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Bi D, Qu N, Sheng W, Lin T, Huang S, Wang L, Li R. Tough and Strain-Sensitive Organohydrogels Based on MXene and PEDOT/PSS and Their Effects on Mechanical Properties and Strain-Sensing Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:11914-11929. [PMID: 38383343 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels have shown promising application prospects in the field of flexible sensors, but they often suffer from poor mechanical properties, low sensitivity, and lack of frost resistance. Herein, we report a tough, highly sensitive, and antifreeze strain sensor assembled from a conductive organohydrogel composed of a dual-cross-linked polyacrylamide and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) network, as well as MXene nanosheets as nanofillers and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-doped poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS) as the main conducting component (PPMP-OH organohydrogel). The tensile strength and toughness of PPMP-OH had been greatly enhanced by MXene nanosheets due to the mechanical reinforcement of MXene nanosheets, as well as various strong noncovalent interactions formed in the organohydrogels. The PPM1P-OH organohydrogels showed a tensile strength of 1.48 MPa at 772% and a toughness of 5.59 MJ/m3. Moreover, the conductivity and strain-sensing performance of PPMP-OH were significantly improved by PEDOT/PSS, which can form hydrogen bonds with PVA and electrostatic interactions with MXene. This was greatly beneficial for constructing a uniformly distributed and stable 3D conductive network and helped to obtain strain-dependent resistance of PPMP-OH. The strain sensors assembled from PPMP1-OH exhibited a high sensitivity of 5.16, a wide range of detectable strains up to 500%, and a short response time of 122 ms, which can effectively detect various physiological activities of the human body with high stability. In addition, the corresponding pressure sensor array also showed high sensitivity in identifying pressure magnitude and position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejin Bi
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Na Qu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Weiqin Sheng
- School of Electronic Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Tenghao Lin
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Sanqing Huang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Lie Wang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Renhong Li
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
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2
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Wu Y, Zhang Y, Liao Z, Wen J, Zhang H, Wu H, Liu Z, Shi Y, Song P, Tang L, Xue H, Gao J. Water vapor assisted aramid nanofiber reinforcement for strong, tough and ionically conductive organohydrogels as high-performance strain sensors. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:1272-1282. [PMID: 38165275 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01560b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Conductive organohydrogels have gained increasing attention in wearable sensors, flexible batteries, and soft robots due to their exceptional environment adaptability and controllable conductivity. However, it is still difficult for conductive organohydrogels to achieve simultaneous improvement in mechanical and electrical properties. Here, we propose a novel "water vapor assisted aramid nanofiber (ANF) reinforcement" strategy to prepare robust and ionically conductive organohydrogels. Water vapor diffusion can induce the pre-gelation of the polymer solution and ensure the uniform dispersion of ANFs in organohydrogels. ANF reinforced organohydrogels have remarkable mechanical properties with a tensile strength, stretchability and toughness of up to 1.88 ± 0.04 MPa, 633 ± 30%, and 6.75 ± 0.38 MJ m-3, respectively. Furthermore, the organohydrogels exhibit great crack propagation resistance with the fracture energy and fatigue threshold as high as 3793 ± 167 J m-2 and ∼328 J m-2, respectively. As strain sensors, the conductive organohydrogel demonstrates a short response time of 112 ms, a large working strain and superior cycling stability (1200 cycles at 40% strain), enabling effective monitoring of a wide range of complex human motions. This study provides a new yet effective design strategy for high performance and multi-functional nanofiller reinforced organohydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchuan Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, No 180, Road Siwangting, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China.
| | - Ya Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, No 180, Road Siwangting, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China.
| | - Zimin Liao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, No 180, Road Siwangting, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China.
| | - Jing Wen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, No 180, Road Siwangting, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China.
| | - Hechuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, No 180, Road Siwangting, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China.
| | - Haidi Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, No 180, Road Siwangting, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China.
| | - Zhanqi Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, No 180, Road Siwangting, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China.
| | - Yongqian Shi
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Pingan Song
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Campus, QLD 4300, Australia
| | - Longcheng Tang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of MoE, Key Laboratory of Silicone Materials Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Huaiguo Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, No 180, Road Siwangting, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China.
| | - Jiefeng Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, No 180, Road Siwangting, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China.
