1
|
Meng F, Zhou R, Xu Z, Wang P, Xu Y, Lu M. A Promising Strategy toward the Development of C-C- and C-N-Linked Tricyclic Tetrazole Energetic Materials with High Energy Density. J Org Chem 2025; 90:3964-3973. [PMID: 40059447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c02944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2025]
Abstract
Tetrazole-based energetic materials have received extensive attention from researchers due to their high heats of formation and high nitrogen contents. In this work, a novel tricyclic tetrazole compound linked by C-C and C-N bonds was synthesized for the first time, and a series of energetic salts (1-4) were prepared. In addition, the energetic compound 2,2'-bis(dinitromethyl)-2H,2'H-5,2'-5,5'-tertetrazole (DNTBT) was synthesized by assembling dinitromethyl with tricyclic tetrazole. Among them, six compounds were further determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. And theoretical calculations demonstrate that all compounds exhibit high positive heat of formation. The heats of formation of all target compounds are much greater than those of RDX, HMX, and CL-20. The computational results indicate that DNTBT (D = 9580 m·s-1, P = 39.2 GPa) and its ionic salts 6 (D = 9038 m·s-1, P = 34.4 GPa), 7 (D = 9178 m·s-1, P = 35.2 GPa), and 8 (D = 9297 m·s-1, P = 37.7 GPa) exhibit superior detonation performance compared to HMX (D = 8795 m·s-1, P = 34.9 GPa) and are comparable to RDX (D = 9144 m·s-1, P = 39.2 GPa). This work provides guidance for future researchers in developing high-energy-density materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanle Meng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | | | - Ze Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yuangang Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bo M, Gao Z, Gu Z, Ma C, Ma P. Theoretical study on highly nitrated sensitive pyrazole isomers in the presence of external electric field. J Mol Model 2025; 31:40. [PMID: 39777559 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-06271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2024] [Accepted: 12/27/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025]
Abstract
CONTEXT This article mainly studies three isomers of C5H3N7O10, namely 5-methyl-3,4-dinitro-1- (trinitromethyl) -1H pyrazole (1), 4-methyl-3,5-dinitro-1- (trinitromethyl) -1H pyrazole (2), and 3,5-bis (dinitromethyl) -4-nitro-1H-pyrazole (3). These three substances are excellent candidates for energetic materials, but their properties under external electric fields (EEF) have not been studied. Therefore, this article studied the properties of three isomers under EEF using density functional theory (DFT), and conducted statistical analysis on the obtained data, including the molecular structure, frontier molecular orbitals, surface electrostatic potential, and nitrate charge of the three isomers. The results showed that applying EEF to the trigger bonds of 1 and 2 increased bond length, leading to a decrease in material stability. The change in bond length induced by 3 was relatively stable, and the results obtained from calculating the nitro charge were consistent with the bond length results. When an EEF is applied to three substances, the polarization degree of the molecules of the three substances increases. It is worth mentioning that the polarization degree of the molecules under the influence of a negative EEF is greater than that of a positive EEF. METHODS Using density functional theory, the B3LYP/6-311 + G (d, p) method was employed for structural optimization. After optimizing convergence, ensure that there are no imaginary frequencies to obtain a stable structure. Wave function analysis was performed using Multiwfn 3.8 and VMD 1.9.3. The EEF strength ranged from - 0.02 a.u. to 0.02 a.u., with a growth gradient of 0.005 a.u.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Bo
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zikai Gao
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhihui Gu
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Congming Ma
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Peng Ma
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Thaltiri V, Staples RJ, Shreeve JM. Tailoring the Energetic Properties of Pyrazole Hybrids through Functionalization with Dinitromethyl and N-Hydroxytetrazole. J Org Chem 2024; 89:18612-18618. [PMID: 39636179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c02543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2024]
Abstract
The functionalization of pyrazole-based compounds with dinitromethyl and N-hydroxytetrazole groups resulted in enhanced energetic properties. Two key compounds, 5-(dinitromethyl)-3,4-dinitro-1H-pyrazole (5) and 5-(3,4-dinitro-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-1H-tetrazol-1-ol (7), along with their salts, were synthesized and evaluated for their energetic properties. Notably, the bishydroxylammonium salts 5b (Dv: 8778 m·s-1; P: 33.1 GPa) and 7b (Dv: 8988 m·s-1; P: 34.6 GPa) demonstrated an optimal balance between high detonation performance, good thermal stability, and low sensitivity, outperforming RDX, and positioning them as promising candidates for advanced secondary energetic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikranth Thaltiri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Richard J Staples
