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Recent Developments in the Use of Heterogeneous Semiconductor Photocatalyst Based Materials for a Visible-Light-Induced Water-Splitting System—A Brief Review. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Visible-light-driven photoelectrochemical (PEC) and photocatalytic water splitting systems featuring heterogeneous semiconductor photocatalysts (oxynitrides, oxysulfides, organophotocatalysts) signify an environmentally friendly and promising approach for the manufacturing of renewable hydrogen fuel. Semiconducting electrode materials as the main constituents in the PEC water splitting system have substantial effects on the device’s solar-to-hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiency. Given the complication of the photocatalysis and photoelectrolysis methods, it is indispensable to include the different electrocatalytic materials for advancing visible-light-driven water splitting, considered a difficult challenge. Heterogeneous semiconductor-based materials with narrower bandgaps (2.5 to 1.9 eV), equivalent to the theoretical STH efficiencies ranging from 9.3% to 20.9%, are recognized as new types of photoabsorbents to engage as photoelectrodes for PEC water oxidation and have fascinated much consideration. Herein, we spotlight mainly on heterogenous semiconductor-based photoanode materials for PEC water splitting. Different heterogeneous photocatalysts based materials are emphasized in different groups, such as oxynitrides, oxysulfides, and organic solids. Lastly, the design approach and future developments regarding heterogeneous photocatalysts oxide electrodes for PEC applications and photocatalytic applications are also discussed.
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Shi Y, Hsieh TY, Hoque MA, Cambarau W, Narbey S, Gimbert-Suriñach C, Palomares E, Lanza M, Llobet A. High Solar-to-Hydrogen Conversion Efficiency at pH 7 Based on a PV-EC Cell with an Oligomeric Molecular Anode. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:55856-55864. [PMID: 33258374 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the urgent quest for green energy vectors, the generation of hydrogen by water splitting with sunlight occupies a preeminent standpoint. The highest solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiencies have been achieved with photovoltaic-electrochemical (PV-EC) systems. However, most PV-EC water-splitting devices are required to work at extreme conditions, such as in concentrated solutions of HClO4 or KOH or under highly concentrated solar illumination. In this work, a molecular catalyst-based anode is incorporated for the first time in a PV-EC configuration, achieving an impressive 21.2% STH efficiency at neutral pH. Moreover, as opposed to metal oxide-based anodes, the molecular catalyst-based anode allows us to work with extremely small catalyst loadings (<16 nmol/cm2) due to a well-defined metallic center, which is responsible for the fast catalysis of the reaction in the anodic compartment. This work paves the way for integrating molecular materials in efficient PV-EC water-splitting systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Shi
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Avinguda Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Tsung-Yu Hsieh
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Avinguda Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Md Asmaul Hoque
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Avinguda Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Werther Cambarau
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Avinguda Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Stéphanie Narbey
- Solaronix S.A., Rue de l'Ouriette 129, CH-1170 Aubonne, Switzerland
| | - Carolina Gimbert-Suriñach
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Avinguda Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Emilio Palomares
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Avinguda Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Lanza
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 23955-6900 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Antoni Llobet
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Avinguda Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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Han T, Luo X. Thio-Michael addition of thioamides and allenes for the selective construction of polysubstituted 2-arylthiophenes via TBAI/H 2O 2 promoted tandem oxidative annulation and 1,2-sulfur migration. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:8253-8257. [PMID: 30203831 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01835a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel TBAI-catalyzed tandem thio-Michael addition/oxidative annulation of allenes and thioamides for the construction of polysubstituted 2-arylthiophenes under a sulfur migration transformation protocol has been developed. The transition-metal-free protocol achieves the oxidative cyclization reaction of thioamides containing electron-rich substituents with allenes to construct polysubstituted thiophenes selectively by controlling oxidation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Han
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
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