanodendrites. This review helps to deeply understand the synthesis and application of noble metal nanodendrites and may provide some inspiration to develop novel functional nanomaterials (especially electrocatalysts) with enhanced performance.

A universal synthesis of ultrathin Pd-based nanorings for efficient ethanol electrooxidation

Metallic nanorings (NRs) with open hollow structures are of particular interest in energy-related catalysis due to their unique features, which include the high utilization of active sites and facile accessibility for reactants. However, there is still a lack of general methods for synthesizing Pd-based multimetallic NRs with a high catalytic performance. Herein, we develop a template-directed strategy for the synthesis of ultrathin PdM (M = Bi, Sb, Pb, BiPb) NRs with a tunable size. Specifically, ultrathin Pd nanosheets (NSs) are used as a template to steer the deposition of M atoms and the interatomic diffusion between Pd and M, subsequently resulting in the hollow structured NRs. Taking the ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) as a proof-of-concept application, the PdBi NRs deliver a substantially improved activity relative to the Pd NSs and commercial Pd/C catalysts, simultaneously showing outstanding stability and CO tolerance. Mechanistically, density functional theory (DFT) calculations disclose that the incorporation of Bi reduces the energy barrier of the rate-determining step in the EOR C₂-path, which, together with the high ratio of exposed active sites, endows the PdBi NRs with an excellent EOR activity. We believe that our work can illuminate the general synthesis of multimetallic NRs and the rational design of advanced electrocatalysts.

Galvanic Replacement Synthesis of Metal Nanostructures: Bridging the Gap between Chemical and Electrochemical Approaches

ConspectusGalvanic replacement synthesis involves oxidation and dissolution of atoms from a substrate while the salt precursor to another material with a higher reduction potential is reduced and deposited on the substrate. The driving force or spontaneity of such a synthesis comes from the difference in reduction potential between the redox pairs involved. Both bulk and micro/nanostructured materials have been explored as substrates for galvanic replacement synthesis. The use of micro/nanostructured materials can significantly increase the surface area, offering immediate advantages over the conventional electrosynthesis. The micro/nanostructured materials can also be intimately mixed with the salt precursor in a solution phase, resembling the setting of a typical chemical synthesis. The reduced material tends to be directly deposited on the surface of the substrate, just like the situation in an electrosynthesis. Different from an electrosynthesis where the two electrodes are spatially separated by an electrolyte solution, the cathodes and anodes are situated on the same surface, albeit at different sites, even for a micro/nanostructured substrate. Since the oxidation and dissolution reactions occur at sites different from those for reduction and deposition reactions, one can control the growth pattern of the newly deposited atoms on the same surface of a substrate to access nanostructured materials with diverse and controllable compositions, shapes, and morphologies in a single step. Galvanic replacement synthesis has been successfully applied to different types of substrates, including those made of crystalline and amorphous materials, as well as metallic and nonmetallic materials. Depending on the substrate involved, the deposited material can take different nucleation and growth patterns, resulting in diverse but well-controlled nanomaterials sought for a variety of studies and applications.In this Account, we recapitulate our efforts over the past two decades in fabricating metal nanostructures for a broad range of applications by leveraging the unique capability of galvanic replacement synthesis. We begin with a brief introduction to the fundamentals of galvanic replacement between metal nanocrystals and salt precursors, followed by a discussion of the roles played by surface capping agents in achieving site-selected carving and deposition for the fabrication of various bimetallic nanostructures. Two examples based on the Ag-Au and Pd-Pt systems are selected to illustrate the concept and mechanism. We then highlight our recent work on the galvanic replacement synthesis involving nonmetallic substrates, with a focus on the protocol, mechanistic understanding, and experimental control for the fabrication of Au- and Pt-based nanostructures with tunable morphologies. Finally, we showcase the unique properties and applications of nanostructured materials derived from galvanic replacement reactions for biomedicine and catalysis. We also offer some perspectives on the challenges and opportunities in this emerging field of research.

Pd-Based Metallenes for Fuel Cell Reactions

Pd-based metallenes, atomically thin layers composed primarily of under-coordinated Pd atoms, have emerged as the newest members in the family of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials. Moreover, the unique physiochemical properties, high intrinsic activity associated with metallenes coupled with the ease of applying chemical modifications result in great potential in catalyst engineering for fuel cell reactions. Especially in recent years, interest in Pd-based metallenes is growing, as evidenced by surge in available literatures. Herein, we have reviewed the recent findings achieved in Pd-based metallenes in fuel cells by highlighting the technologies available for deriving metallenes and manifesting the modification strategies for designing them to better suit the application demand. Moreover, we also discuss the perspective insights of Pd-based metallenes for fuel cells regarding the surfactant-free synthesis method, strain engineering, constructing high-entropy alloy, and so on.