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Zhang R, Tang C, Yang S, Li P, Han H, Wu Y, Wu G, Zhao X, Liu BT, Lei SN, Tang B, Liu E, Xing YK, Stern CL, Malliakas CD, Stoddart JF. Double-Walled Mesoporous Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks with High Methane Storage Capacity. J Am Chem Soc 2025; 147:16412-16419. [PMID: 40297906 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5c02705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2025]
Abstract
The development of mesoporous hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) is critically important for various applications, yet it poses significant challenges. Herein, we present the synthesis and characterization of a robust mesoporous HOF, RP-H200, constructed through the orchestration of π-π stacking and hydrogen bonding interactions in a 2-fold interpenetrated framework. RP-H200 features a unique double-walled structure with a pore size of 3.6 nm, representing the largest pore size among reported HOFs to date. The framework exhibits a high surface area of 2313 m2 g-1, with aromatic surfaces dominating the mesoporous channels. The methane storage performance of RP-H200 reaches a high capacity of 0.31 g g-1 at 270 K/100 bar and 0.25 g g-1 at 296 K/100 bar. The combination of large permanent mesoporosity, excellent thermal stability, and high surface area in RP-H200 makes it a promising candidate for clean energy storage and other functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chun Tang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Shuliang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- College of Energy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Penghao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Han Han
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Guangcheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xueze Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Bai-Tong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Sheng-Nan Lei
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Bohan Tang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Enxu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yi-Kang Xing
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charlotte L Stern
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Christos D Malliakas
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Regenerative Nanomedicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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Yuan F, Li Y, Yuan Z, Li L, Chen C, He L, Lin H, Fan X, Chen B, Xiang S, Zhang Z. A Grafting Hydrogen-bonded Organic Framework for Benchmark Selectivity of C 2H 2/CO 2 Separation under Ambient Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025; 64:e202414215. [PMID: 39431500 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202414215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 10/14/2024] [Accepted: 10/17/2024] [Indexed: 10/22/2024]
Abstract
Reticular chemistry and pore engineering have garnered significant advancements in metal-organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks, leveraging robust metal-coordination and covalent bonds. However, these achievements remain elusive in hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks, hindered by their inherent weakness in hydrogen bonding. Herein, we strategically manipulate the porosity of hydrogen-bonded frameworks through a grafting approach, culminating in the synthesis of two isomorphic HOFs, HOF-FJU-99 and HOF-FJU-100, with distinct pore environments. Remarkably, HOF-FJU-100, with its microporous architecture, not only showcases exceptional stability but also achieves unparalleled separation efficiency and ultrahigh selectivity for C2H2/CO2 mixtures (50/50, v/v) under ambient conditions. Its IAST selectivity value of 201 stands as a benchmark, towering over all previously reported HOFs. The pore of HOF-FJU-100 boasts an electrostatic potential highly favourable for C2H2 adsorption, as evidenced by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealing multiple hydrogen bonding interactions between C2H2 molecules and the framework. In situ gas-carrier powder X-ray diffraction analysis underscores the adaptability of pore structure, dynamically adjusting its orientation in response to C2H2, thereby enabling a highly efficient and specific separation of C2H2/CO2 mixtures through specific adsorptive interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furong Yuan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yunbin Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lu Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chenxin Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lei He
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xi Fan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Banglin Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shengchang Xiang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhangjing Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
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Hou W, Li J, Tuo K, Liu G, Li Z, Pu S, Fan C. A europium (III) functionalized hydrogen-bonded organic framework for sensitively ratiometric fluorescent sensing of tetracycline. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:5753-5762. [PMID: 39261331 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05494-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
As a kind of antibiotic, tetracycline (TC) might remain in animal blood and milk products during use, which poses a risk to humans after consumption. Therefore, a ratiometric fluorescence probe was proposed for the detection of TC, which was based on an Eu3+ functionalized hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF). Since there are a large number of N and O atoms in the skeleton of HOF, more Eu3+ could be loaded onto HOF by forming coordinate bonds, while preserving the fluorescence of luminol monomer in HOF. In the presence of TC, the fluorescence of luminol monomer was attenuated at 425 nm due to inner filter effect (IFE), while TC selectively enhanced the fluorescence peak at 617 nm of Eu3+ under the influence of antenna effect (AE). This highly sensitive probe could detect TC in the range of 0.1-60 μM and had a low limit of detection of 8.51 nM. Besides, the HOF@Eu probe was able to detect TC in actual samples (milk and tap water) with good recoveries (95.09%-111.51%) and precision (R < 4.78%), indicating this probe has great application potential for the detection of TC in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Hou
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Jin Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Kai Tuo
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Zhijian Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
| | - Shouzhi Pu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
- YuZhang Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, PR China.