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li C, Zhu T, Chen L, Lei C, Tang J, Cheng G, Xiao C, Yang H. A Method for the Preparation of Fused Dinitromethyl High-Energy-Density Materials. J Org Chem 2024; 89:17187-17193. [PMID: 39563079 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2024]
Abstract
This work investigates a simple synthetic method for producing fused dinitromethyl energetic compounds. Fused compound 2 has a high detonation velocity (9358 m s-1) close to that of the well-known high-energy-density explosive CL-20 (9455 m s-1), an extremely high density (1.97 cm-1), and acceptable sensitivity (IS = 8 J). The good thermal stability of 2 (Td = 181 °C) is rarely reported in the field of dinitromethyl-based high explosives. The results show that compound 2 is a promising candidate for high explosives and provide new insight into the synthesis of dinitromethyl compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengchuang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Teng Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Luyao Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Caijin Lei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Jie Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Chuan Xiao
- China Northern Industries Group Co., Ltd. (NORINCO GROUP), Beijing 100089, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gierczyk B, Zalas M, Otłowski T. High-Energetic Salts and Metal Complexes: Comprehensive Overview with a Focus on Use in Homemade Explosives (HME). Molecules 2024; 29:5588. [PMID: 39683747 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29235588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2024] [Revised: 11/20/2024] [Accepted: 11/22/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Metal-containing compounds form a large and rapidly expanding group of high-energy materials. Many compounds in this class attract the attention of non-professionals, who may attempt the illegal production of explosives. Several of these substances have been commercially available and pose significant danger if used by terrorists or for criminal purposes. Others are experimental compounds, kinds of curiosities, often created by pyrotechnics enthusiasts, which can present serious risks to both the creators and their immediate surroundings. The internet hosts a vast amount of information, including recipes and discussions on forums, private websites, social media, and more. This paper aims to review the variety of metal-containing explosives and discuss their appeal and potential accessibility to unauthorized individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Błażej Gierczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Maciej Zalas
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Otłowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fan H, Tang J, Lei C, Hu W, Yang H, Xiao C, Cheng G. Construction of Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Isomers Containing Multiple Hydrogen Bond Networks. Org Lett 2024; 26:8045-8050. [PMID: 39291907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen-rich energetic materials have been the focus of a few studies on their isomers. Novel nitrogen-rich energetic compounds TZ, DTZ, and NTZ were synthesized through simple steps. The hydrogen bond networks significantly enhanced their properties (TZ, Td = 290 °C and Dv = 8370 m s-1; DTZ, Td = 282 °C and Dv = 8392 m s-1; and NTZ, Td = 272 °C and Dv = 8762 m s-1), which are superior to their isomers. This realized a balance between the energy and stability of polycyclic tetrazoles, providing insights for high-performance energetic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanghong Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Caijin Lei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Xiao
- China Northern Industries Group Company, Limited (Norinco Group), Beijing 100089, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang Y, Zhang W, Pang S, Huang H, Sun C. 2,2'-Bisdinitromethyl-5,5'-bistetrazole: A High-Performance, Multi-Nitro Energetic Material with Excellent Oxygen Balance. J Org Chem 2024; 89:12790-12794. [PMID: 39129560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Bistetrazoles are highly sought after for developing innovative high-energy density materials. The 1,1'-substituted bistetrazoles, exemplified by TKX-50, have outstanding performance. However, the research of high-perfomance 2,2'-substituted bistetrazoles remains limited. In this work, dinitromethyl groups were introduced into bistetrazole structures as 2,2'-substituted bistetrazoles (BDBTZ), which was extensively characterized through NMR, thermal analysis, and single crystal X-ray diffraction, exhibiting excellent oxygen balance, moderate sensitivity, acceptable thermal stability, high crystal density, and excellent detonation performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Yang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wenjin Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - He Huang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chenghui Sun