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3
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Luo Y, Fan H, Lai X, Zeng Z, Lan X, Lin P, Tang L, Wang W, Chen Y, Tang Y. Flexible liquid metal-based microfluidic strain sensors with fractal-designed microchannels for monitoring human motion and physiological signals. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 246:115905. [PMID: 38056340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid advancement of wearable electronics, there is an increasing demand for high-performance flexible strain sensors. In this work, a flexible strain sensor based on liquid metal (LM)-integrated into a microfluidic device is developed with Peano-type fractal structure design. Compared with the microfluidic sensors with straight and wavy microchannels, the sensor with Peano-shaped channels shows lower hysteresis and improved stretchability. Furthermore, the increase of the fractal order can further improve the sensing performances. The third-order Peano sensor exhibits excellent mechanical and electrical properties, including high tensile capability (490.3%), minimal hysteresis (DH = 0.86%), ultra-low detection limit (0.1%), low overshoot, rapid response time (117 ms), as well as good stability and durability. By adding two independent and perpendicular straight channels to the Peano sensing unit, the feasibility of multi-directional strain recognition is demonstrated. To further improve the sensitivity of the Peano-shaped sensor, a multi-layer Peano sensor is developed, exhibiting remarkably enhanced sensitivity while maintaining low hysteresis. Overall, the developed LM-based microfluidic strain sensors enrolling Peano fractal geometry hold high potential for various wearable electronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Luo
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hao Fan
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiangjie Lai
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zu'an Zeng
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xingzi Lan
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Peiran Lin
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Linjun Tang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yong Chen
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Yadong Tang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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4
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Li J, Yao Z, Meng X, Zhang X, Wang Z, Wang J, Ma G, Liu L, Zhang J, Niu S, Han Z, Ren L. High-Fidelity, Low-Hysteresis Bionic Flexible Strain Sensors for Soft Machines. ACS NANO 2024; 18:2520-2530. [PMID: 38197377 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Stretchable flexible strain sensors based on conductive elastomers are rapidly emerging as a highly promising candidate for popular wearable flexible electronic and soft-mechanical sensing devices. However, due to the intrinsic limitations of low fidelity and high hysteresis, existing flexible strain sensors are unable to exploit their full application potential. Herein, a design strategy for a successive three-dimensional crack conductive network is proposed to cope with the uncoordinated variation of the output resistance signal arising from the conductive elastomer. The electrical characteristics of the sensor are dominated by the successive crack conductive network through a greater resistance variation and a concise sensing mechanism. As a result, the developed elastomer bionic strain sensors exhibit excellent sensing performance in terms of a smaller overshoot response, a lower hysteresis (∼2.9%), and an ultralow detection limit (0.00179%). What's more, the proposed strategy is universal and applicable to many conductive elastomers with different conductive fillers (including 0-D, 1-D, and 2-D conductive fillers). This approach improves the sensing signal accuracy and reliability of conductive elastomer strain sensors and holds promising potential for various applications in the fields of e-skin and soft robotic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhongwen Yao
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Xiancun Meng
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xiangxiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Ze Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- Weihai Institute for Bionics, Jilin University, Weihai 264200, China
| | - Jingxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Guoliang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Linpeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Junqiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- Weihai Institute for Bionics, Jilin University, Weihai 264200, China
- Institute of Structured and Architected Materials, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang 110167, China
| | - Shichao Niu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- Weihai Institute for Bionics, Jilin University, Weihai 264200, China
- Institute of Structured and Architected Materials, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang 110167, China
| | - Zhiwu Han
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- Weihai Institute for Bionics, Jilin University, Weihai 264200, China
- Institute of Structured and Architected Materials, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang 110167, China
| | - Luquan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
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Wang Y, Song L, Wang Q, Wang L, Li S, Du H, Wang C, Wang Y, Xue P, Nie WC, Wang X, Tang S. Multifunctional acetylated distarch phosphate based conducting hydrogel with high stretchability, ultralow hysteresis and fast response for wearable strain sensors. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 318:121106. [PMID: 37479435 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of flexible sensors has greatly increased the demand for high-performance hydrogels. However, it remains a challenge to fabricate flexible hydrogel sensors with high stretching, low hysteresis, excellent adhesion, good conductivity, sensing characteristics and bacteriostatic function in a simple way. Herein, a highly conducting double network hydrogel is presented by incorporating lithium chloride (LiCl) into the hydrogel consisting of poly (2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid/acrylamide/acrylic acid) (3A) network and acetylated distarch phosphate (ADSP). The addition of ADSP not only formed hydrogen bonds with 3A to improve the toughness of the hydrogel but also plays the role of "physical cross-linking" in 3A by "anchoring" the polymer molecular chains together. Tuning the composition of the hydrogel allows the attainment of the best functions, such as high stretchability (∼770 %), ultralow hysteresis (2.2 %, ε = 100 %), excellent electrical conductivity (2.9 S/m), strain sensitivity (GF = 3.0 at 200-500 % strain) and fast response (96 ms). Based on the above performance, the 3A/ADSP/LiCl hydrogel strain sensor can repeatedly and stably detect and monitor large-scale human movements and subtle sensing signals. In addition, the 3A/ADSP/LiCl hydrogel shows a good biocompatibility and bacteriostatic ability. This work provides an effective strategy for constructing the conductive hydrogels for wearable devices and flexible sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, No. 7166, Baotong West Road, Weifang, Shandong 261053, PR China
| | - Linmeng Song
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, No. 7166, Baotong West Road, Weifang, Shandong 261053, PR China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, No. 7166, Baotong West Road, Weifang, Shandong 261053, PR China
| | - Lu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, No. 7166, Baotong West Road, Weifang, Shandong 261053, PR China
| | - Shiya Li
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, No. 7166, Baotong West Road, Weifang, Shandong 261053, PR China
| | - HongChao Du
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, No. 7166, Baotong West Road, Weifang, Shandong 261053, PR China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, No. 7166, Baotong West Road, Weifang, Shandong 261053, PR China
| | - Yifan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, No. 7166, Baotong West Road, Weifang, Shandong 261053, PR China
| | - Peng Xue
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, No. 7166, Baotong West Road, Weifang, Shandong 261053, PR China
| | - Wu-Cheng Nie
- Sichuan Jinjiang Building Materials Technology Co. Ltd, Deyang, Sichuan 618304, PR China
| | - Xuedong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, No. 7166, Baotong West Road, Weifang, Shandong 261053, PR China
| | - Shaojian Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, No. 7166, Baotong West Road, Weifang, Shandong 261053, PR China.