| | - Congbin Fan
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
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Hu Z, Yan B. Machine Learning-Assisted Eu(III)-Functionalized HOF-on-HOF Composite-Based Sensor Platform for Precise and Visual Identification of Multiple Pesticides. Anal Chem 2024; 96:14248-14256. [PMID: 39167046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Precise and rapid identification of pesticides is crucial to ensure a green environment, food safety, and human health. However, complex sample environments often hinder precise identification, especially for simultaneous differentiation of multiple pesticides. Herein, we first synthesize a Eu(III)-functionalized HOF-on-HOF composite (Eu@PFC-1@MA-TPA) and then utilize principal component analysis (PCA) and a machine learning (ML) algorithm to achieve simultaneous identification of the pesticides 2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline (DCN) and thiabendazole (TBZ) and their mixtures. Eu@PFC-1@MA-TPA displays high quantitative identification ability, which can distinguish single DCN and TBZ as low as 1 μM and their mixtures at 5 μM through PCA. In addition, the hydrogel film Eu@PFC-1@MA-TPA/AG is fabricated to monitor DCN and TBZ in drinking water, tap water, river water, and apple juice with high sensitivity. Furthermore, based on the obvious fluorescence color variance of pesticides, Eu@PFC-1@MA-TPA/AG achieves visual and in situ imaging detection of single DCN and TBZ and their mixtures. More importantly, we construct an intelligent artificial vision platform integrating Eu@PFC-1@MA-TPA/AG with a DenseNet algorithm, which can identify the concentrations and types of DCN and TBZ and their mixtures within 1 s with over 98% accuracy. This work develops a precise and rapid analysis method for simultaneous identification of multiple pesticides through combining a visualized fluorescence sensor and an ML algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqian Hu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bing Yan
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, China
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Li J, Chen B. Flexible hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs): opportunities and challenges. Chem Sci 2024; 15:9874-9892. [PMID: 38966355 PMCID: PMC11220619 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02628d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Flexible behavior is one of the most fascinating features of hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs), which represent an emerging class of porous materials that are self-assembled via H-bonding between organic building units. Due to their unique flexibility, HOFs can undergo structural changes or transformations in response to various stimuli (physical or chemical). Taking advantage of this unique structural feature, flexible HOFs show potential in multifunctional applications such as gas storage/separation, molecular recognition, sensing, proton conductivity, biomedicine, etc. While some other flexible porous materials have been extensively studied, the dynamic behavior of HOFs remains relatively less explored. This perspective highlights the inherent flexible properties of HOFs, discusses their different flexible behaviors, including pore size/shape changes, interpenetration/stacking manner, H-bond breaking/reconstruction, and local dynamic behavior, and highlights their potential applications. We believe that this perspective will not only contribute to HOF chemistry and materials science, but will also facilitate the ongoing extensive research on dynamic porous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantang Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University Jinhua 321004 P. R. China
| | - Banglin Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University Jinhua 321004 P. R. China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, Fujian Normal University Fujian 350007 P. R. China
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Liu X, Liu G, Fu T, Ding K, Guo J, Wang Z, Xia W, Shangguan H. Structural Design and Energy and Environmental Applications of Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks: A Systematic Review. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2400101. [PMID: 38647267 PMCID: PMC11165539 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) are emerging porous materials that show high structural flexibility, mild synthetic conditions, good solution processability, easy healing and regeneration, and good recyclability. Although these properties give them many potential multifunctional applications, their frameworks are unstable due to the presence of only weak and reversible hydrogen bonds. In this work, the development history and synthesis methods of HOFs are reviewed, and categorize their structural design concepts and strategies to improve their stability. More importantly, due to the significant potential of the latest HOF-related research for addressing energy and environmental issues, this work discusses the latest advances in the methods of energy storage and conversion, energy substance generation and isolation, environmental detection and isolation, degradation and transformation, and biological applications. Furthermore, a discussion of the coupling orientation of HOF in the cross-cutting fields of energy and environment is presented for the first time. Finally, current challenges, opportunities, and strategies for the development of HOFs to advance their energy and environmental applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Liu
- Department of Resources and EnvironmentMoutai InstituteRenhuai564507China
| | - Guangli Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Tao Fu
- College of Environmental Sciences and EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Keren Ding
- AgResearchRuakura Research CentreHamilton3240New Zealand
| | - Jinrui Guo
- College of Environmental Science and EngineeringTongji UniversityShanghai200092China
| | - Zhenran Wang
- School of Environmental Science and EngineeringSouthwest Jiaotong UniversityChengdu611756China
| | - Wei Xia
- Department of Resources and EnvironmentMoutai InstituteRenhuai564507China
| | - Huayuan Shangguan
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and HealthInstitute of Urban EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXiamen361021China
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Xi XJ, Li Y, Lang F, Pang J, Bu XH. Reticular synthesis of 8-connected carboxyl hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks for white-light-emission. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4529-4537. [PMID: 38516073 PMCID: PMC10952064 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06410g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The rational design and construction of hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) are crucial for enabling their practical applications, but controlling their structure and preparation as intended remains challenging. Inspired by reticular chemistry, two novel blue-emitting NKM-HOF-1 and NKM-HOF-2 were successfully constructed based on two judiciously designed peripherally extended pentiptycene carboxylic acids, namely H8PEP-OBu and H8PEP-OMe, respectively. The large pores within these two HOFs can adsorb fluorescent molecules such as diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) and 9-anthraldehyde (AnC) to form HOFs ⊃ DPP/AnC composites, subsequently used in the fabrication of white-light-emitting devices (WLEDs). Specifically, two WLEDs were assembled by coating NKM-HOF-1 ⊃ DPP-0.13/AnC-3.5 and NKM-HOF-2 ⊃ DPP-0.12/AnC-3 on a 330 nm ultraviolet LED bulb, respectively. The corresponding CIE coordinates were (0.29, 0.33) and (0.32, 0.34), along with corresponding color temperatures of 7815 K and 6073 K. This work effectively demonstrates the feasibility of employing reticular chemistry strategies to predict and design HOFs with specific topologies for targeted applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Juan Xi
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, TKL of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Feifan Lang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, TKL of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Jiandong Pang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, TKL of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Xian-He Bu
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, TKL of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
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Yang C, Yan B. Dual-Function Platform Based on Postsynthetic Functionalization of a Water-Stable Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework: Ratiometric Sensing of Nicotine and Cotinine and Dynamic Anticounterfeiting for Information Encryption. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:20458-20466. [PMID: 38032229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine and its major metabolite cotinine are widely used as markers of tobacco smoke abstinence as well as indicators of active smoking levels and the assessment of passive inhalation of tobacco smoke in nonsmokers. Therefore, using an easy-to-prepare sensing platform that can provide a rapid, highly sensitive response for the simultaneous detection of salivary nicotine levels and urinary cotinine levels is especially crucial for helping heavy cigarette smokers quit smoking and protecting public health. Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks, as a novel class of porous crystalline materials, show immense potential for functional modification and optical sensing. Herein, a new HOF was prepared by a simple solvent evaporation method, and a dual-emitting material Eu(bpy)@HOF-215(1) was obtained by the postsynthetic modification of HOF by lanthanide luminescent complexes, which maintains favorable structural stability and introduces the characteristic emitting of Eu, allowing use as a ratiometric fluorescent sensor for salivary nicotine and urinary cotinine, with a limit of detection of nicotine of 0.045 μM in saliva and a limit of detection of cotinine of 0.591 μM in urine. Furthermore, luminescent inks based on HOF-215 have been fabricated based on the photoresponse variations of 1 to NIC and COT, which enables the multilevel encryption and decryption of information, in a dynamic and recyclable process. This work not only synthesizes a novel blue HOF but also provides a representative successful case of a dual-function platform for simultaneous application to ratiometric sensing and dynamic anticounterfeiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, China
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Hu Z, Yan B. Portable, Intelligent Fluorescence Sensing Platform for Dense Convolutional Network-Capable Detection of Indophenol Sulfate and Methylmalonic Acid Using a Luminescent Eu@HOF Film. ACS Sens 2023; 8:4344-4352. [PMID: 37944941 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Indophenol sulfate (IS) and methylmalonic acid (MMA) are biomarkers of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diabetes polyneuropathy (DPN), respectively. Portable and accurate monitoring of IS and MMA is very important to ensuring human health. The dense convolutional network (DenseNet) with image recognition has great potential in fluorescence sensing, but developing a platform with high precision and portability to diagnose the disease still faces huge challenges. Herein, we developed a high-sensitivity platform with a fluorescence material, a smartphone, and the DenseNet to monitor IS and MMA. A red-emitting Eu@PFC-13 (1) is prepared, and 1 shows high selectivity and low detection limits (DLs) to detect IS and MMA. The sensing mechanism of 1 toward IS and MMA is investigated by experiments and theoretical calculation. For detecting IS and MMA in serum and urine, 1 is fabricated into an Eu@PFC-13/AG (2) film with DLs of 1.4 and 1.6 μM, respectively. In addition, a portable smartphone platform is designed to monitor IS and MMA with high precision. Moreover, the DenseNet is constructed by Python, which can output the concentration of analytes by identifying fluorescence images and judge whether any is in a dangerous range. This work not only proposes a novel method that integrates a fluorescence material, a smartphone, and deep learning to detect analytes but also opens a new way for the diagnosis of CKD and DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqian Hu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bing Yan
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, China
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Application of Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks in Environmental Remediation: Recent Advances and Future Trends. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10030196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) are a class of porous materials with crystalline frame structures, which are self-assembled from organic structures by hydrogen bonding in non-covalent bonds π-π packing and van der Waals force interaction. HOFs are widely used in environmental remediation due to their high specific surface area, ordered pore structure, pore modifiability, and post-synthesis adjustability of various physical and chemical forms. This work summarizes some rules for constructing stable HOFs and the synthesis of HOF-based materials (synthesis of HOFs, metallized HOFs, and HOF-derived materials). In addition, the applications of HOF-based materials in the field of environmental remediation are introduced, including adsorption and separation (NH3, CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2, C2H2/C2He and CeH6, C2H2/CO2, Xe/Kr, etc.), heavy metal and radioactive metal adsorption, organic dye and pesticide adsorption, energy conversion (producing H2 and CO2 reduced to CO), organic dye degradation and pollutant sensing (metal ion, aniline, antibiotic, explosive steam, etc.). Finally, the current challenges and further studies of HOFs (such as functional modification, molecular simulation, application extension as remediation of contaminated soil, and cost assessment) are discussed. It is hoped that this work will help develop widespread applications for HOFs in removing a variety of pollutants from the environment.
