Design of a Separated Solar Interfacial Evaporation System for Simultaneous Water and Salt Collection

Interdisciplinary Hybrid Solar-Driven Evaporators: Theoretical Framework of Fundamental Mechanisms and Applications

The global water and energy crisis seems to be mitigated with promising prospects of emerging interdisciplinary hybrid solar-driven evaporator technology (IHSE). However, the lack of numeric standards for comparison between enormously reported systems and the synergistic effects of interdisciplinary hybridization remains a significant challenge. To entice researchers from various domains to collaborate on the design of a system for realistic, large-scale applications, this study provides a comprehensive overview of the interdisciplinary approaches to IHSE from the domains of physics, chemistry, materials science, and engineering, along with their guiding principles and underlying challenges. First, an in-depth analysis of IHSE with the basic scientific foundations and current advancements in recent years is discussed. Then, the physical principles/scientific principles alongside the overall system improvement enhancement techniques at the macro and micro scale are highlighted. Furthermore, the review analyzes the impact of significant physical factors that alter or restrict the efficiency of IHSE, as well as their connection and potential regulation. In addition, a comprehensive study of emerging sustainable applications for insight into the design and optimization of IHSE is provided for scientists from different fields. Lastly, the current challenges and future perspectives of interdisciplinary IHSE for large-scale applications are emphasized.

All-Day, All-Weather Desalination Using a Contactless Evaporator with Antisalt Fouling Property

Interfacial solar steam generation (ISSG) technology provides a promising solution to the global issue of freshwater scarcity. However, its practical application is hindered by salt fouling and inconsistent solar illumination. In this work, a novel interfacial solar steam generator is proposed that integrates contactless design with low-voltage joule heating to provide all-day, all-weather freshwater generation. The contactless design utilizes a solar-reduced graphene oxide coated carbon fabric (SRGO-CF) as a heat generator and super hydrophilic paper walls as water transport channels. The contactless device can generate steam at the maximum rate of 4.27 kg m-2 h-1 under 1 sun solar illumination and small input voltage due to the excellent photothermal and electrothermal capabilities of SRGO-CF. At an input voltage of 2.5 V, the SRGO-CF evaporator exhibits an evaporation rate of 3.52 kg m-2 h-1 and 2.32 kg m-2 h-1 for 3.5 wt % salt water respectively with and without 1 sun illumination for a long period of time without any salt fouling, demonstrating its all-day, all-weather capability. The proposed contactless ISSG evaporator can resolve the impractical issue of conventional ISSG-based evaporators owing to irregular weather conditions and salt fouling issues while also promoting zero liquid discharge-based salt harvesting.

Recent Advances in High-Rate Solar-Driven Interfacial Evaporation

Recent advances in solar-driven interfacial evaporation (SDIE) have led to high evaporation rates that open promising avenues for practical utilization in freshwater production and industrial application for pollutant and nutrient concentration, and resource recovery. Breakthroughs in overcoming the theoretical limitation of 2D interfacial evaporation have allowed for developing systems with high evaporation rates. This study presents a comprehensive review of various evaporator designs that have achieved pure evaporation rates beyond 4 kg m-2 h-1, including structural and material designs allowing for rapid evaporation, passive 3D designs, and systems coupled with alternative energy sources of wind and joule heating. The operational mechanisms for each design are outlined together with discussion on the current benefits and areas for improvement. The overarching challenges encountered by SDIE concerning the feasibility of direct integration into contemporary practical settings are assessed, and issues relating to sustaining elevated evaporation rates under diverse environmental conditions are addressed.

Solar-Driven Multistage Device Integrating Dropwise Condensation and Guided Water Transport for Efficient Freshwater and Salt Collection

Interfacial solar vapor generation (ISVG) is an emerging technology to alleviate the global freshwater crisis. However, high-cost, low freshwater collection rate, and salt-blockage issues significantly hinder the practical application of solar-driven desalination devices based on ISVG. Herein, with a low-cost copper plate (CP), nonwoven fabric (NWF), and insulating ethylene-vinyl acetate foam (EVA foam), a multistage device is elaborately fabricated for highly efficient simultaneous freshwater and salt collection. In the designed solar-driven device, a superhydrophobic copper plate (SH-CP) serves as the condensation layer, facilitating rapid mass and heat transfer through dropwise condensation. Moreover, the hydrophilic NWF is designed with rational hydrophobic zones and specific high-salinity solution outlets (Design-NWF) to act as the water evaporation layer and facilitate directional salt collection. As a result, the multistage evaporator with eight stages exhibits a high water collection rate of 2.25 kg m-2 h-1 under 1 sun irradiation. In addition, the desalination device based on the eight-stage evaporator obtains a water collection rate of 13.44 kg m-2 and a salt collection rate of 1.77 kg m-2 per day under natural irradiation. More importantly, it can maintain a steady production for 15 days without obvious performance decay. This bifunctional multistage device provides a feasible and efficient approach for simultaneous desalination and solute collection.

