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Kim YN, Jo JY, Park J, Lee J, Kim J, Jeon DY, Han H, Jung YC. Challenge for Trade-Off Relationship between the Mechanical Property and Healing Efficiency of Self-Healable Polyimide. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:54923-54932. [PMID: 37916291 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Polyimide is actively applied in various industrial fields because of its strong mechanical properties, owing to the interactions between the polymer chains. Fully aromatic imide structures exhibit high glass-transition temperatures due to the strong interactions between their chains, which hinder chain mobility. Therefore, preparing a material that exhibits self-healing at a low temperature of ≤100 °C and good mechanical properties is challenging. Thus, we prepared imides with four-component semiaromatic structures by adjusting the contents of 4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride and 4,4'-(4,4'-isopropylidenediphenoxy)bis(phthalic anhydride) to yield four-component self-healable colorless polyimides (f-SH-CPIs) with novel structures, flexibilities, good mechanical properties, and low healing temperatures. The flexibilities and distances between the polymer chains, as the basis of the trade-off relationship between the mechanical properties and healing efficiency, were controlled. These materials may be used as substrates in wearable devices and multilayer insulation that may protect from space dust, cosmic rays, and satellite fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Nam Kim
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Young Jo
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Park
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Juheon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewoo Kim
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Young Jeon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Haksoo Han
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Chae Jung
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
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2
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Wan B, Dong X, Yang X, Wang J, Zheng MS, Dang ZM, Chen G, Zha JW. Rising of Dynamic Polyimide Materials: A Versatile Dielectric for Electrical and Electronic Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2301185. [PMID: 36906511 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polyimides (PIs) are widely used in circuit components, electrical insulators, and power systems in modern electronic devices and large electrical appliances. Electrical/mechanical damage of materials are important factors that threaten reliability and service lifetime. Dynamic (self-healable, recyclable and degradable) PIs, a promising class of materials that successfully improve electrical/mechanical properties after damage, are anticipated to solve this issue. The viewpoints and perspectives on the status and future trends of dynamic PI based on a few existing documents are shared. The main damage forms of PI dielectric materials in the application process are first introduced, and initial strategies and schemes to solve these problems are proposed. Fundamentally, the bottleneck issues faced by the development of dynamic PIs are indicated, and the relationship between various damage forms and the universality of the method is evaluated. The potential mechanism of the dynamic PI to deal with electrical damage is highlighted and several feasible prospective schemes to address electrical damage are discussed. This study is concluded by presenting a short outlook and future improvements to systems, challenges, and solutions of dynamic PI in electrical insulation. The summary of theory and practice should encourage policy development favoring energy conservation and environmental protection and promoting sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoquan Wan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Shunde Graduate School of University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan, 528300, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodi Dong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Shunde Graduate School of University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan, 528300, P. R. China
| | - Xing Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Shunde Graduate School of University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan, 528300, P. R. China
| | - Jiangqiong Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Shunde Graduate School of University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan, 528300, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Sheng Zheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Shunde Graduate School of University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan, 528300, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Min Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Power System, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - George Chen
- Department of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Jun-Wei Zha
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Shunde Graduate School of University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan, 528300, P. R. China
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3
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A topological polymer network with Cu(II)-coordinated reversible imidazole-urea locked unit constructs an ultra-strong self-healing elastomer. Sci China Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1437-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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4
