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Xu R, Xu Q. A Survey of Recent Developments in Magnetic Microrobots for Micro-/Nano-Manipulation. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:468. [PMID: 38675279 PMCID: PMC11052276 DOI: 10.3390/mi15040468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Magnetically actuated microrobots have become a research hotspot in recent years due to their tiny size, untethered control, and rapid response capability. Moreover, an increasing number of researchers are applying them for micro-/nano-manipulation in the biomedical field. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of the recent developments in magnetic microrobots, focusing on materials, propulsion mechanisms, design strategies, fabrication techniques, and diverse micro-/nano-manipulation applications. The exploration of magnetic materials, biosafety considerations, and propulsion methods serves as a foundation for the diverse designs discussed in this review. The paper delves into the design categories, encompassing helical, surface, ciliary, scaffold, and biohybrid microrobots, with each demonstrating unique capabilities. Furthermore, various fabrication techniques, including direct laser writing, glancing angle deposition, biotemplating synthesis, template-assisted electrochemical deposition, and magnetic self-assembly, are examined owing to their contributions to the realization of magnetic microrobots. The potential impact of magnetic microrobots across multidisciplinary domains is presented through various application areas, such as drug delivery, minimally invasive surgery, cell manipulation, and environmental remediation. This review highlights a comprehensive summary of the current challenges, hurdles to overcome, and future directions in magnetic microrobot research across different fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qingsong Xu
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, China;
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Wang Z, Xu Z, Zhu B, Zhang Y, Lin J, Wu Y, Wu D. Design, fabrication and application of magnetically actuated micro/nanorobots: a review. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:152001. [PMID: 34915458 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac43e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Magnetically actuated micro/nanorobots are typical micro- and nanoscale artificial devices with favorable attributes of quick response, remote and contactless control, harmless human-machine interaction and high economic efficiency. Under external magnetic actuation strategies, they are capable of achieving elaborate manipulation and navigation in extreme biomedical environments. This review focuses on state-of-the-art progresses in design strategies, fabrication techniques and applications of magnetically actuated micro/nanorobots. Firstly, recent advances of various robot designs, including helical robots, surface walkers, ciliary robots, scaffold robots and biohybrid robots, are discussed separately. Secondly, the main progresses of common fabrication techniques are respectively introduced, and application achievements on these robots in targeted drug delivery, minimally invasive surgery and cell manipulation are also presented. Finally, a short summary is made, and the current challenges and future work for magnetically actuated micro/nanorobots are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbao Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, 518057, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenjin Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, 518057, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, 518057, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, 518057, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Lin
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, 518057, People's Republic of China
| | - Yigen Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, 518057, People's Republic of China
| | - Dezhi Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, 518057, People's Republic of China
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García J, Manterola AM, Méndez M, Fernández-Roldán JA, Vega V, González S, Prida VM. Magnetization Reversal Process and Magnetostatic Interactions in Fe 56Co 44/SiO 2/Fe 3O 4 Core/Shell Ferromagnetic Nanowires with Non-Magnetic Interlayer. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11092282. [PMID: 34578598 PMCID: PMC8466189 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, numerous works regarding nanowires or nanotubes are being published, studying different combinations of materials or geometries with single or multiple layers. However, works, where both nanotube and nanowires are forming complex structures, are scarcer due to the underlying difficulties that their fabrication and characterization entail. Among the specific applications for these nanostructures that can be used in sensing or high-density magnetic data storage devices, there are the fields of photonics or spintronics. To achieve further improvements in these research fields, a complete understanding of the magnetic properties exhibited by these nanostructures is needed, including their magnetization reversal processes and control of the magnetic domain walls. In order to gain a deeper insight into this topic, complex systems are being fabricated by altering their dimensions or composition. In this work, a successful process flow for the additive fabrication of core/shell nanowires arrays is developed. The core/shell nanostructures fabricated here consist of a magnetic nanowire nucleus (Fe56Co44), grown by electrodeposition and coated by a non-magnetic SiO2 layer coaxially surrounded by a magnetic Fe3O4 nanotubular coating both fabricated by means of the Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) technique. Moreover, the magnetization reversal processes of these coaxial nanostructures and the magnetostatic interactions between the two magnetic components are investigated by means of standard magnetometry and First Order Reversal Curve methodology. From this study, a two-step magnetization reversal of the core/shell bimagnetic nanostructure is inferred, which is also corroborated by the hysteresis loops of individual core/shell nanostructures measured by Kerr effect-based magnetometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier García
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Federico García Lorca No. 18, 33007 Oviedo, Spain; (A.M.M.); (M.M.); (J.A.F.-R.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (V.M.P.)
