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Sambe K, Takeda T, Hoshino N, Matsuda W, Shimada K, Tsujita K, Maruyama S, Yamamoto S, Seki S, Matsumoto Y, Akutagawa T. Carrier Transport Switching of Ferroelectric BTBT Derivative. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8557-8566. [PMID: 38484118 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Alkylamide-substituted [1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (BTBT) derivative of BTBT-NHCOC14H29 (1), which has ferroelectric N-H···O= hydrogen-bonding network of alkylamide group and two-dimensional (2D) electric structure of BTBT π-cores, was prepared to design the external electric field-responsive organic semiconductors. The short-chain derivative of BTBT-NHCOC3H7 (1') revealed the coexistence of a 2D electronic band structure based on the herringbone BTBT arrangement and the one-dimensional (1D) hydrogen-bonding chain. 1 formed a smectic E (SmE) liquid crystal phase above 412 K and showed ferroelectric hysteresis in the electric field-polarization (P-E) curves at 403-433 K. The remanent polarization (Pr) and coercive electric field (Ec) of 1 at 408 K, 0.1 Hz were 24.0 μC cm-2 and 5.54 V μm-1, respectively. By thermal annealing of thin-film 1 at 443 K, the molecular assembly structure of 1 changed from a monolayer to a bilayer structure with high crystallinity, resulting in conducting layers of BTBT parallel to the substrate surface. The organic field-effect transistor (OFET) device with thermally annealed thin-film 1 showed p-type semiconducting behavior with the hole mobility of 1.0 × 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1. Furthermore, device 1 showed switching behavior of semiconducting properties by electric field poling and thermal annealing cycle. The electric field response of ferroelectrics modulated the molecular orientation and conduction properties of organic semiconductors, resulting in external electric field control of carrier transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Sambe
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Takashi Takeda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Norihisa Hoshino
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Niigata 9050-2181, Japan
| | - Wakana Matsuda
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-Ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuki Shimada
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kanae Tsujita
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Shingo Maruyama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Shu Seki
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-Ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yuji Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Akutagawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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Sambe K, Takeda T, Hoshino N, Matsuda W, Miura R, Tsujita K, Maruyama S, Yamamoto S, Seki S, Matsumoto Y, Akutagawa T. Ferroelectric Organic Semiconductor: [1]Benzothieno[3,2- b][1]benzothiophene-Bearing Hydrogen-Bonding -CONHC 14H 29 Chain. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:58711-58722. [PMID: 38055344 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
An alkylamide-substituted [1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (BTBT) derivative of BTBT-CONHC14H29 (1) and C8H17-BTBT-CONHC14H29 (2) were prepared to design the multifunctional organic materials, which can show both ferroelectric and semiconducting properties. Single-crystal X-ray structural analyses of short-chain (-CONHC3H7) derivatives revealed the coexistence of two-dimensional (2D) electronic band structures brought from a herringbone arrangement of the BTBT π core and the one-dimensional (1D) hydrogen-bonding chains of -CONHC3H7 chains. The thin films of 1 and 2 fabricated on the Si/SiO2 substrate surface have monolayer and bilayer structures, respectively, resulting in conducting layers parallel to the substrate surface, which is suitable for a channel layer of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). The thin film of 1 indicated a hole mobility μFET = 2.4 × 10-5 cm2 V-1 s-1 and threshold voltage VTh = - 29 V, whereas that of 2 showed a μFET = 2.1 × 10-2 cm2 V-1 s-1 and threshold voltage VTh = -9.7 V. Both 1 and 2 formed the smectic E (SmE) phase above 410 and 369 K, respectively, where the existence of a hole transport pathway was confirmed in the SmE phase. The ferroelectric hysteresis behavior was observed in bulk 1 and 2 in the polarization-electric field (P-E) curves at the SmE phase. 1 showed the remanent polarization Pr = 2.3 μC cm-2 and coercive electric field Ec = 5.2 V μm-1, whereas the Pr and Ec of 2 were 3.4 μC cm-2 and 7.0 V μm-1 at the conditions of 453 K and 1 Hz. Introduction of alkylamide units into the BTBT π core has the potential to develop the external stimulus-responsive organic semiconductors brought from both ferroelectricity and semiconducting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Sambe
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Takashi Takeda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Norihisa Hoshino
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Niigata 9050-2181, Japan
| | - Wakana Matsuda
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Riku Miura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kanae Tsujita
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Shingo Maruyama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Shu Seki
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yuji Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Akutagawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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van Son MHC, Berghuis AM, de Waal BFM, Wenzel FA, Kreger K, Schmidt HW, Rivas JG, Vantomme G, Meijer EW. Highly Ordered Supramolecular Materials of Phase-Separated Block Molecules for Long-Range Exciton Transport. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2300891. [PMID: 37002556 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Efficient energy transport over long distances is essential for optoelectronic and light-harvesting devices. Although self-assembled nanofibers of organic molecules are shown to exhibit long exciton diffusion lengths, alignment of these nanofibers into films with large, organized domains with similar properties remains a challenge. Here, it is shown how the functionalization of C3 -symmetric carbonyl-bridged triarylamine trisamide (CBT) with oligodimethylsiloxane (oDMS) side chains of discrete length leads to fully covered surfaces with aligned domains up to 125 × 70 µm2 in which long-range exciton transport takes place. The nanoscale morphology within the domains consists of highly ordered nanofibers with discrete intercolumnar spacings within a soft amorphous oDMS matrix. The oDMS prevents bundling of the CBT fibers, reducing the number of defects within the CBT columns. As a result, the columns have a high degree of coherence, leading to exciton diffusion lengths of a few hundred nanometers with exciton diffusivities (≈0.05 cm2 s-1 ) that are comparable to those of a crystalline tetracene. These findings represent the next step toward fully covered surfaces of highly aligned nanofibers through functionalization with oDMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H C van Son