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Zhang G, Li C, Tan J, Wang M, Liu Z, Ren Y, Xue Y, Zhang Q. Double Modification of Poly(urethane-urea): Toward Healable, Tear-Resistant, and Mechanically Robust Elastomers for Strain Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:2134-2146. [PMID: 36571454 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane elastomers with mechanical robustness, tear resistance, and healing efficiency hold great potential in wearable sensors and soft robots. However, achieving excellent mechanical properties and healable capability simultaneously remains highly desirable but exclusive. Herein, we propose a straightforward procedure for double modification of poly(urethane-urea) (PUU) via thiolactone chemistry, and two different dynamic cross-linking bonds (disulfide linkages and Zn2+/imidazole coordination) are successively incorporated into the side chain of PUU, producing double cross-linking elastomers (PUU-I/Zn-S). The synergy between disulfide linkages and Zn2+/imidazole coordination forms a robust and dynamic network, endowing PUU-I/Zn-S with excellent mechanical and healing properties. The tensile stress, elongation at break, and toughness of the resultant elastomer can reach 44.06 MPa, 1000%, and 181.93 MJ m-3, respectively. Meanwhile, PUU-I/Zn-S exhibits outstanding tearing resistance with a tearing energy of 42.1 kJ m-2. The PUU-I/Zn-S can restore its mechanical robustness after self-healing at room temperature (25 ± 2 °C) or 60 °C and even maintain 91% of its original tensile strength after reprocessing two times. Additionally, PUU-I/Zn-S-based strain sensors are fabricated by introducing conductive nanofillers and demonstrate remarkable sensing capability to diverse human body motions. This work demonstrates a simple and feasible method for the postfunctionalization and enhancement of polyurethane and provides some insights into reconciling the traditional contradictory properties of mechanical robustness and healing efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - JiaoJun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Mingqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Zongxu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Yafeng Ren
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Ying Xue
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
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Kumakura T, Takada K, Kaneko T. Self- and Cross-Fusing of Furan-Based Polyurea Gels Dynamically Cross-Linked with Maleimides. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020341. [PMID: 36679222 PMCID: PMC9861426 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bio-based polyureas (PUs) with main-chain furan rings were synthesized by the polyaddition of 2,5-bis(aminomethyl)furan with various diisocyanates, such as methylene diphenyl diisocyanate. Several PU's were soluble in polar organic solvents, and were cast to form thermomechanically stable films with softening temperatures of over 100 °C. The furan rings of the PU main chains underwent a dynamic Diels-Alder (DA) reaction with bismaleimide (BMI) cross-linkers. While the mixed solution of PU and BMI did not show any apparent signs of reaction at room temperature, the DA reaction proceeded to form gels upon heating to 60 °C, which became a solution again by further heating to 80 °C (retro-DA reaction). The solution phase was maintained by rapid quenching from 80 °C to room temperature, while the gel was reformed upon slow cooling. The recovered gels exhibited self-healing properties. A scratch made by a hot knife at temperatures above 80 °C disappeared spontaneously. When two different gels were cut using a knife at room temperature, placed in contact with each other, and heated to 60 °C, they fused. The ability to control the DA/retro-DA reaction allowed gels of varying composition to heal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tatsuo Kaneko
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-761-51-1631; Fax: +81-761-51-1635
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6
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Wan B, Yang X, Dong X, Zheng MS, Zhao Q, Zhang H, Chen G, Zha JW. Dynamic Sustainable Polyimide Film Combining Hardness with Softness via a "Mimosa-Like" Bionic Strategy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207451. [PMID: 36281805 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric polyimides (PIs) are ubiquitous as insulation in electrical power systems and electronic devices. Generally, dynamic polyimide is required to solve irreversible failure processes of electrical or mechanical damage, for example, under high temperature, pressure, and field strength. The challenge lies in the design of the molecular structure of rigid polyimide to achieve dynamic reversibility. Herein, a low-molecular-weight polyimide gene unit is designed to crosslink with polyimide ligase to prepare the smart film. Interestingly, due to the variability of gene unit and ligase combinations, the polyimide films combining hardness with softness are designed into three forms via a "Mimosa-like" bionic strategy to adapt to different application scenarios. Meanwhile, the films have good degradation efficiency, excellent recyclability, and can be self-healable, which makes them reuse. Clearly, the films can be used in the preparation of ultrafast sensors with a response time ≈0.15 s and the application of corona-resistant films with 100% recovery. Furthermore, the construction of polyimide and carbon-fiber-reinforced composites (CFRCs) has been verified to apply to the worse environment. Nicely, the composites have the property of multiple cycles and the non-destructive recycle rate of carbon fiber (CF) is as high as 100%. The design idea of preparing high-strength dynamic polyimide by crosslinking simple polyimide gene unit with ligase could provide a good foundation and a clear case for the sustainable development of electrical and electronic polyimides, from the perspective of Mimosa bionics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoquan Wan
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Shunde Graduate School of University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan, 528300, P. R. China
| | - Xing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Shunde Graduate School of University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan, 528300, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodi Dong