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bhatia P, Pandey K, Kumar D. Zwitterionic Energetic Materials: Synthesis, Structural Diversity and Energetic Properties. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400481. [PMID: 38856102 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Zwitterionic compounds are an emergent class of energetic materials and have gained synthetic interest of many in the recent years. Due to their better packing efficiencies and strong inter/intramolecular electrostatic interactions, they often ensue superior energetic properties than their salt analogues. A systematic review from the perspective of design, synthesis, and physicochemical properties evaluation of the zwitterionic energetic materials is presented. Depending on the parent ring(s) used for the synthesis and the type of moieties bearing positive and negative charges, different classes of energetic materials, such as primary explosives, secondary explosives, heat resistant explosives, oxidizers, etc., may result. The properties of some of the energetic zwitterionic compounds are also compared with analogous energetic salts. This review will encourage readers to explore the possibility of designing new zwitterionic energetic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Bhatia
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Dheeraj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Singh J, Thaltiri V, Staples RJ, Shreeve JM. Understanding the Stability of Highly Nitrated Sensitive Pyrazole Isomers. Org Lett 2024; 26:5946-5950. [PMID: 38980720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Two energetic isomers of chemically unstable 3,5-bis(dinitromethyl)-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole (2), namely, 4-methyl-3,5-dinitro-1-(trinitromethyl)-1H-pyrazole (4) and 5-methyl-3,4-dinitro-1-(trinitromethyl)-1H-pyrazole (6), each containing five nitro groups and having the same chemical composition, exhibit major differences in their physiochemical properties. These include density, enthalpy of formation, temperature of decomposition, and sensitivity to impact and friction. Notably, both isomer 4 and isomer 6 demonstrate superior thermal stability compared to isomer 2, making them promising candidates as safer energetic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Vikranth Thaltiri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Richard J Staples
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tan B, Dou J, Yang X, Li W, Zhang J, Zhang P, Mo H, Lu X, Wang B, Liu N. Application and prospects of EMOFs in the fields of explosives and propellants. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 38980718 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01537a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Energetic Metal-Organic Framework (EMOF) compounds have gained significant attention in recent years as a hot research topic in the fields of explosives and propellants. This article provides an overview of the latest research progress of EMOFs in various areas, including heat-resistant explosives, burning rate catalysts and initiating explosives. It discusses the recent development trends of high-energy EMOFs, such as high-dimensional and solvent-free structural design, simplified and scalable synthesis conditions, environmentally friendly manufacturing processes with tunable structures, high-energy, low-sensitivity and multifunctional target products. The challenges and issues faced by EMOFs in heat-resistant explosives, burning rate catalysts and initiating explosives are presented. Furthermore, the key research directions for future applications of EMOFs in the fields of explosives and propellants are discussed, including solvent-free high-dimensional EMOFs design and synthesis, precise modulation of EMOFs molecular composition and pore structure, improvement of accurate prediction methods for physicochemical properties of high-energy EMOFs, low-cost large-scale production and development of multifunctional composite EMOFs as energetic materials, exploration of influencing factors, and comprehensive study on the application of novel and high-performance multifunctional EMOFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bojun Tan
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China.
| | - Jinkang Dou
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China.
| | - Xiong Yang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China.
| | - Wenjie Li
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China.
| | - Pengfeng Zhang
- YulinUniversiy, School Chemistry and Chemical Eneinerine, Yuin, 719000, China
| | - Hongchang Mo
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China.
| | - Xinming Lu
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China.
| | - Bozhou Wang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China.
