Customizing Three-Dimensional Elastic Barium Titanate Sponge for Intelligent Piezoelectric Sensing

High-Performance Mechano-Sensitive Piezoelectric Nanogenerator from Post-Treated Nylon-11,11 Textiles for Energy Harvesting and Human Motion Monitoring

Piezoelectric polymer textiles offer distinct advantages in the fabrication of wearable nanogenerators (NGs). One effective strategy to enhance the output capacity of NGs is to modulate the piezoelectric performance of the textiles. This paper focuses on further improving the piezoelectric properties of nylon-11,11 textiles through post-drawing and annealing treatments. We elucidate the evolution of morphology and the ferroelectric phase in the submicron/nanoscale fibers during post processing as well as the corresponding changes in performance. The drawing process primarily enhances the orientation of the crystalline phase and reduces the fiber diameter, while the annealing process more effectively promotes the crystal size and crystallinity. Afterward, we propose an optimal postdrawing and annealing assisted-electrostatic spinning process. Under the synergistic effects of these post-treatments, the remanent polarization (Pr) of nylon-11,11 textile increased to 4.7 times that of the untreated textile, resulting in amplified piezoelectric outputs. The output voltage, current, and power density of the prepared PENG reached 21.5 V, 800 nA, and 1.88 mW·m-2 (80 MΩ), respectively. Notably, at pressures exceeding 8 kPa, the mechano-voltage and current sensitivity reached as high as 266 mV/kPa and 13.99 nA/kPa, respectively, which is extraordinary compared to other piezoelectric NGs and comparable to the performance of nylon-based triboelectric NGs. Furthermore, we investigated the potential application of the prepared PENG in biomechanical energy harvesting and human movement monitoring. Experiments demonstrated its effectiveness in powering light bulbs, tracking walking status, and monitoring finger/hand/wrist gestures.

3D Printing of Flexible BaTiO3/Polydimethylsiloxane Piezocomposite with Aligned Particles for Enhanced Energy Harvesting

With the rapid development of human-machine interactions and artificial intelligence, the demand for wearable electronic devices is increasing uncontrollably all over the world; however, an unsustainable power supply for such sensors continues to restrict their applications. In the present work, piezoelectric barium titanate (BaTiO3) ceramic powder with excellent properties was prepared from milled precursors through a solid-state reaction. To fabricate a flexible device, the as-prepared BaTiO3 powder was mixed with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer. The BaTiO3/PDMS ink with excellent rheological properties was extruded smoothly by direct ink writing technology (DIW). BaTiO3 particles were aligned due to the shear stress effect during the printing process. Subsequently, the as-printed composite was assembled into a sandwich-type device for effective energy harvesting. It was observed that the maximum output voltage and current of this device reached 68 V and 720 nA, respectively, for a BaTiO3 content of 6 vol %. Therefore, the material extrusion-based three-dimensional (3D) printing technique can be used to prepare flexible piezoelectric composites for efficient energy harvesting.