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Sun H, Hua S, Wang C, Qiu Y, Xiao X, Fu Q. High-performance tunable spatial light modulator based on a lead zirconate titanate thin film. OPTICS LETTERS 2025; 50:2707-2710. [PMID: 40232476 DOI: 10.1364/ol.551679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2025] [Indexed: 04/16/2025]
Abstract
A dynamically tunable spatial light modulator (SLM) that leverages the electro-optic effect typically exhibits faster response times and higher operating frequencies, making it highly suitable for optical communication applications. However, existing spatial electro-optic modulators often suffer from limited phase modulation capabilities and complex, costly fabrication processes. To overcome these limitations, this paper introduces what we believe to be a novel SLM design utilizing a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) film. This material is characterized by a high electro-optical coefficient and broad optical transmittance range. Experimental results show that the SLM achieves a phase shift of approximately 5 nm at 5 V, with a reflectivity of 85%. When driven by ±10 V, the modulator's amplitude modulation reaches 0.72%, and the modulation depth reaches 69.85%, operating within a wavelength range of 1500-1600 nm and a bandwidth of 364 MHz. This approach offers a new, to the best of our knowledge, and cost-effective solution for realizing tunable SLMs with high modulation capacity.
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Vien BS, Gray J, Baddiley E, Hills Z, Lalbakhsh P, Lee SXM, Szydzik C, Moss SD, Rosalie C, Rajic N, Mitchell A, Chiu WK. Acoustic emission detection and modal decomposition using a relaxor ferroelectric single crystal linear array. ULTRASONICS 2025; 147:107515. [PMID: 39581138 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 10/28/2024] [Accepted: 11/11/2024] [Indexed: 11/26/2024]
Abstract
This paper reports on an acoustic emission (AE) sensor based on relaxor ferroelectric single crystal (RFSC) transduction. The sensor crystal is arranged into a Linear Array for Modal Decomposition and Analysis (LAMDA), with the sensor interrogated by a bespoke high-bandwidth instrument. The efficacy of RFSC LAMDA sensors is showcased through a series of comparative experiments, which include the simultaneous acquisition of pencil lead break (PLB) AEs in a 1.6 mm thick aluminium plate using RFSC LAMDA, a wideband commercial sensor, and laser vibrometry. Subsequent modal decomposition and analysis of the PLB AE signals, as detected by RFSC LAMDA, identified the guided wave modes below 1.4 MHz. Furthermore, it was found that RFSC LAMDA exhibits, on average, 26.6 times greater improvement in sensitivity compared with polyvinylidene fluoride LAMDA variant with near-identical geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Steven Vien
- Monash University, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Wellington Rd, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Jaslyn Gray
- Monash University, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Wellington Rd, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Defence Science and Technology Group, Platforms Division, 506 Lorimer Street, Fishermans Bend, Victoria 3207, Australia
| | - Eliza Baddiley
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Platforms Division, 506 Lorimer Street, Fishermans Bend, Victoria 3207, Australia
| | - Zane Hills
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Platforms Division, 506 Lorimer Street, Fishermans Bend, Victoria 3207, Australia
| | - Pooia Lalbakhsh
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Platforms Division, 506 Lorimer Street, Fishermans Bend, Victoria 3207, Australia
| | | | - Crispin Szydzik
- RMIT University, School of Engineering, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Scott David Moss
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Platforms Division, 506 Lorimer Street, Fishermans Bend, Victoria 3207, Australia
| | - Cedric Rosalie
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Platforms Division, 506 Lorimer Street, Fishermans Bend, Victoria 3207, Australia
| | - Nik Rajic
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Platforms Division, 506 Lorimer Street, Fishermans Bend, Victoria 3207, Australia
| | - Arnan Mitchell
- RMIT University, School of Engineering, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Wing Kong Chiu
- Monash University, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Wellington Rd, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Mahapatra A, Ajimsha RS, Deepak D, Misra P. Tuning ZnO-based piezoelectric nanogenerator efficiency through n-ZnO/p-NiO bulk interfacing. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11871. [PMID: 38789586 PMCID: PMC11126727 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62789-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
ZnO based piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENG) hold immense potential for harvesting ambient vibrational mechanical energy into electrical energy, offering sustainable solutions in the field of self-powered sensors, wearable electronics, human-machine interactions etc. In this study, we have developed flexible ZnO-based PENGs by incorporating ZnO microparticles into PDMS matrix, with ZnO concentration ranging from 5 to 25 wt%. Among these, the PENG containing 15 wt% ZnO exhibited the best performance with an open-circuit output voltage/short-circuit current of ~ 42.4 V/2.4 µA. To further enhance the output performance of PENG, p-type NiO was interfaced with ZnO in a bulk hetero-junction geometry. The concentration of NiO was varied from 5 to 20 wt% with respect to ZnO and incorporated into the PDMS matrix to fabricate the PENGs. The PENG containing 10 wt% NiO exhibits the best performance with an open-circuit output voltage/short-circuit current of ~ 65 V/4.1 µA under loading conditions of 30 N and 4 Hz. The PENG exhibiting the best performance demonstrates a maximum instantaneous output power density ~ 37.9 µW/cm2 across a load resistance of 20 MΩ under loading conditions of 30 N and 4 Hz, with a power density per unit force and Hertz of about ~ 0.32 µW/cm2·N·Hz. The enhanced output performance of the PENG is attributed to the reduction in free electron concentration, which suppresses the internal screening effect of the piezopotential. To assess the practical utility of the optimized PENG, we tested the powering capability by charging various commercial capacitors and used the stored energy to illuminate 10 LEDs and to power a stopwatch displays. This work not only presents a straightforward, cost-effective, and scalable technique for enhancing the output performance of ZnO-based PENGs but also sheds light on its underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Mahapatra
- Oxide Nano-Electronics Lab, Laser Materials Processing Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, 452 013, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400 085, India.