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6
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Han S, Tan H, Wei J, Yuan H, Li S, Yang P, Mi H, Liu C, Shen C. Surface Modification of Super Arborized Silica for Flexible and Wearable Ultrafast-Response Strain Sensors with Low Hysteresis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301713. [PMID: 37381645 PMCID: PMC10477872 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels exhibit high potential in the fields of wearable sensors, healthcare monitoring, and e-skins. However, it remains a huge challenge to integrate high elasticity, low hysteresis, and excellent stretch-ability in physical crosslinking hydrogels. This study reports the synthesis of polyacrylamide (PAM)-3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate-grafted super arborized silica nanoparticle (TSASN)-lithium chloride (LiCl) hydrogel sensors with high elasticity, low hysteresis, and excellent electrical conductivity. The introduction of TSASN enhances the mechanical strength and reversible resilience of the PAM-TSASN-LiCl hydrogels by chain entanglement and interfacial chemical bonding, and provides stress-transfer centers for external-force diffusion. These hydrogels show outstanding mechanical strength (a tensile stress of 80-120 kPa, elongation at break of 900-1400%, and dissipated energy of 0.8-9.6 kJ m-3 ), and can withstand multiple mechanical cycles. LiCl addition enables the PAM-TSASN-LiCl hydrogels to exhibit excellent electrical properties with an outstanding sensing performance (gauge factor = 4.5), with rapid response (210 ms) within a wide strain-sensing range (1-800%). These PAM-TSASN-LiCl hydrogel sensors can detect various human-body movements for prolonged durations of time, and generate stable and reliable output signals. The hydrogels fabricated with high stretch-ability, low hysteresis, and reversible resilience, can be used as flexible wearable sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Han
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing TechnologyKey Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education)Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450002China
| | - Huanhuan Tan
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing TechnologyKey Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education)Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450002China
| | - Jia Wei
- Yunnan Tobacco Quality Inspection and Supervision StationKunming650106China
| | - Hang Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing TechnologyKey Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education)Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450002China
| | - Songwei Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing TechnologyKey Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education)Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450002China
| | - Peipei Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing TechnologyKey Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education)Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450002China
| | - Haoyang Mi
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing TechnologyKey Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education)Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450002China
| | - Chuntai Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing TechnologyKey Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education)Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450002China
| | - Changyu Shen
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing TechnologyKey Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education)Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450002China
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Huang X, Liu L, Lin YH, Feng R, Shen Y, Chang Y, Zhao H. High-stretchability and low-hysteresis strain sensors using origami-inspired 3D mesostructures. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh9799. [PMID: 37624897 PMCID: PMC10456843 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh9799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable strain sensors are essential for various applications such as wearable electronics, prosthetics, and soft robotics. Strain sensors with high strain range, minimal hysteresis, and fast response speed are highly desirable for accurate measurements of large and dynamic deformations of soft bodies. Current stretchable strain sensors mostly rely on deformable conducting materials, which often have difficulties in achieving these properties simultaneously. In this study, we introduce capacitive strain sensor concepts based on origami-inspired three-dimensional mesoscale electrodes formed by a mechanically guided assembly process. These sensors exhibit up to 200% stretchability with 1.2% degree of hysteresis, <22 ms response time, small sensing area (~5 mm2), and directional strain responses. To showcase potential applications, we demonstrate the use of distributed strain sensors for measuring multimodal deformations of a soft continuum arm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghao Huang
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Liangshu Liu
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yung Hsin Lin
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Rui Feng
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yiyang Shen
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yuanning Chang
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Hangbo Zhao
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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8
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Saeidi M, Chenani H, Orouji M, Adel Rastkhiz M, Bolghanabadi N, Vakili S, Mohamadnia Z, Hatamie A, Simchi A(A. Electrochemical Wearable Biosensors and Bioelectronic Devices Based on Hydrogels: Mechanical Properties and Electrochemical Behavior. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:823. [PMID: 37622909 PMCID: PMC10452289 DOI: 10.3390/bios13080823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel-based wearable electrochemical biosensors (HWEBs) are emerging biomedical devices that have recently received immense interest. The exceptional properties of HWEBs include excellent biocompatibility with hydrophilic nature, high porosity, tailorable permeability, the capability of reliable and accurate detection of disease biomarkers, suitable device-human interface, facile adjustability, and stimuli responsive to the nanofiller materials. Although the biomimetic three-dimensional hydrogels can immobilize bioreceptors, such as enzymes and aptamers, without any loss in their activities. However, most HWEBs suffer from low mechanical strength and electrical conductivity. Many studies have been performed on emerging electroactive nanofillers, including biomacromolecules, carbon-based materials, and inorganic and organic nanomaterials, to tackle these issues. Non-conductive hydrogels and even conductive hydrogels may be modified by nanofillers, as well as redox species. All these modifications have led to the design and development of efficient nanocomposites as electrochemical biosensors. In this review, both conductive-based and non-conductive-based hydrogels derived from natural and synthetic polymers are systematically reviewed. The main synthesis methods and characterization techniques are addressed. The mechanical properties and electrochemical behavior of HWEBs are discussed in detail. Finally, the prospects and potential applications of HWEBs in biosensing, healthcare monitoring, and clinical diagnostics are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Saeidi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 14588-89694, Iran; (H.C.); (M.O.); (M.A.R.); (N.B.)