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Liu S, Chen H, Fan L, Zhang X. Highly Robust {In 2}-Organic Framework for Efficiently Catalyzing CO 2 Cycloaddition and Knoevenagel Condensation. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:3562-3572. [PMID: 36791403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
To improve the catalytic performance of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), creating higher defects is now considered as the most effective strategy, which can not only optimize the Lewis acidity of metal ions but also create more pore space to enhance diffusion and mass transfer in the channels. Herein, the exquisite combination of scarcely reported [In2(CO2)5(H2O)2(DMF)2] clusters and 2,6-bis(2,4-dicarboxylphenyl)-4-(4-carboxylphenyl)pyridine (H5BDCP) under solvothermal conditions generated a highly robust nanoporous framework of {[In2(BDCP)(DMF)2(H2O)2](NO3)}n (NUC-65) with nanocaged voids (14.1 Å) and rectangular nanochannels (15.94 Å × 11.77 Å) along the a axis. It is worth mentioning that an In(1) ion displays extremely low tetra-coordination modes after the thermal removal of its associated four solvent molecules of H2O and DMF. Activated {[In2(BDCP)](Br)}n (NUC-65Br), as a defective material because of its extremely unsaturated metal centers, could be generated by bromine ion exchange, solvent exchange, and vacuum drying. Catalytic experiments proved that the conversion of epichlorohydrin with 1 atm CO2 into 4-(chloromethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-one catalyzed by 0.11 mol % NUC-65Br could reach 99% at 65 °C within 24 h. Moreover, with the aid of 5 mol % cocatalyst n-Bu4NBr, heterogeneous NUC-65Br owns excellent universal catalytic performance in most epoxides under mild conditions. In addition, NUC-65Br, as a heterogeneous catalyst, exhibits higher activity and better selectivity for Knoevenagel condensation of aldehydes and malononitrile. Hence, this work offers a fresh insight into the design of structure defect cationic metal-organic frameworks, which can be better applied to various fields because of their promoted performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shurong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongtai Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiutang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, People's Republic of China
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Thermally Crosslinked Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework Membranes for Highly Selective Ion Separation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052173. [PMID: 36903421 PMCID: PMC10004400 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The weak bonding energy and flexibility of hydrogen bonds can hinder the long-term use of hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF) materials under harsh conditions. Here we invented a thermal-crosslinking method to form polymer materials based on a diamino triazine (DAT) HOF (FDU-HOF-1), containing high-density hydrogen bonding of N-H⋯N. With the increase of temperature to 648 K, the formation of -NH- bonds between neighboring HOF tectons by releasing NH3 was observed based on the disappearance of the characteristic peaks of amino groups on FDU-HOF-1 in the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ss-NMR). The variable temperature PXRD indicated the formation of a new peak at 13.2° in addition to the preservation of the original diffraction peaks of FDU-HOF-1. The water adsorption, acid-base stability (12 M HCl to 20 M NaOH) and solubility experiments concluded that the thermally crosslinked HOFs (TC-HOFs) are highly stable. The membranes fabricated by TC-HOF demonstrate the permeation rate of K+ ions as high as 270 mmol m-2 h-1 as well as high selectivity of K+/Mg2+ (50) and Na+/Mg2+ (40), which was comparable to Nafion membranes. This study provides guidance for the future design of highly stable crystalline polymer materials based on HOFs.
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Xing S, Cheng S, Tan M. Multi-emitter metal-organic frameworks as ratiometric luminescent sensors for food contamination and spoilage detection. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 64:7028-7044. [PMID: 36794423 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2179594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Food contamination and spoilage is a worldwide concern considering its adverse effect on public health and food security. Real time monitoring food quality can reduce the risk of foodborne disease to consumers. Particularly, the emergence of multi-emitter luminescent metal-organic frameworks (LMOFs) as ratiometric sensory materials has provided the possibility for food quality and safety detection with high sensitivity and selectivity taking advantage of specific host-guest interactions, pre-concentrating and molecule-sieving effects of MOFs. Furthermore, the excellent sensing performance of multi-emitter MOF-based ratiometric sensors including self-calibration, multi-dimensional recognition and visual signal readout is able to meet the increasing rigor requirement of food safety evaluation. Multi-emitter MOF-based ratiometric sensors have become the focus of food safety detection. This review focuses on design strategies for different multiple emission sources assembly to construct multi-emitter MOFs materials based on at least two emitting centers. The design strategies for creating multi-emitter MOFs can be mainly classified into three categories: (1) multiple emission building blocks assembly in a single MOF phase; (2) single non-luminescent MOF or LMOF phase as a matrix for chromophore guest(s); (3) heterostructured hybrids of LMOF with other luminescent materials. In addition, the sensing signal output modes of multi-emitter MOF-based ratiometric sensors have critically discussed. Next, we highlight the recent progress for the development of multi-emitter MOF as ratiometric sensors in food contamination and spoilage detection. Their future improvement and advancing direction potential for their practical application is finally discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanghua Xing
- Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Shasha Cheng
- Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Mingqian Tan
- Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
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Lin ZJ, Mahammed SAR, Liu TF, Cao R. Multifunctional Porous Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks: Current Status and Future Perspectives. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:1589-1608. [PMID: 36589879 PMCID: PMC9801510 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs), self-assembled from organic or metalated organic building blocks (also termed as tectons) by hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking, and other intermolecular interactions, have become an emerging class of multifunctional porous materials. So far, a library of HOFs with high porosity has been synthesized based on versatile tectons and supramolecular synthons. Benefiting from the flexibility and reversibility of H-bonds, HOFs feature high structural flexibility, mild synthetic reaction, excellent solution processability, facile healing, easy regeneration, and good recyclability. However, the flexible and reversible nature of H-bonds makes most HOFs suffer from poor structural designability and low framework stability. In this Outlook, we first describe the development and structural features of HOFs and summarize the design principles of HOFs and strategies to enhance their stability. Second, we highlight the state-of-the-art development of HOFs for diverse applications, including gas storage and separation, heterogeneous catalysis, biological applications, sensing, proton conduction, and other applications. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu-Jin Lin
- State
Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research
on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
- College
of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and
Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Shaheer A. R. Mahammed
- State
Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research
on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Tian-Fu Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research
on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
- Fujian
Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic
Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
| | - Rong Cao
- State
Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research
on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
- Fujian
Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic
Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
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Zhang Z, Ye Y, Xiang S, Chen B. Exploring Multifunctional Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework Materials. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:3752-3766. [PMID: 36454588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF) materials have provided a new dimension and bright promise as a new platform for developing multifunctional materials. They can be readily self-assembled from their corresponding organic molecules with diverse functional sites such as carboxylic acid and amine groups for their hydrogen bonding and aromatic ones for their weak π···π interactions to stabilize the frameworks. Compared with those established porous materials such as zeolites, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and covalent-organic frameworks (COFs), it is much more difficult to stabilize HOFs and thus establish their permanent porosities given the fact that hydrogen bonds are typically weaker than ionic, coordination, and covalent bonds. But it provides the uniqueness of HOF materials in which they can be easily recovered and regenerated through simple recrystallization. HOF materials can also be easily and straightforwardly processed and very compatible with the biomolecules, making them potentially very useful materials for industrial and biomedical applications. The reversible and weak bonding nature of the hydrogen bonds can be readily utilized to construct flexible porous HOF materials in which we can tune the temperature and pressure to control their porosities and, thus, their diverse applications, for example, on gas separations, gas storage, drug delivery, and sensing. Some specific organic functional groups are quite directional for the hydrogen bond formations; for example, carboxylic acid prefers to form a directional dimer, which has enabled us to readily construct reticular porous HOF materials whose pores can be systematically tuned. In this Account, we outline our journey of exploring this new type of porous material by establishing one of the first porous HOFs in 2011 and thus developing its diverse applications. We have been able to use organic molecules with different functional sites, including 2,4-diaminotriazine (DAT), carboxylic acid (COOH), aldehyde (CHO), and cyano (CN), to construct porous HOFs. Through tuning the pore sizes, introducing specific binding sites, and making use of the framework flexibility, we have realized a series of HOF materials for the gas separations of C2H2/C2H4, C2H4/C2H6, C3H6/C3H8, C2H2/CO2, CO2/N2, and Xe/Kr and enantioselective separation of alcohols. To make use of optically active organic molecules, we have developed HOF materials for their luminescent sensing and optical lasing. Our research endeavors on multifunctional HOF materials have initiated extensive research in this emerging research topic among chemistry and materials sciences communities. We foresee that not only many more HOF materials will be developed but novel functions will be fulfilled beyond our imaginations soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangjing Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, 32 Shangsan Road, Fuzhou 350007, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxiang Ye
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, 32 Shangsan Road, Fuzhou 350007, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengchang Xiang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, 32 Shangsan Road, Fuzhou 350007, People's Republic of China
| | - Banglin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249-0698, United States