| | - R S Ajimsha
- Oxide Nano-Electronics Lab, Laser Materials Processing Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, 452 013, India
| | - Deepak Deepak
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence (SNIoE), Greater Noida, 201314, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pankaj Misra
- Oxide Nano-Electronics Lab, Laser Materials Processing Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, 452 013, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400 085, India.
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Chen Z, Zhou X, Mo M, Hu X, Liu J, Chen L. Systematic review of the osteogenic effect of rare earth nanomaterials and the underlying mechanisms. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:185. [PMID: 38627717 PMCID: PMC11020458 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02442-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Rare earth nanomaterials (RE NMs), which are based on rare earth elements, have emerged as remarkable biomaterials for use in bone regeneration. The effects of RE NMs on osteogenesis, such as promoting the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, have been investigated. However, the contributions of the properties of RE NMs to bone regeneration and their interactions with various cell types during osteogenesis have not been reviewed. Here, we review the crucial roles of the physicochemical and biological properties of RE NMs and focus on their osteogenic mechanisms. RE NMs directly promote the proliferation, adhesion, migration, and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. They also increase collagen secretion and mineralization to accelerate osteogenesis. Furthermore, RE NMs inhibit osteoclast formation and regulate the immune environment by modulating macrophages and promote angiogenesis by inducing hypoxia in endothelial cells. These effects create a microenvironment that is conducive to bone formation. This review will help researchers overcome current limitations to take full advantage of the osteogenic benefits of RE NMs and will suggest a potential approach for further osteogenesis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohe Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minhua Mo
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Hu
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Liangjiao Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Zhang L, Du W, Kim JH, Yu CC, Dagdeviren C. An Emerging Era: Conformable Ultrasound Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307664. [PMID: 37792426 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Conformable electronics are regarded as the next generation of personal healthcare monitoring and remote diagnosis devices. In recent years, piezoelectric-based conformable ultrasound electronics (cUSE) have been intensively studied due to their unique capabilities, including nonradiative monitoring, soft tissue imaging, deep signal decoding, wireless power transfer, portability, and compatibility. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of cUSE for use in biomedical and healthcare monitoring systems and a summary of their recent advancements. Following an introduction to the fundamentals of piezoelectrics and ultrasound transducers, the critical parameters for transducer design are discussed. Next, five types of cUSE with their advantages and limitations are highlighted, and the fabrication of cUSE using advanced technologies is discussed. In addition, the working function, acoustic performance, and accomplishments in various applications are thoroughly summarized. It is noted that application considerations must be given to the tradeoffs between material selection, manufacturing processes, acoustic performance, mechanical integrity, and the entire integrated system. Finally, current challenges and directions for the development of cUSE are highlighted, and research flow is provided as the roadmap for future research. In conclusion, these advances in the fields of piezoelectric materials, ultrasound transducers, and conformable electronics spark an emerging era of biomedicine and personal healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Wenya Du
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jin-Hoon Kim
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Chia-Chen Yu
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Canan Dagdeviren
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Chang Y, Qi X, Wang L, Li C, Wang Y. Recent Advances in Flexible Multifunctional Sensors. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:2116. [PMID: 38004973 PMCID: PMC10673541 DOI: 10.3390/mi14112116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electronics have received extensive attention in human-machine interactions, robotics, and health monitoring. The use of multifunctional sensors that are capable of measuring a variety of mechanical or environmental stimuli can provide new functionalities for wearable electronics. Advancements in material science and system integration technologies have contributed to the development of high-performance flexible multifunctional sensors. This review presents the main approaches, based on functional materials and device structures, to improve sensing parameters, including linearity, detection range, and sensitivity to various stimuli. The details of electrical, biocompatible, and mechanical properties of self-powered sensors and wearable wireless systems are systematically elaborated. Finally, the current challenges and future developmental directions are discussed to offer a guide to fabricate advanced multifunctional sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Chang
- School of Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiangyu Qi
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Linglu Wang
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chuanbo Li
- School of Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
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