| | - Hossein Chenani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 14588-89694, Iran; (H.C.); (M.O.); (M.A.R.); (N.B.)
| | - Mina Orouji
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 14588-89694, Iran; (H.C.); (M.O.); (M.A.R.); (N.B.)
| | - MahsaSadat Adel Rastkhiz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 14588-89694, Iran; (H.C.); (M.O.); (M.A.R.); (N.B.)
| | - Nafiseh Bolghanabadi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 14588-89694, Iran; (H.C.); (M.O.); (M.A.R.); (N.B.)
| | - Shaghayegh Vakili
- Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan 45371-38791, Iran;
| | - Zahra Mohamadnia
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Science (IASBS), Gava Zang, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran;
| | - Amir Hatamie
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Science (IASBS), Gava Zang, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran;
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Abdolreza (Arash) Simchi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 14588-89694, Iran; (H.C.); (M.O.); (M.A.R.); (N.B.)
- Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 14588-89694, Iran
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9
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Lyu C, Wen B, Bai Y, Luo D, Wang X, Zhang Q, Xing C, Kong T, Diao D, Zhang X. Bone-inspired (GNEC/HAPAAm) hydrogel with fatigue-resistance for use in underwater robots and highly piezoresistive sensors. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:99. [PMID: 37502758 PMCID: PMC10368655 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00571-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel bone-inspired fatigue-resistant hydrogel with excellent mechanical and piezoresistive properties was developed, and it exhibited great potential as a load and strain sensor for underwater robotics and daily monitoring. The hydrogel was created by using the high edge density and aspect ratio of graphene nanosheet-embedded carbon (GNEC) nanomaterials to form a three-dimensional conductive network and prevent the expansion of microcracks in the hydrogel system. Multiscale progressive enhancement of the organic hydrogels (micrometer scale) was realized with inorganic graphene nanosheets (nanometer scale). The graphene nanocrystals inside the GNEC film exhibited good electron transport properties, and the increased distances between the graphene nanocrystals inside the GNEC film caused by external forces increased the resistance, so the hydrogel was highly sensitive and suitable for connection to a loop for sensing applications. The hydrogels obtained in this work exhibited excellent mechanical properties, such as tensile properties (strain up to 1685%) and strengths (stresses up to 171 kPa), that make them suitable for use as elastic retraction devices in robotics and provide high sensitivities (150 ms) for daily human monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Lyu
- Institute of Nanosurface Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Optomechatronics Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China
| | - Bo Wen
- Institute of Nanosurface Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Optomechatronics Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China
| | - Yangzhen Bai
- Institute of Nanosurface Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Optomechatronics Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China
| | - Daning Luo
- Institute of Nanosurface Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Optomechatronics Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Research Center of Medical Plasma Technology, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhang
- Research Center of Medical Plasma Technology, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China
| | - Chenyang Xing
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China
| | - Tiantian Kong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, 518000 Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongfeng Diao
- Institute of Nanosurface Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Optomechatronics Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Institute of Nanosurface Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Optomechatronics Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China
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10
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Wen J, Wu Y, Gao Y, Su Q, Liu Y, Wu H, Zhang H, Liu Z, Yao H, Huang X, Tang L, Shi Y, Song P, Xue H, Gao J. Nanofiber Composite Reinforced Organohydrogels for Multifunctional and Wearable Electronics. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:174. [PMID: 37420043 PMCID: PMC10328881 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Composite organohydrogels have been widely used in wearable electronics. However, it remains a great challenge to develop mechanically robust and multifunctional composite organohydrogels with good dispersion of nanofillers and strong interfacial interactions. Here, multifunctional nanofiber composite reinforced organohydrogels (NCROs) are prepared. The NCRO with a sandwich-like structure possesses excellent multi-level interfacial bonding. Simultaneously, the synergistic strengthening and toughening mechanism at three different length scales endow the NCRO with outstanding mechanical properties with a tensile strength (up to 7.38 ± 0.24 MPa), fracture strain (up to 941 ± 17%), toughness (up to 31.59 ± 1.53 MJ m-3) and fracture energy (up to 5.41 ± 0.63 kJ m-2). Moreover, the NCRO can be used for high performance electromagnetic interference shielding and strain sensing due to its high conductivity and excellent environmental tolerance such as anti-freezing performance. Remarkably, owing to the organohydrogel stabilized conductive network, the NCRO exhibits superior long-term sensing stability and durability compared to the nanofiber composite itself. This work provides new ideas for the design of high-strength, tough, stretchable, anti-freezing and conductive organohydrogels with potential applications in multifunctional and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongchuan Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Su