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Anton M Berghuis
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Photonic Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Bas F M de Waal
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Felix A Wenzel
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Klaus Kreger
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Hans-Werner Schmidt
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jaime Gómez Rivas
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Photonic Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Ghislaine Vantomme
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - E W Meijer
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
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Nguyen ML, Cho BK. Ferroelectrically Switchable Axial Polarization in Columnar Liquid Crystalline Phases. Chemistry 2020; 26:6964-6975. [PMID: 31785012 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Recently, ferroelectrically switchable columnar LCs have drawn a great deal of attention for their generation of rich polarization domains. Because of their unique dielectric and self-assembly properties, they are considered to be a promising material for the design of sensors and ultra-high memory devices. Herein, ferroelectrically switchable LCs by using ester, amide, and 1,2,3-triazole groups are reviewed. Most of them do not exhibit genuine ferroelectricity owing to the low energy barrier between the two polar states. The intermolecular interactions between polar groups strongly affect the switchability and stability of polarization. Therefore, it is challenging to balance these two competing factors to improve the ferroelectric function in columnar LCs. Overall, additional effort, including LC design and device fabrication, should be made to optimize the material performance for practical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manh Linh Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Dankook University, 119, Dandae-ro, Chungnam, 448-701, Korea
| | - Byoung-Ki Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Dankook University, 119, Dandae-ro, Chungnam, 448-701, Korea
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Moulin E, Armao JJ, Giuseppone N. Triarylamine-Based Supramolecular Polymers: Structures, Dynamics, and Functions. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:975-983. [PMID: 30915835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Triarylamine molecules and triarylamine-based covalent polymers have been extensively investigated for more than 60 years in academics and industry because of their intriguing electronic and optical characteristics. However, despite the profusion of studies made on these derivatives, only very recently have the first examples of supramolecular polymers based on the triarylamine motif been described in the literature. Specifically, our research group has shown that, by adding supplementary hydrogen bonding moieties such as amide functions in their periphery, it becomes possible to tightly pack triarylamine molecules in columnar supramolecular stacks presenting a collinear arrangement of their central nitrogen atoms. These supramolecular polymers can self-assemble into various soft hierarchical structures such as helical fibers, nanorods, nanospheres, and nanoribbons in the sol and in the gel states, into liquid-crystalline mesophases, and into highly organized supramolecular frameworks and single crystals thereof. Interestingly, the associated supramolecular polymerization mechanism involves a nucleation step of high activation energy, which requires the flattening of the triarylamine core. Because of this singularity and although dependent on the precise chemical nature of the building blocks, it has been demonstrated that their supramolecular polymerization can be triggered by original tools, such as light irradiation or electrochemistry, and that it can display autocatalytic growth behaviors, remarkably strong amplifications of chirality, and complex and competing thermodynamic and kinetic self-assembly pathways. Further, from a functional point of view, it has been highlighted that a partial oxidation of the triarylamine molecules results in an enhanced through-space delocalization of the charge carriers along the π-π stacked supramolecular polymers, a feature that confers to these nanowires exceptional transport properties. Upon increasing the charge carrier concentration, the electronic nature of these soft materials can be switched from semiconducting to metallic behavior, and the presence of highly delocalized unpaired electrons in supramolecular polaronic band structures has been further exploited to implement plasmonic properties within subwavelength organic interconnects and microscopic optical waveguides. Finally, by making use of the unusual dynamics and functions of triarylamine-based nanostructures, it becomes possible to precisely address their self-construction within confined environments or within nano- and micrometer scale devices. This has been demonstrated for instance between nanoparticles and between electrodes, inside inorganic nanopores, and inside phospholipid bilayers, as well as at the liquid-liquid interface. Such a meeting point between bottom-up and top-down technologies is of high interest to envision further developments and applications for this entirely new class of supramolecular polymers, which combine a unique relationship between their structures, their dynamics, and their subsequent emerging functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Moulin
- SAMS Research Group, University of Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Cedex 2 Strasbourg, France
| | - Joseph J. Armao
- SAMS Research Group, University of Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Cedex 2 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolas Giuseppone
