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Wang R, Lu S, Deng F, Wu L, Yang G, Chong S, Liu Y. Enhancing the understanding of SARS-CoV-2 protein with structure and detection methods: An integrative review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132237. [PMID: 38734351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
As the rapid and accurate screening of infectious diseases can provide meaningful information for outbreak prevention and control, as well as owing to the existing limitations of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), it is imperative to have new and validated detection techniques for SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, the rationale for outlining the techniques used to detect SARS-CoV-2 proteins and performing a comprehensive comparison to serve as a practical benchmark for future identification of similar viral proteins is clear. This review highlights the urgent need to strengthen pandemic preparedness by emphasizing the importance of integrated measures. These include improved tools for pathogen characterization, optimized societal precautions, the establishment of early warning systems, and the deployment of highly sensitive diagnostics for effective surveillance, triage, and resource management. Additionally, with an improved understanding of the virus' protein structure, considerable advances in targeted detection, treatment, and prevention strategies are expected to greatly improve our ability to respond to future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Wang
- Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Song Lu
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fanyu Deng
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Liqing Wu
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guowu Yang
- Shenzhen Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Siying Chong
- Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Yahui Liu
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China.
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2
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Schmidt K, Riedel T, de los Santos Pereira A, Lynn NS, Dorado Daza DF, Dostalek J. Sandwich Immuno-RCA Assay with Single Molecule Counting Readout: The Importance of Biointerface Design. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:17109-17119. [PMID: 38530402 PMCID: PMC11009916 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The analysis of low-abundance protein molecules in human serum is reported based on counting of the individual affinity-captured analyte on a solid sensor surface, yielding a readout format similar to digital assays. In this approach, a sandwich immunoassay with rolling circle amplification (RCA) is used for single molecule detection (SMD) through associating the target analyte with spatially distinct bright spots observed by fluorescence microscopy. The unspecific interaction of the target analyte and other immunoassay constituents with the sensor surface is of particular interest in this work, as it ultimately limits the performance of this assay. It is minimized by the design of the respective biointerface and thiol self-assembled monolayer with oligoethylene (OEG) head groups, and a poly[oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate] (pHOEGMA) antifouling polymer brush was used for the immobilization of the capture antibody (cAb) on the sensor surface. The assay relying on fluorescent postlabeling of long single-stranded DNA that are grafted from the detection antibody (dAb) by RCA was established with the help of combined surface plasmon resonance and surface plasmon-enhanced fluorescence monitoring of reaction kinetics. These techniques were employed for in situ measurements of conjugating of cAb to the sensor surface, tagging of short single-stranded DNA to dAb, affinity capture of the target analyte from the analyzed liquid sample, and the fluorescence readout of the RCA product. Through mitigation of adsorption of nontarget molecules on the sensor surface by tailoring of the antifouling biointerface, optimizing conjugation chemistry, and by implementing weak Coulombic repelling between dAb and the sensor surface, the limit of detection (LOD) of the assay was substantially improved. For the chosen interleukin-6 biomarker, SMD assay with LOD at a concentration of 4.3 fM was achieved for model (spiked) samples, and validation of the ability of detection of standard human serum samples is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schmidt
- Laboratory
for Life Sciences and Technology (LiST), Danube Private University, Viktor-Kaplan-Straße 2, 2700 Wiener, Neustadt, Austria
| | - Tomas Riedel
- Institute
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy
of Sciences, Heyrovského
nám. 2, Prague 162
00, Czech Republic
| | - Andres de los Santos Pereira
- Institute
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy
of Sciences, Heyrovského
nám. 2, Prague 162
00, Czech Republic
| | - N. Scott Lynn
- FZU-Institute
of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, Prague 182 21, Czech Republic
| | - Diego Fernando Dorado Daza
- Institute
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy
of Sciences, Heyrovského
nám. 2, Prague 162
00, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Dostalek
- Laboratory
for Life Sciences and Technology (LiST), Danube Private University, Viktor-Kaplan-Straße 2, 2700 Wiener, Neustadt, Austria
- FZU-Institute
of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, Prague 182 21, Czech Republic
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3