| | - Ning Liu
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xin J, Bo X, Xiao W, Ding Y, Jin R, Yang S. Design of N-N ylide bond-based high energy density materials: a theoretical survey. RSC Adv 2024; 14:4456-4460. [PMID: 38312724 PMCID: PMC10835343 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08799a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The generally encountered contradiction between large energy content and stability poses great difficulty in designing nitrogen-rich high-energy-density materials. Although N-N ylide bonds have been classified as the fourth type of homonuclear N-N bonds (besides >N-N<, -N[double bond, length as m-dash]N-, and N[triple bond, length as m-dash]N), accessible energetic molecules with N-N ylide bonds have rarely been explored. In this study, 225 molecules with six types of novel structures containing N-N ylide bonds were designed using density functional theory and CBS-QB3 methods. To guide future synthesis, the effects of substitution on the thermal stability, detonation velocity, and detonation pressure of the structures were evaluated under the premise that the N-N ylide skeleton remains stable. The calculations show that the bond dissociation energy values of the N-N ylide bonds of the designed 225 structures were in the range of 61.21-437.52 kJ mol-1, except for N-1NNH2. Many of the designed structures with N-N ylide bonds exhibit high detonation properties, which are superior to those of traditional energetic compounds. This study convincingly demonstrates the feasibility of the design strategy of introducing an N-N ylide bond to develop new types of energetic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingfan Xin
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Chifeng University Chifeng 024000 China
| | - Xiaoxu Bo
- Department of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology No. 1000 Liuhongqiao Road Wenzhou 325006 People's Republic of China
| | - Wenmin Xiao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Chifeng University Chifeng 024000 China
| | - Yihong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Key Lab of Advanced Energy Storage and Conversion, Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Leather Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Ruifa Jin
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Chifeng University Chifeng 024000 China
| | - Suhua Yang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Chifeng University Chifeng 024000 China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bhatia P, Pandey K, Das P, Kumar D. Bis(dinitropyrazolyl)methanes spruced up with hydroxyl groups: high performance energetic salts with reduced sensitivity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14110-14113. [PMID: 37916387 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04445a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
With an aim to improve the overall physical stability of high-performing 3,5-dinitro-functionalised bispyrazolymethanes, a hydroxyl functionality was introduced at the fourth position to obtain 1,1'-methylenebis(3,5-dinitro-1H-pyrazol-4-ol) and its energetic salts. Superior oxygen balance and energy in comparison to the amino substituent at the 4th position and enhanced sensitivity with respect to the nitro and azido substituents helped in unlocking the potential of less explored N-alkylated-4-hydroxy-3,5-dinitropyrazoles. Fine-tuning of properties via dicationic salt formation, which is not feasible in any other reported symmetrically connected pyrazole-based energetic materials, resulted in improved physical and thermal stabilities, as well as energetic performance. Hirshfeld surface analysis, electrostatic potential analysis, the study of aromaticity and weakest Mayer-bond order analysis helped further in studying the structure-property relationship of the synthesized compounds with respect to different reported methylene-bridged symmetrical compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Bhatia
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Priyanka Das
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Dheeraj Kumar
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dong Y, Li M, Liu J, Liu Y, Huang W, Shreeve JM, Tang Y. Pushing the limits of the heat of detonation via the construction of polynitro bipyrazole. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:5729-5733. [PMID: 37800191 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01381b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The trinitromethyl group is a highly oxidized group that is found as an active functionality in many high-energy-density materials. The most frequently used previous synthetic method for the introduction of the trinitromethyl group is the nitration of heterocyclic compounds containing an acetonyl/ethyl acetate/chloroxime group. Now a novel strategy for constructing a trinitromethyl group (5) via nitration of an ethylene bridged compound, dipyrazolo[1,5-a:5',1'-c]pyrazine (2), is reported. In addition, the other two nitrated products (3 and 4) were obtained under different nitrating conditions. Compound 5 has excellent detonation performance (Dv = 9047 m s-1, P = 35.6 GPa), and a low mechanical sensitivity (IS = 10 J, FS = 216 N), with an especially attractive heat of detonation of 6921 kJ kg-1, which significantly exceeds that of the state-of-the-art explosive CL-20 (Q: 6162 kJ kg-1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqun Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Miao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Yuji Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 83844-2343, USA