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Shunde Graduate School of University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan, 528300, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Sheng Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Shunde Graduate School of University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan, 528300, P. R. China
| | - Quanliang Zhao
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing, 100041, P. R. China
| | - Hongkuan Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing, 100041, P. R. China
| | - George Chen
- Department of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Jun-Wei Zha
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Shunde Graduate School of University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan, 528300, P. R. China
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7
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Chen J, Li C, Jia H, Shen Z, Zhao R, Su T, Xiang B, Wang X, Boukhvalov DW, Luo Z, Luo Y. Novel Molecular-Level Insight into the Self-Healing Behavior and Mechanism of Polyurethane-Urea Elastomer Based on a Noncovalent Strategy. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Chen
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chichao Li
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Huan Jia
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhihua Shen
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Rong Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Tao Su
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Bo Xiang
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | | | - Zhenyang Luo
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yanlong Luo
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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8
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Xu K, Chen G, Zhao M, He W, Hu Q, Pu Y. Transparent, self-recoverable, highly tough, puncture and tear resistant polyurethane supramolecular elastomer with fast self-healing capacity via "hard-soft" hard domain design. RSC Adv 2022; 12:2712-2720. [PMID: 35425297 PMCID: PMC8979244 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07083e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The integration of superior mechanical properties and fast healing efficiency for self-healing polyurethane supramolecular elastomers is challenging due to the confliction between high chain mobility for healing and high chain rigidity for mechanical properties. Herein, a strategy to design a "hard-soft" hard domain by the cooperation of quadruple hydrogen bonds (HBs) in the mainchain as restriction units and single HBs in the side chain as diffusion units is reported. The resulting transparent supramolecular elastomer exhibited fast self-recoverability, good puncture resistance and superior mechanical properties with a tensile strength of 20.5 MPa, an extensibility of 2043.7%, a toughness of 146.1 MJ m-3 and a tear resistance of 13.8 kJ m-2. Moreover, the fast self-healing capacity (healing efficiency > 82% within 3 h under moderate condition) was realized due to the soft effects of weak HBs in the side chain on the strong HBs in the mainchain. Taking advantage of the merits of the supramolecular elastomer, a flexible sensor was simply fabricated, which showed good self-repairable and stable sensing properties. Thus, the elastomer has great potential in the field of flexible electronics and wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangming Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing 402160 China
| | - Guoqing Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing 402160 China
| | - Mingjie Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing 402160 China
| | - Weiyi He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing 402160 China
| | - Qiaoman Hu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing 402160 China
| | - Yong Pu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing 402160 China
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9
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Zhang C, Lu X, Wang Z, Xia H. Progress in Utilizing Dynamic Bonds to Fabricate Structurally Adaptive Self-Healing, Shape Memory, and Liquid Crystal Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 43:e2100768. [PMID: 34964192 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive structurally dynamic polymers are capable of mimicking the biological systems to adapt themselves to the surrounding environmental changes and subsequently exhibiting a wide range of responses ranging from self-healing to complex shape-morphing. Dynamic self-healing polymers (SHPs), shape-memory polymers (SMPs) and liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs), which are three representative examples of stimuli-responsive structurally dynamic polymers, have been attracting broad and growing interest in recent years because of their potential applications in the fields of electronic skin, sensors, soft robots, artificial muscles, and so on. We review recent advances and challenges in the developments towards dynamic SHPs, SMPs and LCEs, focusing on the chemistry strategies and the dynamic reaction mechanisms that enhance the performances of the materials including self-healing, reprocessing and reprogramming. We compare and discuss the different dynamic chemistries and their mechanisms on the enhanced functions of the materials, where three summary tables are presented: a library of dynamic bonds and the resulting characteristics of the materials. Finally, we provide a critical outline of the unresolved issues and future perspectives on the emerging developments. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xili Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Hesheng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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10