Three-Dimensional Spiral Evaporator with Side Channels for Efficient Solar-Driven Water Purification

Solar evaporators have the advantages of not consuming fossil fuels, being environmentally friendly, and nonpolluting, offering a promising sustainable method to obtain fresh water and alleviate the worldwide freshwater shortage crisis. In this work, we report that high-performance solar evaporators can be facilely fabricated by processing a cost-effective polypyrrole (PPy)-coated nonwoven fabric (PCNF) into a three-dimensional (3D) spiral structure and introducing side channels for vapor escape. The coated PPy layer ensures excellent photothermal properties and the chemical stability of the evaporator. Meanwhile, the as-created spiral structure of the evaporator can significantly increase the effective evaporation area and harvest energy from the environment, greatly stimulating the evaporation. The side opening channels can effectively facilitate the escape of vapor generated inside the 3D spiral structure, avoid the internal vapor accumulation, and ultimately promote the evaporation of the inner surface, leading to a boost of the evaporation performance. Combining these features, the resulting evaporator exhibits an ultrahigh evaporation rate of 3.26 kg m-2 h-1 and an energy efficiency of 138% under 1-sun irradiation. More importantly, we show that this evaporator can also be used to collect fresh water from soil and sand, demonstrating its great applicability for obtaining potable water in arid areas.

Boosting Water Evaporation by Construction of Photothermal Materials with a Biomimetic Black Soil Aggregate Structure

Solar-driven interfacial evaporation is considered an efficient way to get fresh water from seawater. However, the low evaporation rate, surface salt crystallization, and low energy collection of the photothermal evaporation layer limit its further application in an outdoor freshwater field. And the aggregate structure design of the material itself is often ignored in solar-driven water evaporation. Black soil (BS), with a unique soil aggregate structure, is rich in tubular pores, which can be used for multilevel sunlight utilization and good capillary water transport. Based on the extraordinary photothermal properties and pumping capacity of BS, a reasonable unidirectional salt-collecting device is designed, which can realize long-term collection of mineral salts and continuous evaporation of seawater and generate electric energy in the continuous evaporation. Inspired by the unique aggregate structure, the photothermal material doping of halloysite and nigrosin will simulate the generation of this aggregate structure and retain a good water transport effect while obtaining multistage utilization of sunlight. The solar-driven evaporation rate of a nigrosin-halloysite solar steam generator is 1.75 kg m-2 h-1 under 1 kW m-2 mimic solar radiation; it can achieve stable salt leaching-induced voltage generation of 240 mV. This work demonstrates not only a solar evaporator that can continuously achieve desalination but also the design strategy of BS-like aggregate photothermal materials, which promotes the development of low-cost resource recovery and energy generation for practical outdoor seawater desalination.

MXene/polypyrrole coated melamine-foam for efficient interfacial evaporation and photodegradation

The application of photothermal materials in seawater desalination, wastewater treatment have been widely studied, however, there are relatively few studies that combine photothermal effects and solar-driven photocatalysis and exhibit efficient solar-driven water evaporation performance and excellent photocatalytic ability. Form the perspective of practical application, it is of great significance to combine photothermal effect with solar-driven photocatalysis to develop environment-friendly evaporator with low cost, simple preparation process and ability of seawater desalination, wastewater treatment and photodegradation of organic dyes. In this paper, a novel multifunctional MXene/polypyrrole (PPy) coated melamine foam (MF) named as MF-MXene/PPy was successfully prepared by simple impregnation and in-situ polymerization. The MF-MXene/PPy has rich porosity (89.13 %), abundant water molecule transport channels, excellent light absorption capacity (about 94 %), low thermal conductivity (0.1047 W m^-1 K^-1), and exhibits excellent performance in solar desalination, wastewater purification and photodegradation of organic dyes. Under 1 kW m^-2 illuminate, the solar energy conversion rate and efficiency of MF-MXene/PPy reaches up to 1.5174 kg m^-2h^-1 and 91.24 %. Moreover, due to the regular pore size of MF-MXene/PPy, good salinity tolerance was shown even after continuous evaporation in 20 wt% NaCl for 8 h. After continuous evaporation in 70 mL of 20 wt% NaCl for 8 h, the amount of salt collected could reach 0.2 g. In addition, MF-MXene/PPy also possessed excellent visible light degradation ability for organic dyes, and the degradation rate of methylene blue (MB), rhodamine B (RHB) and methyl orange (MO) were 92.38 %, 88.92 % and 91.75 %, respectively. As a fundamental research, this research will open a novel way to the development of new evaporator.

3D Printing of Solar Crystallizer with Polylactic Acid/Carbon Composites for Zero Liquid Discharge of High-Salinity Brine

Zero liquid discharge (ZLD) is a technique for treating high-salinity brine to obtain freshwater and/or salt using a solar interface evaporator. However, salt accumulation on the surface of the evaporator is a big challenge to maintaining stable water evaporation. In this study, a simple and easy-to-manufacture evaporator, also called a crystallizer, was designed and fabricated by 3D printing. The photothermal layer printed with polylactic acid/carbon composites had acceptable light absorption (93%) within the wavelength zone of 250 nm–2500 nm. The micron-sized voids formed during 3D printing provided abundant water transportation channels inside the crystallizer. After surface hydrophilic modification, the crystallizer had an ultra-hydrophilic channel structure and gravity-assisted salt recovery function. The results revealed that the angles between the photothermal layers affected the efficacy of solar evaporation and the yield of solid salt. The crystallizer with the angle of 90° between two photothermal layers could collect more solid salt than the three other designs with angles of 30°, 60°, and 120°, respectively. The crystallizer has high evaporation and salt crystallization efficiency in a high-salinity brine environment, which is expected to have application potentials in the zero liquid discharge of wastewater and valuable salt recovery.