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Kozelková T, Dyčka F, Lu S, Urbanová V, Frantová H, Sojka D, Šíma R, Horn M, Perner J, Kopáček P. Insight Into the Dynamics of the Ixodes ricinus Nymphal Midgut Proteome. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100663. [PMID: 37832788 PMCID: PMC10665701 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks are ectoparasites that feed on blood and have an impressive ability to consume and process enormous amounts of host blood, allowing extremely long periods of starvation between blood meals. The central role in the parasitic lifestyle of ticks is played by the midgut. This organ efficiently stores and digests ingested blood and serves as the primary interface for the transmission of tick-borne pathogens. In this study, we used a label-free quantitative approach to perform a novel dynamic proteomic analysis of the midgut of Ixodesricinus nymphs, covering their development from unfed to pre-molt stages. We identified 1534 I. ricinus-specific proteins with a relatively low proportion of host proteins. This proteome dataset, which was carefully examined by manual scrutiny, allowed precise annotation of proteins important for blood meal processing and their dynamic changes during nymphal ontogeny. We focused on midgut molecules related to lipid hydrolysis, storage, and transport, opening a yet unexplored avenue for studying lipid metabolism in ticks. Further dynamic profiling of the tick's multi-enzyme digestive network, protease inhibitors, enzymes involved in redox homeostasis and detoxification, antimicrobial peptides, and proteins responsible for midgut colonization by Borrelia spirochetes promises to uncover new targets for targeting tick nymphs, the most critical life stage for transmission the pathogens that cause tick-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Kozelková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Dyčka
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Stephen Lu
- Vector Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Veronika Urbanová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Frantová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Sojka
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Šíma
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Bioptic Laboratory, Ltd, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Horn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Perner
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kopáček
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
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4
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Anthi J, Vaněčková E, Spasovová M, Houska M, Vrabcová M, Vogelová E, Holubová B, Vaisocherová-Lísalová H, Kolivoška V. Probing charge transfer through antifouling polymer brushes by electrochemical methods: The impact of supporting self-assembled monolayer chain length. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1276:341640. [PMID: 37573118 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultrathin surface-tethered polymer brushes represent attractive platforms for a wide range of sensing applications in strategically vital areas such as medicine, forensics, or security. The recent trends in such developments towards "real world conditions" highlighted the role of zwitterionic poly(carboxybetaine) (pCB) brushes which provide excellent antifouling properties combined with bio-functionalization capacity. Highly dense pCB brushes are usually prepared by the "grafting from" polymerization triggered by initiators on self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Here, multi-methodological experimental studies are pursued to elucidate the impact of the alkanethiolate SAM chain length (C6, C8 and C11) on structural and functional properties of antifouling poly(carboxybetaine methacrylamide) (pCBMAA) brush. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in a custom-made 3D printed cell employing [Ru(NH3)6]3+/2+ redox probe were used to investigate penetrability of SAM/pCBMAA bilayers for small molecules and interfacial charge transfer characteristics. The biofouling resistance of pCBMAA brushes was characterized by surface plasmon resonance; ellipsometry and FT-IRRAS spectroscopy were used to determine swelling and relative density of the brushes synthesized from initiator-bearing SAMs with varied carbon chain length. The SAM length was found to have a substantial impact on all studied characteristics; the highest value of charge transfer resistance (Rct) was observed for denser pCBMAA on longer-chain (C11) SAM when compared to shorter (C8/C6) SAMs. The observed high value of Rct for C11 implies a limitation for the analytical performance of electrochemical sensing methods. At the same time, the pCBMAA brushes on C11 SAM exhibited the best bio-fouling resistance among inspected systems. This demonstrates that proper selection of supporting structures for brushes is critical in the design of these assemblies for biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judita Anthi
- FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 00, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Vaněčková
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Spasovová
- FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Houska
- FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Vrabcová
- FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Vogelová
- FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Holubová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Vaisocherová-Lísalová
- FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 00, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Viliam Kolivoška
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23, Prague, Czech Republic.