| | - Yongxing Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Singh J, Staples RJ, Shreeve JM. Manipulating nitration and stabilization to achieve high energy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadk3754. [PMID: 37967187 PMCID: PMC10651134 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk3754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitro groups have played a central and decisive role in the development of the most powerful known energetic materials. Highly nitrated compounds are potential oxidizing agents, which could replace the environmentally hazardous used materials such as ammonium perchlorate. The scarcity of azole compounds with a large number of nitro groups is likely due to their inherent thermal instability and the limited number of ring sites available for bond formation. Now, the formation of the first azole molecule bonded to seven nitro groups, 4-nitro-3,5-bis(trinitromethyl)-1H-pyrazole (4), by the stepwise nitration of 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole is reported. Compound 4 exhibits exceptional physicochemical properties with a positive oxygen balance (OBCO2 = 13.62%) and an extremely high calculated density (2.04 g cm-3 at 100 K). This is impressively high for a C, H, N, O compound. This work is a giant step forward to highly nitrated and dense azoles and will accelerate further exploration in this challenging field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2343 USA
| | - Richard J. Staples
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bhatia P, Pandey K, Avasthi B, Das P, Ghule VD, Kumar D. Controlling the Energetic Properties of N-Methylene-C-Linked 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dinitropyrazole- and Tetrazole-Based Compounds via a Selective Mono- and Dicationic Salt Formation Strategy. J Org Chem 2023; 88:15085-15096. [PMID: 37847075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
In the quest to synthesize high-performing insensitive high-energy density materials (HEDMs), the main challenge is establishing an equilibrium between energy and stability. For this purpose, we explored 4-hydroxy-3,5-dinitropyrazole- and tetrazole-based energetic scaffolds connected via a N-methylene-C bridge. The hydroxy functionality between nitro groups on the pyrazole ring promotes physical stability via inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonding and contributes to oxygen balance, supporting better energetic performance. Due to two acidic sites (OH and NH) with different reactivities, a series of monocationic and dicationic salts were synthesized, and their overall performance was compared. All compounds synthesized in this study have high physical stability with impact sensitivity >40 J and friction sensitivity >360 N. Monocationic salts were generally found to have better thermal stability with respect to their corresponding dicationic energetic salts, which showed better energetic performance. The salt formation strategy effectively improved the thermal stability of 2 (Td = 168 °C), where most energetic salts have decomposition temperatures higher than 220 °C. All of the compounds were characterized through IR, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and elemental analysis. The structure-property relationship was studied using Hirshfeld surface analysis, noncovalent interaction (NCI) analysis, and electrostatic potential studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Bhatia
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee247667, Uttarakhand India
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee247667, Uttarakhand India
| | - Badal Avasthi
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee247667, Uttarakhand India
| | - Priyanka Das
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee247667, Uttarakhand India
| | - Vikas D Ghule
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana India
| | - Dheeraj Kumar
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee247667, Uttarakhand India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Xu Z, Hou T, Yang F, Zhang L, Zhang X, Liu W, Lang Q, Lu M, Xu Y. 2,2'-Azobis(1,5'-bitetrazole) with a N 10 Chain and 1,5'-Bitetrazolate-2 N-oxides: Construction of Highly Energetic Nitrogen-Rich Materials Based on C-N-Linked Tetrazoles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:41580-41589. [PMID: 37609932 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
A series of high-nitrogen compounds, including a unique molecule 2,2'-azobis(1,5'-bitetrazole) with a branched N10 chain and 1,5'-bitetrazolate-2N-oxides, were synthesized successfully based on C-N-linked 1,5'-bistetrazoles using azo coupling of N-amine bonds and N-oxide introduction strategies. All compounds were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry, in which the structures of five compounds were further determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis (2, T-N10B, 3a, 3b, and THX). The nitrogen contents of these five compounds range from 63.62 (THX) to 83.43% (T-N10B), which are much higher than that of CL-20 (38.34%). The heat of formation for the prepared compounds was calculated by using the Gaussian 09 program, with T-N10B having the highest value of 5.13 kJ g-1, about 6 times higher than that of CL-20 (0.83 kJ g-1). The calculated detonation performances by EXPLO5 v6.05.04 show that THX has excellent detonation performance (D = 9581 m s-1, P = 35.93 GPa) and a remarkable specific impulse (Isp = 284.9 s).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ze Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Tianyang Hou