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Ding X, Xie Y, Gao Q, Luo Y, Chen J, Ye G. Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks: Structural Design and Emerging Applications. Chemphyschem 2022; 24:e202200742. [PMID: 36461716 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Constructing well-organized organic frameworks with tailor-made functionalities potentially boost multi-domain applications. Hydrogen bonding (H-bonding) is a category of general and weak intermolecular interactions when compared with covalent bonding or metal-ligand coordination. Porous frameworks mainly assembled by H-bonding (named hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks, HOFs) are intrinsically capable of decomposing and regenerating, a distinctive advantage to improve their processability while expanding the applicability. This paper summarizes the basic building concepts of HOFs, including feasible hydrogen bonded motifs, effective molecular structures, and their emerging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Ding
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yilin Luo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Gang Ye
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Liu S, Chen H, Zhang X. Bifunctional {Pb 10K 2}–Organic Framework for High Catalytic Activity in Cycloaddition of CO 2 with Epoxides and Knoevenagel Condensation. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shurong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongtai Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiutang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, People’s Republic of China
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Recent advancements in the development of photo- and electro-active hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1333-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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19
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Chen H, Zhang T, Liu S, Lv H, Fan L, Zhang X. Fluorine-Functionalized NbO-Type {Cu 2}-Organic Framework: Enhanced Catalytic Performance on the Cycloaddition Reaction of CO 2 with Epoxides and Deacetalization-Knoevenagel Condensation. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:11949-11958. [PMID: 35839442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The high catalytic activity of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can be realized by increasing their effective active sites, which prompts us to perform the functionalization on selected linkers by introducing a strong Lewis basic group of fluorine. Herein, the exquisite combination of paddle-wheel [Cu2(CO2)4(H2O)] clusters and meticulously designed fluorine-funtionalized tetratopic 2',3'-difluoro-[p-terphenyl]-3,3″,5,5″-tetracarboxylic acid (F-H4ptta) engenders one peculiar nanocaged {Cu2}-organic framework of {[Cu2(F-ptta)(H2O)2]·5DMF·2H2O}n (NUC-54), which features two types of nanocaged voids (9.8 Å × 17.2 Å and 10.1 Å × 12.4 Å) shaped by 12 paddle-wheel [Cu2(COO)4H2O)2] secondary building units, leaving a calculated solvent-accessible void volume of 60.6%. Because of the introduction of plentifully Lewis base sites of fluorine groups, activated NUC-54a exhibits excellent catalytic performance on the cycloaddition reaction of CO2 with various epoxides under mild conditions. Moreover, to expand the catalytic scope, the deacetalization-Knoevenagel condensation reactions of benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal and malononitrile were performed using the heterogenous catalyst of NUC-54a. Also, NUC-54a features high recyclability and catalytic stability with excellent catalytic performance in subsequent catalytic tests. Therefore, this work not only puts forward a new solution for developing high-efficiency heterogeneous catalysts, but also enriches the functionalization strategies for nanoporous MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtai Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Materials Engineering, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030008, People's Republic of China
| | - Shurong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxiao Lv
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Fan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiutang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, People's Republic of China
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Song X, Wang Y, Wang C, Wang D, Zhuang G, Kirlikovali KO, Li P, Farha OK. Design Rules of Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks with High Chemical and Thermal Stabilities. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:10663-10687. [PMID: 35675383 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs), self-assembled from strategically pre-designed molecular tectons with complementary hydrogen-bonding patterns, are rapidly evolving into a novel and important class of porous materials. In addition to their common features shared with other functionalized porous materials constructed from modular building blocks, the intrinsically flexible and reversible H-bonding connections endow HOFs with straightforward purification procedures, high crystallinity, solution processability, and recyclability. These unique advantages of HOFs have attracted considerable attention across a broad range of fields, including gas adsorption and separation, catalysis, chemical sensing, and electrical and optical materials. However, the relatively weak H-bonding interactions within HOFs can potentially limit their stability and potential use in further applications. To that end, this Perspective highlights recent advances in the development of chemically and thermally robust HOF materials and systematically discusses relevant design rules and synthesis strategies to access highly stable HOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyu Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Guowei Zhuang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Kent O Kirlikovali
- Department of Chemistry, International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Peng Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry, International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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