- SAMS Research Group, University of Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Cedex 2 Strasbourg, France
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Urbanaviciute I, Bhattacharjee S, Biler M, Lugger JAM, Cornelissen TD, Norman P, Linares M, Sijbesma RP, Kemerink M. Suppressing depolarization by tail substitution in an organic supramolecular ferroelectric. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:2069-2079. [PMID: 30638230 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06315j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite being very well established in the field of electro-optics, ferroelectric liquid crystals so far lacked interest from a ferroelectric device perspective due to a typically high operating temperature, a modest remnant polarization and/or poor polarization retention. Here, we experimentally demonstrate how simple structural modification of a prototypical ferroelectric liquid-crystal benzene-1,3,5-trisamide (BTA) - introduction of branched-tail substituents - results in materials with a wide operating temperature range and a data retention time of more than 10 years in thin-film solution-processed capacitor devices at room temperature. The observed differences between linear- and branched-tail compounds are analyzed using density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We conclude that morphological factors like improved packing quality and reduced disorder, rather than electrostatic interactions or intra/inter-columnar steric hindrance, underlay the superior properties of the branched-tailed BTAs. Synergistic effects upon blending of compounds with branched and linear side-chains can be used to further improve the materials' characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indre Urbanaviciute
- Complex Materials and Devices, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden.
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Casellas NM, Urbanaviciute I, Cornelissen TD, Berrocal JA, Torres T, Kemerink M, García-Iglesias M. Resistive switching in an organic supramolecular semiconducting ferroelectric. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:8828-8831. [PMID: 31140995 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02466b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The combination of switchable dipolar side groups and the semiconducting core of the newly synthetized C3-symmetric benzotrithiophene molecule (BTTTA) leads to an ordered columnar material showing continuous tunability from injection- to bulk-limited conductivity modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás M Casellas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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D'Agostino L. Native DNA electronics: is it a matter of nanoscale assembly? NANOSCALE 2018; 10:12268-12275. [PMID: 29946628 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr03153c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The genomic DNA is enveloped by nanotubes formed by the nuclear aggregates of polyamines (NAPs) that induce DNA conformational changes and provide protection and increased interaction abilities for the double strands. In a physiological environment, the nanotube arrangement is initiated by spontaneous interaction among the terminal amino groups of the polyamines and the phosphate ions, with the consequent formation of cyclic monomers that hook at the DNA grooves. The polymer thus formed has the morphological features of an organic semiconductor and therefore, it can be considered to be able to conduct electric charges. Phosphate ions positioned on the NAP external surface could regulate, as in a physical electric circuit, both linear and rotational (histones) protein motion, in accordance with the basilar principles of the electronics. A model of a carrier system for protein motion along the polymer wrapping the DNA strands, based on the phosphate-phosphate complexation, is proposed.
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Gorbunov AV, Garcia Iglesias M, Guilleme J, Cornelissen TD, Roelofs WSC, Torres T, González-Rodríguez D, Meijer EW, Kemerink M. Ferroelectric self-assembled molecular materials showing both rectifying and switchable conductivity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1701017. [PMID: 28975150 PMCID: PMC5621973 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Advanced molecular materials that combine two or more physical properties are typically constructed by combining different molecules, each being responsible for one of the properties required. Ideally, single molecules could take care of this combined functionality, provided they are self-assembled correctly and endowed with different functional subunits whose strong electronic coupling may lead to the emergence of unprecedented and exciting properties. We present a class of disc-like semiconducting organic molecules that are functionalized with strong dipolar side groups. Supramolecular organization of these materials provides long-range polar order that supports collective ferroelectric behavior of the side groups as well as charge transport through the stacked semiconducting cores. The ferroelectric polarization in these supramolecular polymers is found to couple to the charge transport and leads to a bulk conductivity that is both switchable and rectifying. An intuitive model is developed and found to quantitatively reproduce the experimental observations. In a larger perspective, these results highlight the possibility of modulating material properties using the large electric fields associated with ferroelectric polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V. Gorbunov
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Miguel Garcia Iglesias
- Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Julia Guilleme
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (C-I), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tim D. Cornelissen
- Complex Materials and Devices, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - W. S. Christian Roelofs
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Tomas Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (C-I), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Nanociencia, c/ Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David González-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (C-I), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Martijn Kemerink
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Complex Materials and Devices, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
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