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Feng Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Linan Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Qing Lang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yuangang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pandey K, Bhatia P, Mohammad K, Ghule VD, Kumar D. Polynitro-functionalized 4-phenyl-1 H-pyrazoles as heat-resistant explosives. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:6604-6616. [PMID: 37531170 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00949a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
A new class of heat-resistant explosives was synthesized by coupling N-methyl-3,5-dinitropyrazole with polynitrobenzene moieties through carbon-carbon bonds. Simple Pd(0)-based Suzuki cross-coupling reactions between N-methyl-4-bromo-3,5-dinitropyrazole and 4-chloro/3-hydroxy-phenylboronic acid followed by nitration, amination and oxidation lead to the formation of C-C connected penta-nitro energetic derivatives 6 and 10. Various other energetic derivatives, such as amino (5), azido (7), nitramino (8) and energetic salts (11-14), were also explored to fine-tune their properties. All the compounds were thoroughly characterized using IR, NMR [1H, 13C{1H}], differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), elemental analysis, and HRMS studies. Compounds 5, 10 and 13 were further characterized through 15N NMR, and the crystal structures of 6 and 14 were confirmed through single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The physicochemical and energetic properties of all the energetic compounds were explored. Most of the synthesized compounds demonstrated high thermal stability (decomposition temperature Tdec > 250 °C), among which compounds 5 and 6 showed excellent thermal stability, having decomposition temperatures above 300 °C. The excellent thermal stability, acceptable sensitivity and good energetic properties of compounds 5, 6, 10 and 13 make them promising heat-resistant explosives. Furthermore, these compounds were found to be more thermally stable than the known N-methyl-3,5-dinitropyrazole-based and C-N coupled 3,4,5-trinitrobenzene-azole-based energetic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Pandey
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Prachi Bhatia
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Khwaja Mohammad
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Vikas D Ghule
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra-136119, Haryana, India
| | - Dheeraj Kumar
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yang F, Qin Y, Jiang S, Lin Q, Wang P, Xu Y, Lu M. Lithium-Promoted Formation of M-2AZTO-Li (M = N 2H 5+ or NH 3OH + and AZTO = Anion of 1-Hydroxytetrazole-5-hydrazide)-Type "Quaternary" Complexes with Nitrogen-Rich Characteristics: Construction of Novel Insensitive Energetic Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:1601-1609. [PMID: 36541859 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-based nitrogen-rich complexes are important research objects in the field of high-energy materials. However, the weak coordination abilities of lithium ions relative to those of other metal ions with greater atomic numbers have hindered their applications in the field of nitrogen-rich complexes. Herein, we successfully prepared novel lithium-based nitrogen-rich complexes (N2H5-2AZTO-Li and NH3OH-2AZTO-Li) by exploiting the structural properties of 1-hydroxytetrazolium-5-hydrazine (HAZTO). Both N2H5-2AZTO-Li and NH3OH-2AZTO-Li were found to exhibit physicochemical parameters (including the density, stability, and energetic properties) that were intermediate between those of the simple ionic compounds (3 and 4) and the complexes (5) that formed them, enabling a favorable balance between high energy, high stability, and environmental friendliness (for N2H5-2AZTO-Li: detonation velocity (D) = 9005 m s-1, detonation pressure (P) = 35.5 GPa, decomposition temperature (Tdec) = 238.1 °C, impact sensitivity (IS) = 24 J, friction sensitivity (FS) = 210 N, and detonation product (DP) (CO) < 2%; for NH3OH-2AZTO-Li: D = 9028 m s-1, P = 35.7 GPa, Tdec = 211.2 °C, IS = 20 J, FS = 180 N, and DP (CO) < 2%). This study transcends the conventional structural forms of nitrogen-rich complexes, opening new horizons for the design of novel insensitive energetic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Yaqi Qin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Shuaijie Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Qiuhan Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Yuangang Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Xiong J, Chang J, Cai J, Yin P, Pang S. N-Functionalization of 5-Aminotetrazoles: Balancing Energetic Performance and Molecular Stability by Introducing ADNP. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:15841. [PMID: 36555483 PMCID: PMC9779898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
5-aminotetrazole is one of the most marked high-nitrogen tetrazole compounds. However, the structural modification of 5-aminotetrazole with nitro groups often leads to dramatically decreased molecular stability, while the N-bridging functionalization does not efficiently improve the density and performance. In this paper, we report on a straightforward approach for improving the density of 5-aminotetrazole by introducing 4-amino-3,5-dinitropyrazole. The following experimental and calculated properties show that nitropyrazole functionalization competes well with energetic performance and mechanic sensitivity. All compounds were thoroughly characterized using IR and NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Two energetic compounds (DMPT-1 and DMPT-2) were further confirmed by implementing single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Compound DMPT-1 featured a high crystal density of 1.806 g cm-3, excellent detonation velocity (vD = 8610 m s-1), detonation pressure (P = 30.2 GPa), and impact sensitivity of 30 J.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xiong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jinjie Chang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jinxiong Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ping Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li J, Jin Z, Jin B, Luo L, Peng R. Synthesis of Cu II and Cd II Metal–Organic Frameworks Based on 4,5-Bis(1-hydroxytetrazol-5-yl)-1,2,3-triazole and Their Effects as the Catalyst in Ammonium Perchlorate Thermal Decomposition. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:17485-17493. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang621010, China