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuntao Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, People's Republic of China
| | - Haidi Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, People's Republic of China
| | - Hechuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanqi Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuewu Huang
- Testing Center, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, People's Republic of China
| | - Longcheng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqian Shi
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingan Song
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, 4300, Australia
| | - Huaiguo Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiefeng Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Du P, Wang J, Hsu YI, Uyama H. Bio-Inspired Homogeneous Conductive Hydrogel with Flexibility and Adhesiveness for Information Transmission and Sign Language Recognition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:23711-23724. [PMID: 37145870 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The wearable electronic technique is increasingly becoming an effective approach to overcoming the communication obstacles between signers and non-signers. However, the efficacy of conducting hydrogels currently proposed as flexible sensor devices is hindered by their poor processability and matrix mismatch, which frequently results in adhesion failure at the combined interfaces and deterioration of mechanical and electrochemical performance. Herein, we propose a hydrogel composed of a rigid matrix in which the hydrophobic and aggregated polyaniline was homogeneously embedded, while quaternate-functionalized nucleobase moieties endowed the flexible network with adhesiveness. Accordingly, the resulting hydrogel with chitosan-graft-polyaniline (chi-g-PANI) copolymers exhibited a promising conductivity (4.8 S·m-1) because of the uniformly dispersed polyaniline components and a high strain strength (0.84 MPa) because of the chain entanglement of chitosan after soaking. In addition, the modified adenine molecules not only realized synchronization in improving the stretchability (up to 1303%) and exhibiting a skin-like elastic modulus (≈184 kPa), but also provided a durable interfacial contact with various materials. The hydrogel was further fabricated into a strain-monitoring sensor for information encryption and sign language transmission based on its sensing stability and strain sensitivity of up to 2.77. The developed wearable sign language interpreting system provides an innovative strategy to assist auditory or speech-impaired people in communicating with non-signers using visual-gestural patterns including body movements and facial expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Du
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yu-I Hsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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12
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A Systematic Review on the Advanced Techniques of Wearable Point-of-Care Devices and Their Futuristic Applications. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13050916. [PMID: 36900059 PMCID: PMC10001196 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13050916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Personalized point-of-care testing (POCT) devices, such as wearable sensors, enable quick access to health monitoring without the use of complex instruments. Wearable sensors are gaining popularity owing to their ability to offer regular and continuous monitoring of physiological data by dynamic, non-invasive assessments of biomarkers in biofluids such as tear, sweat, interstitial fluid and saliva. Current advancements have concentrated on the development of optical and electrochemical wearable sensors as well as advances in non-invasive measurements of biomarkers such as metabolites, hormones and microbes. For enhanced wearability and ease of operation, microfluidic sampling, multiple sensing, and portable systems have been incorporated with materials that are flexible. Although wearable sensors show promise and improved dependability, they still require more knowledge about interaction between the target sample concentrations in blood and non-invasive biofluids. In this review, we have described the importance of wearable sensors for POCT, their design and types of these devices. Following which, we emphasize on the current breakthroughs in the application of wearable sensors in the realm of wearable integrated POCT devices. Lastly, we discuss the present obstacles and forthcoming potentials including the use of Internet of Things (IoT) for offering self-healthcare using wearable POCT.
