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Zhang S, Zhou S, He Z, Ibrahim OO, Liu C, Wu M, Wang C, Wang Q. Flexible Epidermal Sensor Power Systems: Innovations in Multidimensional Materials and Biomedical Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2025; 25:3177. [PMID: 40431968 PMCID: PMC12115868 DOI: 10.3390/s25103177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2025] [Revised: 05/13/2025] [Accepted: 05/16/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025]
Abstract
Epidermal sensors are pivotal components of next-generation wearable technologies. They offer transformative potential in health monitoring, motion tracking, and biomedical applications. This potential stems from their ultra-thin design, skin compatibility, and ability to continuously detect physiological signals. The long-term functionality relies on advanced power systems balancing flexibility, energy density, and environmental resilience. This review highlights four key power strategies: chemical batteries, biofuel cells, environmental energy harvesters, and wireless power transfer. Breakthroughs in multidimensional materials address challenges in ion transport, catalytic stability, and mechanical durability. Structural innovations mitigate issues like dendrite growth and enzyme degradation. These systems enable applications spanning biomarker analysis, motion sensing, and environmental monitoring. By integrating these advancements, this review concludes with a prospective outlook on future directions for epidermal sensor power systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Ningbo Global Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China; (S.Z.); (Z.H.)
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo Tech University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Shulan Zhou
- Ningbo Global Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China; (S.Z.); (Z.H.)
- Polytechnic Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Zhaotao He
- Ningbo Global Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China; (S.Z.); (Z.H.)
- Polytechnic Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Oresegun Olakunle Ibrahim
- Ningbo Global Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China; (S.Z.); (Z.H.)
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Ningbo Global Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China; (S.Z.); (Z.H.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Mengwei Wu
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo Tech University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Chunge Wang
- School of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Ningbo Tech University, Ningbo 315100, China;
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Ningbo Global Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China; (S.Z.); (Z.H.)
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo Tech University, Ningbo 315100, China
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