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Supertough spontaneously self-healing polymer based on septuple dynamic bonds integrated in one chemical group. Sci China Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-021-1157-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Ranganathan P, Chen CW, Rwei SP. Highly Stretchable Fully Biomass Autonomic Self-Healing Polyamide Elastomers and Their Foam for Selective Oil Absorption. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3089. [PMID: 34577990 PMCID: PMC8468103 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Renewable polymers with self-healing ability, excellent elongation, hydrophobicity, and selective oil absorption attributes are of interest for an extensive range of applications, such as e-skin, soft robots, wearable devices, and cleaning up oil spills. Herein, two fully renewable eco-friendly polyamide (PA)-based self-healing elastomers (namely, PA36,IA, and PA36,36) were prepared by a facile and green one-pot melt polycondensation of itaconic acid (IA), PripolTM 1009, and PriamineTM 1075 monomers. The molecular structures of these PAs were analyzed by FITR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR. The distinct structure of these PAs shows superior strain values (above 2300%) and high ambient temperature autonomous self-healing ability. Interestingly, the synthesized renewable PA36,36 showed zero water absorption values and hydrophobic properties with a contact angle of θ = 91° compared to the synthesized PA36,IA and other previously reported PAs. These excellent attributes are due to the low concentration of amide groups, the highly entangled main chains, the intermolecular diffusion, the manifold dangling chains, and the numerous reversible physical bonds within the renewable PAs. Furthermore, the hydrophobic properties may aid in the selective oil absorption of the PA36,36-based foam, for which PA36,36 foam is produced by the green supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) batch foaming process. The PA36,36 foam with a microporous cellular structure showed better absorption capacity and high stability in repeated use. Due to these advantages, these bio-based PAs have potential for the production of eco-friendly self-healing materials, superabsorbent foams, and other polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chin-Wen Chen
- Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 10608, Taiwan;
| | - Syang-Peng Rwei
- Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 10608, Taiwan;
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12
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Xie H, Liu X, Sheng D, Wu H, Zhou Y, Tian X, Sun Y, Shi B, Yang Y. Novel titin-inspired high-performance polyurethanes with self-healing and recyclable capacities based on dual dynamic network. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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13
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Dynamic Oxime-Urethane Bonds, a Versatile Unit of High Performance Self-healing Polymers for Diverse Applications. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-021-2625-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Neumann LN, Oveisi E, Petzold A, Style RW, Thurn-Albrecht T, Weder C, Schrettl S. Dynamics and healing behavior of metallosupramolecular polymers. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/18/eabe4154. [PMID: 33910908 PMCID: PMC8081362 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe4154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Self-healing or healable polymers can recuperate their function after physical damage. This process involves diffusion of macromolecules across severed interfaces until the structure of the interphase matches that of the pristine material. However, monitoring this nanoscale process and relating it to the mechanical recovery remain elusive. We report that studying diffusion across healed interfaces and a correlation of contact time, diffusion depth, and mechanical properties is possible when two metallosupramolecular polymers assembled with different lanthanoid salts are mended. The materials used display similar properties, while the metal ions can be tracked with high spatial resolution by energy-dispersive x-ray spectrum imaging. We find that healing actual defects requires an interphase thickness in excess of 100 nm, 10 times more than previously established for self-adhesion of smooth films of glassy polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Neumann
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Emad Oveisi
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Electron Microscopy, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Albrecht Petzold
- Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät II-Chemie, Physik und Mathematik, Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Robert W Style
- Department of Materials, Soft and Living Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Thurn-Albrecht
- Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät II-Chemie, Physik und Mathematik, Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Stephen Schrettl
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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15