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13
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Park K, Kang K, Kim J, Kim SD, Jin S, Shin M, Son D. Balanced Coexistence of Reversible and Irreversible Covalent Bonds in a Conductive Triple Polymeric Network Enables Stretchable Hydrogels with High Toughness and Adhesiveness. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:56395-56406. [PMID: 36484343 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The application of soft hydrogels to stretchable devices has attracted increasing attention in deformable bioelectronics owing to their unique characteristic, "modulus matching between materials and organs". Despite considerable progress, their low toughness, low conductivity, and absence of tissue adhesiveness remain substantial challenges associated with unstable skin-interfacing, where body movements undesirably disturb electrical signal acquisitions. Herein, we report a material design of a highly tough strain-dissipative and skin-adhesive conducting hydrogel fabricated through a facile one-step sol-gel transition and its application to an interactive human-machine interface. The hydrogel comprises a triple polymeric network where irreversible amide linkage of polyacrylamide with alginate and dynamic covalent bonds entailing conjugated polymer chains of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-co-(3-thienylboronic acid) are simultaneously capable of high stretchability (1300% strain), efficient strain dissipation (36,209 J/m2), low electrical resistance (590 Ω), and even robust skin adhesiveness (35.0 ± 5.6 kPa). Based on such decent characteristics, the hydrogel was utilized as a multifunctional layer for successfully performing either electrophysiological cardiac/muscular on-skin sensors or an interactive stretchable human-machine interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuha Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon16419, Republic of Korea
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyumin Kang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon16419, Republic of Korea
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwoo Kim
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Dong Kim
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Institute for Convergence, Suwon16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Subin Jin
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Mikyung Shin
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Institute for Convergence, Suwon16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghee Son
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon16419, Republic of Korea
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Superintelligence Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon16419, Republic of Korea
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Zhu T, Ni Y, Zhao K, Huang J, Cheng Y, Ge M, Park C, Lai Y. A Breathable Knitted Fabric-Based Smart System with Enhanced Superhydrophobicity for Drowning Alarming. ACS NANO 2022; 16:18018-18026. [PMID: 36178001 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wearable strain sensors have aroused increasing interest in human motion monitoring, even for the detection of small physiological signals such as joint movement and pulse. Stable monitoring of underwater human motion for a long time is still a notable challenge, as electronic devices can lose their effectiveness in a wet environment. In this study, a superhydrophobic and conductive knitted polyester fabric-based strain sensor was fabricated via dip coating of graphene oxide and polydimethylsiloxane micro/nanoparticles. The water contact angle of the obtained sample was 156°, which was retained above 150° under deformation (stretched to twice the original length or bent to 80°). Additionally, the sample exhibited satisfactory mechanical stability in terms of superhydrophobicity and conductivity after 300 abrasion cycles and 20 accelerated washing cycles. In terms of sensing performance, the strain sensor showed a rapid and obvious response to different deformations such as water vibration, underwater finger bending, and droplet shock. With the good combination of superhydrophobicity and conductivity, as well as the wearability and stretchability of the knitted polyester fabric, this wireless strain sensor connected with Bluetooth can allow for the remote monitoring of water sports, e.g., swimming, and can raise an alert under drowning conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxue Zhu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou 362801, China
- China National Textile and Apparel Council Key Laboratory of Flexible Devices for Intelligent Textile and Apparel, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yimeng Ni
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Kaiying Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jianying Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou 362801, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair Materials, Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Mingzheng Ge
- School of Textile & Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Cheolmin Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Yuekun Lai
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou 362801, China
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