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Zheng Z, Xie D, Liu X, Huang H, Zhang M, Cheng F. Regenerated Ni-Doped LiCoO 2 from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries as a Stable Cathode at 4.5 V. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:31137-31144. [PMID: 38856774 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
In the context of the increasing number of spent lithium-ion batteries, it is urgent to explore cathode regeneration and upcycling solutions to reduce environmental pollution, promote resource reuse, and meet the demand for high-energy cathode materials. Here, a closed-loop recycling method is introduced, which not only reclaims cobalt and lithium elements from spent lithium-ion batteries but also converts them into high-voltage LiCoO2 (LCO) materials. This approach involved pretreatment, chlorination roasting, water leaching, and ion doping to regenerate nickel-doped LCO (Ni-RLCO) materials. The doping of nickel effectively enhances the electrochemical stability of the LCO cathode at 4.5 V. The Ni-RLCO cathode exhibited a high discharge specific capacity of 185.28 mAh/g at a rate of 0.5 C with a capacity retention of 86.3% after 50 cycles and excellent rate capacity of 156.21 mAh/g at 2 C. This work offers a approach in significance for upcycling spent LCO into high-energy-density batteries with long-term cycling stability under high voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeqiang Zheng
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Xie
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochen Liu
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Huang
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, People's Republic of China
| | - Faliang Cheng
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, People's Republic of China
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Huang M, Wang M, Yang L, Wang Z, Yu H, Chen K, Han F, Chen L, Xu C, Wang L, Shao P, Luo X. Direct Regeneration of Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes: From Theoretical Study to Production Practice. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:207. [PMID: 38819753 PMCID: PMC11143129 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Direct regeneration method has been widely concerned by researchers in the field of battery recycling because of its advantages of in situ regeneration, short process and less pollutant emission. In this review, we firstly analyze the primary causes for the failure of three representative battery cathodes (lithium iron phosphate, layered lithium transition metal oxide and lithium cobalt oxide), targeting at illustrating their underlying regeneration mechanism and applicability. Efficient stripping of material from the collector to obtain pure cathode material has become a first challenge in recycling, for which we report several pretreatment methods currently available for subsequent regeneration processes. We review and discuss emphatically the research progress of five direct regeneration methods, including solid-state sintering, hydrothermal, eutectic molten salt, electrochemical and chemical lithiation methods. Finally, the application of direct regeneration technology in production practice is introduced, the problems exposed at the early stage of the industrialization of direct regeneration technology are revealed, and the prospect of future large-scale commercial production is proposed. It is hoped that this review will give readers a comprehensive and basic understanding of direct regeneration methods for used lithium-ion batteries and promote the industrial application of direct regeneration technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiting Huang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Wang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Yang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhihao Wang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoxuan Yu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, People's Republic of China
| | - Kechun Chen
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Han
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Advanced Carbon-based Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chenxi Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Advanced Carbon-based Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, People's Republic of China
| | - Penghui Shao
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, People's Republic of China
| | - Xubiao Luo
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, People's Republic of China.
- School of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, People's Republic of China.
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Ji H, Wang J, Ma J, Cheng HM, Zhou G. Fundamentals, status and challenges of direct recycling technologies for lithium ion batteries. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8194-8244. [PMID: 37886791 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00254c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Advancement in energy storage technologies is closely related to social development. However, a significant conflict has arisen between the explosive growth in battery demand and resource availability. Facing the upcoming large-scale disposal problem of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), their recycling technology development has become key. Emerging direct recycling has attracted widespread attention in recent years because it aims to 'repair' the battery materials, rather than break them down and extract valuable products from their components. To achieve this goal, a profound understanding of the failure mechanisms of spent LIB electrode materials is essential. This review summarizes the failure mechanisms of LIB cathode and anode materials and the direct recycling strategies developed. We systematically explore the correlation between the failure mechanism and the required repair process to achieve efficient and even upcycling of spent LIB electrode materials. Furthermore, we systematically introduce advanced in situ characterization techniques that can be utilized for investigating direct recycling processes. We then compare different direct recycling strategies, focussing on their respective advantages and disadvantages and their applicability to different materials. It is our belief that this review will offer valuable guidelines for the design and selection of LIB direct recycling methods in future endeavors. Finally, the opportunities and challenges for the future of battery direct recycling technology are discussed, paving the way for its further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haocheng Ji
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Junxiong Wang
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering & Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Mukai K. Stacking Fault Formation in LiNi 0.6Co 0.2Mn 0.2O 2 during Cycling: Fundamental Insights into the Direct Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:41897-41908. [PMID: 37970059 PMCID: PMC10634112 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