| | - Zhiyuan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang621010, China
| | - Bo Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang621010, China
| | - Liqiong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang621010, China
| | - Rufang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang621010, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Singh J, Chinnam AK, Staples RJ, Shreeve JM. Energetic Salts of Sensitive N,N'-(3,5-Dinitropyrazine-2,6-diyl)dinitramide Stabilized through Three-Dimensional Intermolecular Interactions. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:16493-16500. [PMID: 36194387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
N-nitration of 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine (ANPZ) leads to a sensitive energetic compound N,N'-(3,5-dinitropyrazine-2,6-diyl)dinitramide. This nitro(nitroamino) compound was stabilized by synthesizing energetic salts, dipotassium (3,5-dinitropyrazine-2,6-diyl)bis(nitroamide) (3) and diammonium (3,5-dinitropyrazine-2,6-diyl)bis(nitroamide) (4). Compounds 3 and 4 are fully characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 3 exhibits a three-dimensional energetic metal-organic framework (3D EMOF) structure and an outstanding overall performance by combining high experimental density (2.10 g cm-3), good thermal stability (Td(onset) = 220 °C), and good calculated performance of detonation (D = 8300 m s-1, P = 29.9 GPa). Compound 4 has acceptable thermal stability (155 °C), moderate experimental density (1.73 g cm-3), and good calculated performance of detonation (D = 8624 m s-1, P = 30.8 GPa). The sensitivities of compounds 3 and 4 toward impact and friction were determined following standard methods (BAM). The energetic character of compounds 3 and 4 was determined using red-hot needle and heated plate tests. The results highlight a 3D EMOF (3) based on a six-membered heterocycle as a potential energetic material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Ajay Kumar Chinnam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Richard J Staples
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yang F, Qin Y, Wang P, Lin Q, Xu Y, Lu M. Nitrogen-rich ion salts of 1-hydroxytetrazole-5-hydrazide: a new series of energetic compounds that combine good stability and high energy performance. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:10216-10220. [PMID: 35748403 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01173e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High-efficiency explosives that combine high stability and excellent energy performance are one of the key directions of energetic materials research. In this study, a novel monocyclic hydroxytetrazole derivative (3) with high stability was prepared, and a series of insensitive energetic ionic salts were derived from it. Benefiting from their outstanding performance in terms of density, 3D hydrogen bonding and π-electron interactions, these salts are excellent in both detonation performance (D = 8709 to 9314 m s-1 and P = 29.9 to 35.6 GPa) and thermal stability (Td = 193.0-232.2 °C). The hydrazine salt (2) exhibits high detonation properties (D = 9314 m s-1 and P = 35.6 GPa), due to its high density (ρ = 1.71 g cm-3) and high heat of formation (ΔfH = 563.2 kJ mol-1 = 3.19 kJ g-1). In addition, the high thermal stability (Td = 232.0 °C) and low mechanical sensitivity (IS = 30 J and FS = 360 N) of 2 are also unmatched by HMX and TKX-50. These improved properties demonstrate the great promise of 2 as an insensitive high-energy explosive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
| | - Yaqi Qin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
| | - Qiuhan Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
| | - Yuangang Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
The Structure of Biologically Active Functionalized Azoles: NMR Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemistry. MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry8050052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the data on the stereochemical structure of functionalized azoles (pyrazoles, imidazoles, triazoles, thiazoles, and benzazoles) and related compounds obtained by multipulse and multinuclear 1H, 13C, 15N NMR spectroscopy and quantum chemistry. The stereochemistry of functionalized azoles is a challenging topic of theoretical research, as the correct interpretation of their chemical behavior and biological activity depends on understanding the factors that determine the stereochemical features and relative stability of their tautomers. NMR spectroscopy, in combination with quantum chemical calculations, is the most convenient and reliable approach to the evaluation of the stereochemical behavior of, in particular, nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic and heterocyclic compounds. Over the last decade, 15N NMR spectroscopy has become almost an express method for the determination of the structure of nitrogen-containing heterocycles.
Collapse
|