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5
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Schmidt K, Hageneder S, Lechner B, Zbiral B, Fossati S, Ahmadi Y, Minunni M, Toca-Herrera JL, Reimhult E, Barisic I, Dostalek J. Rolling Circle Amplification Tailored for Plasmonic Biosensors: From Ensemble to Single-Molecule Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:55017-55027. [PMID: 36446038 PMCID: PMC9756284 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We report on the tailoring of rolling circle amplification (RCA) for affinity biosensors relying on the optical probing of their surface with confined surface plasmon field. Affinity capture of the target analyte at the metallic sensor surface (e.g., by using immunoassays) is followed by the RCA step for subsequent readout based on increased refractive index (surface plasmon resonance, SPR) or RCA-incorporated high number of fluorophores (in surface plasmon-enhanced fluorescence, PEF). By combining SPR and PEF methods, this work investigates the impact of the conformation of long RCA-generated single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) chains to the plasmonic sensor response enhancement. In order to confine the RCA reaction within the evanescent surface plasmon field and hence maximize the sensor response, an interface carrying analyte-capturing molecules and additional guiding ssDNA strands (complementary to the repeating segments of RCA-generated chains) is developed. When using the circular padlock probe as a model target analyte, the PEF readout shows that the reported RCA implementation improves the limit of detection (LOD) from 13 pM to high femtomolar concentration when compared to direct labeling. The respective enhancement factor is of about 2 orders of magnitude, which agrees with the maximum number of fluorophore emitters attached to the RCA chain that is folded in the evanescent surface plasmon field by the developed biointerface. Moreover, the RCA allows facile visualizing of individual binding events by fluorescence microscopy, which enables direct counting of captured molecules. This approach offers a versatile route toward a fast digital readout format of single-molecule detection with further reduced LOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schmidt
- Biosensor
Technologies, AIT-Austrian Institute of
Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
- CEST
Competence Center for Electrochemical Surface Technologies, 3430 Tulln an der
Donau, Austria
| | - Simone Hageneder
- Biosensor
Technologies, AIT-Austrian Institute of
Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Bernadette Lechner
- Biosensor
Technologies, AIT-Austrian Institute of
Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
- CEST
Competence Center for Electrochemical Surface Technologies, 3430 Tulln an der
Donau, Austria
| | - Barbara Zbiral
- Department
of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Fossati
- Biosensor
Technologies, AIT-Austrian Institute of
Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Yasaman Ahmadi
- Molecular
Diagnostics, Health & Environment, AIT
Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Minunni
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3-13, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Jose Luis Toca-Herrera
- Department
of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erik Reimhult
- Department
of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ivan Barisic
- Molecular
Diagnostics, Health & Environment, AIT
Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jakub Dostalek
- Biosensor
Technologies, AIT-Austrian Institute of
Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
- FZU-Institute
of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic
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6
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Riedelová Z, de Los Santos Pereira A, Svoboda J, Pop-Georgievski O, Májek P, Pečánková K, Dyčka F, Rodriguez-Emmenegger C, Riedel T. The Relation Between Protein Adsorption and Hemocompatibility of Antifouling Polymer Brushes. Macromol Biosci 2022; 22:e2200247. [PMID: 35917216 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Whenever an artificial surface comes into contact with blood, proteins are rapidly adsorbed onto its surface. This phenomenon, termed fouling, is then followed by a series of undesired reactions involving activation of complement or the coagulation cascade and adhesion of leukocytes and platelets leading to thrombus formation. Thus, considerable efforts are directed towards the preparation of fouling-resistant surfaces with the best possible hemocompatibility. Herein, a comprehensive hemocompatibility study after heparinized blood contact with seven polymer brushes prepared by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization is reported. The resistance to fouling is quantified and thrombus formation and deposition of blood cellular components on the coatings are analyzed. Moreover, identification of the remaining adsorbed proteins is performed via mass spectroscopy to elucidate their influence on the surface hemocompatibility. Compared with an unmodified glass surface, the grafting of polymer brushes minimizes the adhesion of platelets and leukocytes and prevents the thrombus formation. The fouling from undiluted blood plasma is reduced by up to 99%. Most of the identified proteins are connected with the initial events of foreign body reaction towards biomaterial (coagulation cascade proteins, complement component, and inflammatory proteins). In addition, several proteins that are not previously linked with blood-biomaterial interaction are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Riedelová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, Prague, 162 06, Czech Republic
| | - Andres de Los Santos Pereira
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, Prague, 162 06, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Svoboda
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, Prague, 162 06, Czech Republic