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Aguirresarobe RH, Nevejans S, Reck B, Irusta L, Sardon H, Asua JM, Ballard N. Healable and self-healing polyurethanes using dynamic chemistry. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Nurhamiyah Y, Amir A, Finnegan M, Themistou E, Edirisinghe M, Chen B. Wholly Biobased, Highly Stretchable, Hydrophobic, and Self-healing Thermoplastic Elastomer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:6720-6730. [PMID: 33497571 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c23155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Renewable polymers with excellent stretchability and self-healing ability are interesting for a wide range of applications. A novel type of wholly biobased, self-healing, polyamide-based thermoplastic elastomer was synthesized using a fatty dimer acid and a fatty dimer amine, both containing multiple alkyl chains, through facile one-pot condensation polymerization under different polymerization times. The resulting elastomer shows superior stretchability (up to 2286%), high toughness, and excellent shape recovery after being stretched to different strains. This elastomer also displays high room-temperature autonomous self-healing efficiency after fracture and zero water uptake during water immersion. The highly entangled main chain, the multiple dangling chains, the abundant reversible physical bonds, the intermolecular diffusion, and the low ratio of amide to methylene group within the elastomer are responsible for these extraordinary properties. The polymerization time influences the properties of the elastomer. The use of the optimal self-healing thermoplastic elastomer in anticorrosion coating, piezoresistive sensing, and highly stretchable fibers is also demonstrated. The elastomer coating prevents stainless-steel products from corrosion in a salty environment due to its superhydrophobicity. The elastomer serves as a robust flexible substrate for creating self-healing piezoresistive sensors with excellent repeatability and self-healing efficiency. The elastomer fiber yarn can be stretched to 950% of its original length confirming its outstanding stretchability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeyen Nurhamiyah
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AH, United Kingdom
| | - Amalina Amir
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Finnegan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
| | - Efrosyni Themistou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
| | - Mohan Edirisinghe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Biqiong Chen
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AH, United Kingdom
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17
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Xing C, Wu H, Du R, Zhang Q, Jia X. Extremely tough and healable elastomer realized via reducing the crystallinity of its rigid domain. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00870f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We propose a new concept, called “toughening the rigidity”, for the field of self-healing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Haomin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Ruichun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Qiuhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Xudong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
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18
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Zhang Z, Cheng L, Zhao J, Zhang H, Zhao X, Liu Y, Bai R, Pan H, Yu W, Yan X. Muscle-Mimetic Synergistic Covalent and Supramolecular Polymers: Phototriggered Formation Leads to Mechanical Performance Boost. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 143:902-911. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoming Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Lin Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Xinyang Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Yuhang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Ruixue Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Hui Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Wei Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Xuzhou Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
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19
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Montano V, Senardi M, van der Zwaag S, Garcia SJ. Linking interfacial work of deformation from deconvoluted macro-rheological spectrum to early stage healing in selected polyurethanes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:21750-21760. [PMID: 32959838 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03776a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of rheology and terminal flow relaxation times to predict healing behavior at long healing times is by now quite well accepted. In this work we go one step further and explore the use of macro-rheology (in particular the stored work of deformation) to predict the early stage interfacial healing properties (fracture resistance) of a set of self-healing polyurethanes. The interfacial healing is measured by single edge notch fracture experiments, using short healing times and a low healing temperature to exclude the effect of long range molecular motion on mechanical properties restoration. The systems based on aromatic diisocyanates show high fracture resistance after healing, while very limited restoration of the mechanical properties is observed for aliphatic and cycloaliphatic based polyurethanes. Linear sweep rheology and time-temperature-superposition allow obtaining the macro-rheological master curve and the mechanical relaxation spectra (H(t)). The application of a recently established deconvolution protocol to the H(t) gives the characteristic relaxation times and stored works of deformation associated to individual dynamic processes such as segmental motion, reversible bonds, and terminal flow. It is found that the calculated stored works of deformation related to the reversible bond relaxation reproduce the trend observed by fracture resistance at healed interfaces and reveal a qualitative correspondence between reversible bonds work of deformation and interfacial healing fracture resistance. Moreover, the method seems to point to the existence of a threshold interfacial work of deformation below which no efficient load transfer can be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Montano
- Novel Aerospace Materials group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Michele Senardi
- Novel Aerospace Materials group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Sybrand van der Zwaag
- Novel Aerospace Materials group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Santiago J Garcia
- Novel Aerospace Materials group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS, Delft, The Netherlands.