| | - Alejandro M. Manterola
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Federico García Lorca No. 18, 33007 Oviedo, Spain; (A.M.M.); (M.M.); (J.A.F.-R.); (S.G.)
| | - Miguel Méndez
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Federico García Lorca No. 18, 33007 Oviedo, Spain; (A.M.M.); (M.M.); (J.A.F.-R.); (S.G.)
| | - Jose Angel Fernández-Roldán
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Federico García Lorca No. 18, 33007 Oviedo, Spain; (A.M.M.); (M.M.); (J.A.F.-R.); (S.G.)
| | - Víctor Vega
- Laboratorio de Membranas Nanoporosas, Edificio de Servicios Científico Técnicos “Severo Ochoa”, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Fernando Bonguera s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Silvia González
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Federico García Lorca No. 18, 33007 Oviedo, Spain; (A.M.M.); (M.M.); (J.A.F.-R.); (S.G.)
| | - Víctor M. Prida
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Federico García Lorca No. 18, 33007 Oviedo, Spain; (A.M.M.); (M.M.); (J.A.F.-R.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (V.M.P.)
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Navarro-Senent C, Pané S, Sort J, Pellicer E. The order of addition and time matters: Impact of electrolyte processing on micelle-assisted electrosynthesis of mesoporous alloys. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jang B, Hong A, Alcantara C, Chatzipirpiridis G, Martí X, Pellicer E, Sort J, Harduf Y, Or Y, Nelson BJ, Pané S. Programmable Locomotion Mechanisms of Nanowires with Semihard Magnetic Properties Near a Surface Boundary. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:3214-3223. [PMID: 30588788 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report on the simplest magnetic nanowire-based surface walker that is able to change its propulsion mechanism near a surface boundary as a function of the applied rotating magnetic field frequency. The nanowires are made of CoPt alloy with semihard magnetic properties synthesized by means of template-assisted galvanostatic electrodeposition. The semihard magnetic behavior of the nanowires allows for programming their alignment with an applied magnetic field as they can retain their magnetization direction after premagnetizing them. By engineering the macroscopic magnetization, the nanowires' speed and locomotion mechanism are set to tumbling, precession, or rolling depending on the frequency of an applied rotating magnetic field. Also, we present a mathematical analysis that predicts the translational speed of the nanowire near the surface, showing a very good agreement with experimental results. Interestingly, the maximal speed is obtained at an optimal frequency (∼10 Hz), which is far below the theoretical step-out frequency (∼345 Hz). Finally, vortices are found by tracking polystyrene microbeads, trapped around the CoPt nanowire, when they are propelled by precession and rolling motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bumjin Jang
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems , ETH Zurich , CH-8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Ayoung Hong
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems , ETH Zurich , CH-8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Carlos Alcantara
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems , ETH Zurich , CH-8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | | | - Xavier Martí
- Institute of Physics , Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Cukrovarnická 10 , 162 00 Praha 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Eva Pellicer
- Departament de Física , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , E-08193 Bellaterra , Spain
| | - Jordi Sort
- Departament de Física , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , E-08193 Bellaterra , Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) , Pg. Lluís Companys 23 , E-08010 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Yuval Harduf
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering , Technion Israel Institute of Technology , 3200003 Haifa , Israel
| | - Yizhar Or
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering , Technion Israel Institute of Technology , 3200003 Haifa , Israel
| | - Bradley J Nelson
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems , ETH Zurich , CH-8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Salvador Pané
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems , ETH Zurich , CH-8092 Zurich , Switzerland
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Ni-Co Alloy and Multisegmented Ni/Co Nanowire Arrays Modulated in Composition: Structural Characterization and Magnetic Properties. CRYSTALS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst7030066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Su CJ, Hsieh YT, Fong JD, Chang CC, Sun IW. Template free synthesis of beaded aluminium sub-microwires via pulse potential electrodeposition. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra13747d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Beaded aluminum wires with tunable physical morphology were prepared from a chloroaluminate ionic liquid using a template-free square-wave pulse potential electrodeposition method with various pulse potential and duration combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Jui Su
- Department of Chemistry
- National Cheng Kung University
- Tainan City 701
- Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry
- National Cheng Kung University
- Tainan City 701
- Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ding Fong
- Department of Chemistry
- National Cheng Kung University
- Tainan City 701
- Taiwan
| | - Che-Chen Chang
- Department of Chemistry
- National Cheng Kung University
- Tainan City 701
- Taiwan
| | - I.-Wen Sun
- Department of Chemistry
- National Cheng Kung University
- Tainan City 701
- Taiwan
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