| | - Ognen Pop-Georgievski
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, Prague, 162 06, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Májek
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Pečánková
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Dyčka
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Cesar Rodriguez-Emmenegger
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Carrer de Baldiri Reixac, 10, 12, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain.,DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tomáš Riedel
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, Prague, 162 06, Czech Republic
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Dutta S, Shreyash N, Satapathy BK, Saha S. Advances in design of polymer brush functionalized inorganic nanomaterials and their applications in biomedical arena. WIRES NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 15:e1861. [PMID: 36284373 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Grafting of polymer brush (assembly of polymer chains tethered to the substrate by one end) is emerging as one of the most viable approach to alter the surface of inorganic nanomaterials. Inorganic nanomaterials despite their intrinsic functional superiority, their applications remain restricted due to their incompatibility with organic or biological moieties vis-à-vis agglomeration issues. To overcome such a shortcoming, polymer brush modified surfaces of inorganic nanomaterials have lately proved to be of immense potential. For example, polymer brush-modified inorganic nanomaterials can act as efficient substrates/platforms in biomedical applications, ranging from drug-delivery to protein-array due to their integrated advantages such as amphiphilicity, stimuli responsiveness, enhanced biocompatibility, and so on. In this review, the current state of the art related to polymer brush-modified inorganic nanomaterials focusing, not only, on their synthetic strategies and applications in biomedical field but also the architectural influence of polymer brushes on the responsiveness properties of modified nanomaterials have comprehensively been discussed and its associated future perspective is also presented. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyadip Dutta
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Delhi India
| | - Nehil Shreyash
- Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology Jais Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Bhabani Kumar Satapathy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Delhi India
| | - Sampa Saha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Delhi India
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Víšová I, Houska M, Vaisocherová-Lísalová H. Biorecognition antifouling coatings in complex biological fluids: a review of functionalization aspects. Analyst 2022; 147:2597-2614. [PMID: 35621143 DOI: 10.1039/d2an00436d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in biointerface research has highlighted the role of antifouling functionalizable coatings in the development of advanced biosensors for point-of-care bioanalytical and biomedical applications dealing with real-world complex samples. The resistance to nonspecific adsorption promotes the biorecognition performance and overall increases the reliability and specificity of the analysis. However, the process of modification with biorecognition elements (so-called functionalization) may influence the resulting antifouling properties. The extent of these effects concerning both functionalization procedures potentially changing the surface architecture and properties, and the physicochemical properties of anchored biorecognition elements, remains unclear and has not been summarized in the literature yet. This critical review summarizes these key functionalization aspects with respect to diverse antifouling architectures showing low or ultra-low fouling quantitative characteristics in complex biological media such as bodily fluids or raw food samples. The subsequent discussion focuses on the impact of functionalization on fouling resistance. Furthermore, this review discusses some of the drawbacks of available surface sensitive characterization methods and highlights the importance of suitable assessment of the resistance to fouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Víšová
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Milan Houska
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Vaisocherová-Lísalová
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
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9
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The Bioanalytical and Biomedical Applications of Polymer Modified Substrates. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040826. [PMID: 35215740 PMCID: PMC8878960 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymers with different structures and morphology have been extensively used to construct functionalized surfaces for a wide range of applications because the physicochemical properties of polymers can be finely adjusted by their molecular weights, polydispersity and configurations, as well as the chemical structures and natures of monomers. In particular, the specific functions of polymers can be easily achieved at post-synthesis by the attachment of different kinds of active molecules such as recognition ligand, peptides, aptamers and antibodies. In this review, the recent advances in the bioanalytical and biomedical applications of polymer modified substrates were summarized with subsections on functionalization using branched polymers, polymer brushes and polymer hydrogels. The review focuses on their applications as biosensors with excellent analytical performance and/or as nonfouling surfaces with efficient antibacterial activity. Finally, we discuss the perspectives and future directions of polymer modified substrates in the development of biodevices for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases.
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