As the global marketplace for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) proliferates, technologies for efficient and environmentally friendly recycling, i.e., direct recycling, of spent LIBs are urgently required. In this contribution, we elucidated the mechanisms underlying the degradation that occurs during the cycling of a Li/LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 (NCM622) cell. The results provided fundamental insights into the optimum procedures for direct recycling using a recently developed, state-of-the-art positive electrode material. Capacity fade in NCM622 was induced by cycling at high voltages above 4.6 V vs Li+/Li, during which the rhombohedral symmetry approached cubic symmetry. The selective line broadening and peak shifts that appeared in the X-ray diffraction patterns after cycling indicated the formation of stacking faults along the ch-axis. In addition, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy clarified that rock-salt domains were located on the NCM622 surface before and after cycling. These structural analyses confirmed that the NCM622 particles degrade not at their surfaces but rather in the bulk, contradicting previous reports where degradation during cycling is mainly caused by rock-salt domains on the surface. Material regeneration processes involving the restoration of the original stacking sequence are essential for effective direct recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Mukai
- Toyota Central Research and Development
Laboratories, Incorporated,
41−1 Yokomichi, Nagakute Aichi 480−1192, Japan
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Chen Z, Wang T, Liu M, Duan P, Xiong F, Zhou Y, Yan Z, Yang W, Chen H, Yang Z, Li C. Polycrystal Li 2ZnTi 3O 8/C anode with lotus seedpod structure for high-performance lithium storage. Front Chem 2023; 11:1135325. [PMID: 37228863 PMCID: PMC10203149 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1135325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Lotus-seedpod structured Li2ZnTi3O8/C (P-LZTO) microspheres obtained by the molten salt method are reported for the first time. The received phase-pure Li2ZnTi3O8 nanoparticles are inserted into the carbon matrix homogeneously to form a Lotus-seedpod structure, as confirmed by the morphological and structural measurements. As the anode for lithium-ion batteries, the P-LZTO material demonstrates excellent electrochemical performance with a high rate capacity of 193.2 mAh g-1 at 5 A g-1 and long-term cyclic stability up to 300 cycles at 1 A g-1. After even 300 cyclings, the P-LZTO particles can maintain their morphological and structural integrity. The superior electrochemical performances have arisen from the unique structure where the polycrystalline structure is beneficial for shorting the lithium-ion diffusion path, while the well-encapsulated carbon matrix can not only enhance the electronic conductivity of the composite but also alleviate the stress anisotropy during lithiation/delithiation process, leading to well-preserved particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanjun Chen
- Modern Industry School of Advanced Ceramics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine Ceramics and Powder Materials, School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Meihuang Liu
- Modern Industry School of Advanced Ceramics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine Ceramics and Powder Materials, School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, China
| | - Panyu Duan
- Modern Industry School of Advanced Ceramics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine Ceramics and Powder Materials, School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, China
| | - Feng Xiong
- Modern Industry School of Advanced Ceramics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine Ceramics and Powder Materials, School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Modern Industry School of Advanced Ceramics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine Ceramics and Powder Materials, School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, China
| | - Zhenyu Yan
- Modern Industry School of Advanced Ceramics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine Ceramics and Powder Materials, School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Modern Industry School of Advanced Ceramics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine Ceramics and Powder Materials, School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, China
| | - Han Chen
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
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Yang G, Huang L, Song J, Cong G, Zhang X, Huang Y, Wang J, Wang Y, Gao X, Geng L. Enhanced Cyclability of LiNi 0.6Co 0.2Mn 0.2O 2 Cathodes by Integrating a Spinel Interphase in the Grain Boundary. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:1592-1600. [PMID: 36541194 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nickel-rich layered oxides are promising cathode materials for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries. Unfortunately, the interfacial instability and intergranular cracks result in fast capacity fading and voltage fading during battery cycling. To address these issues, a coherent spinel interphase in the grain boundary of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 (NCM) was successfully constructed via solution infusion and heat treatment. The results showed that the spinel (LiMn2O4) interphase could significantly reduce the formation of intergranular cracks during cycling. Meanwhile, the spinel structure on the primary particles effectively suppressed surface degradation, realizing the reduction of interface charge-transfer resistance and electrochemical polarization. As a result, the spinel-modified NCM cathode materials display superior electrochemical cyclability. The 1 wt % spinel phase-modified NCM delivers a discharge capacity of 154.1 mAh g-1 after 300 cycles (1 C, 3-4.3 V) with an excellent capacity retention of 93%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobo Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P.R. China
- Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Lujun Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P.R. China
| | - Jinpeng Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P.R. China
| | - Guanghui Cong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P.R. China
| | - Yating Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P.R. China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Chongqing Talent New Energy Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401133, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
- Chongqing Talent New Energy Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401133, P.R. China
| | - Lin Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P.R. China
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