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20
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Zhang Z, Cheng L, Zhao J, Wang L, Liu K, Yu W, Yan X. Synergistic Covalent and Supramolecular Polymers for Mechanically Robust but Dynamic Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12139-12146. [PMID: 32293777 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Nature has engineered delicate synergistic covalent and supramolecular polymers (CSPs) to achieve advanced life functions, such as the thin filaments that assist in muscle contraction. Constructing artificial synergistic CSP materials with bioinspired mechanically adaptive features, however, represents a challenging goal. Here, we report an artificial CSP system to illustrate the integration of a covalent polymer (CP) and a supramolecular polymer (SP) in a synergistic fashion, along with the emergence of notable mechanical and dynamic properties which are unattainable when the two polymers are formed individually. The synergistic effect relies on the peculiar network structures of the SP and CPs, which endow the resultant CSPs with overall improved mechanical performance in terms of the stiffness, strength, stretchability, toughness, and elastic recovery. Moreover, the dynamic properties of the SP, including self-healing, stimuli-responsiveness, and reprocessing, are also retained in the CSPs, thus leading to their application as programmable and tunable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoming Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Lin Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Kai Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xuzhou Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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21
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Chen X, Zhong Q, Cui C, Ma L, Liu S, Zhang Q, Wu Y, An L, Cheng Y, Ye S, Chen X, Dong Z, Chen Q, Zhang Y. Extremely Tough, Puncture-Resistant, Transparent, and Photoluminescent Polyurethane Elastomers for Crack Self-Diagnose and Healing Tracking. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:30847-30855. [PMID: 32597173 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ensuring material performance reliability and lifetime is crucial for practical operations. Small cracks on the material surface are often detrimental to its safe operation. This study describes the development of a hydrogen bond-rich puncture-resistant polyurethane elastomer with supertoughness. The as-prepared polyurethane transparent films feature high tensile break strength (57.4 MPa) and great toughness (228 MJ m-3). Additionally, a facile, low-cost, crack self-diagnostic approach through photoluminescence using a small luminous pen is reported. The materials efficiently achieved self-healing at 90 °C after the crack formation. The change of fluorescence intensity on the crack can be used to track the self-healing process. Therefore, this work provides a guideline for the material design of supertough, puncture-resistant, transparent, and healable elastomers and a crack self-diagnosis and healing approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter and State Key Lab for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures; Xi'an Jiaotong University & Shaanxi Quantong Joint Research Institute of New Energy Vehicles Power, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Qianyun Zhong
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter and State Key Lab for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures; Xi'an Jiaotong University & Shaanxi Quantong Joint Research Institute of New Energy Vehicles Power, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Chenhui Cui
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter and State Key Lab for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures; Xi'an Jiaotong University & Shaanxi Quantong Joint Research Institute of New Energy Vehicles Power, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter and State Key Lab for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures; Xi'an Jiaotong University & Shaanxi Quantong Joint Research Institute of New Energy Vehicles Power, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter and State Key Lab for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures; Xi'an Jiaotong University & Shaanxi Quantong Joint Research Institute of New Energy Vehicles Power, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Youshen Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter and State Key Lab for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures; Xi'an Jiaotong University & Shaanxi Quantong Joint Research Institute of New Energy Vehicles Power, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Le An
- State Key Lab for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yilong Cheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter and State Key Lab for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures; Xi'an Jiaotong University & Shaanxi Quantong Joint Research Institute of New Energy Vehicles Power, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Shibo Ye
- Micro- and Nanotechnology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Micro- and Nanotechnology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Zhen Dong
- Inose Corporation, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Quan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter and State Key Lab for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures; Xi'an Jiaotong University & Shaanxi Quantong Joint Research Institute of New Energy Vehicles Power, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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22
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Zhang Z, Cheng L, Zhao J, Wang L, Liu K, Yu W, Yan X. Synergistic Covalent and Supramolecular Polymers for Mechanically Robust but Dynamic Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoming Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Lin Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Kai Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Wei Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Xuzhou Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
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23
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Fan W, Jin Y, Shi L, Du W, Zhou R. Transparent, eco-friendly, super-tough “living” supramolecular polymers with fast room-temperature self-healability and reprocessability under visible light. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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24
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Fan W, Jin Y, Shi L, Du W, Zhou R, Lai S, Shen Y, Li Y. Achieving Fast Self-Healing and Reprocessing of Supertough Water-Dispersed "Living" Supramolecular Polymers Containing Dynamic Ditelluride Bonds under Visible Light. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:6383-6395. [PMID: 31903744 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b18985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It is very challenging to achieve polymers that are mechanically robust and fast self-healable at ambient conditions, which are highly desirable for smart materials of the next-generation. Herein, combining dynamic ditelluride bonds and 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidinone (UPy) moieties in the main chains, a novel type of visible-light-induced self-healing water-dispersed supramolecular polymers (DTe-WSPs) with outstanding healing properties were developed. The prepared DTe-WSPs emulsions showed excellent emulsion stability, and highly transparent DTe-WSPs films obtained from these emulsions exhibited much improved mechanical properties and fast recoverability after the incorporation of UPy groups, owing to the physical cross-links formed by quadruple hydrogen-bonded UPy moieties. Supertoughness (105.2 MJ m-3) and fast self-healability under visible light (healing efficiency of 85.6% within 10 min) could be achieved simultaneously with the adjustment of the ditelluride content and the UPy content, and the toughness of our polymers is higher than those of the reported ambient temperature self-healable polymers. The visible-light-induced ditelluride metathesis is a predominant factor in the healing process of DTe-WSPs, and the ditelluride metathesis triggered by photothermy and hydrogen bonding could also afford the ultimate healing result. Meanwhile, DTe-WSPs can be reprocessed using visible light, providing a facile way to process polymers at mild conditions. To our surprise, the "living" DTe-WSPs exhibited the ability to initiate the polymerization of vinyl monomers under visible light, which is first reported for water-dispersed self-healing polymers. We considered the elaborated design philosophy, based on the readily available, clean, safe, and easily manipulated visible light, which can not only provide inspiration for preparing fast ambient temperature self-healing and reprocessing polymer materials with robust mechanical properties but also develop a new macroinitiator to initiate the ambient temperature polymerization of vinyl monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuhou Fan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture , Sichuan University , No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road , Chengdu 610065 , China
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education , Sichuan University , No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road , Chengdu 610065 , China
- The Key Laboratory of High-Tech Organic Fibers of Sichuan Province , Sichuan Textile Scientific Research Institute , No. 2, Twelve Bridge Road , Chengdu 610072 , China
| | - Yong Jin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture , Sichuan University , No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road , Chengdu 610065 , China
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education , Sichuan University , No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road , Chengdu 610065 , China
| | - Liangjie Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture , Sichuan University , No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road , Chengdu 610065 , China
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education , Sichuan University , No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road , Chengdu 610065 , China
| | - Weining Du
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture , Sichuan University , No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road , Chengdu 610065 , China
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education , Sichuan University , No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road , Chengdu 610065 , China
| | - Rong Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture , Sichuan University , No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road , Chengdu 610065 , China
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education , Sichuan University , No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road , Chengdu 610065 , China
| | - Shuanquan Lai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture , Sichuan University , No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road , Chengdu 610065 , China
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education , Sichuan University , No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road , Chengdu 610065 , China
| | - Yichao Shen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture , Sichuan University , No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road , Chengdu 610065 , China
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education , Sichuan University , No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road , Chengdu 610065 , China
| | - Yupeng Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture , Sichuan University , No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road , Chengdu 610065 , China
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education , Sichuan University , No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road , Chengdu 610065 , China
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25
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Tsuruoka A, Takahashi A, Aoki D, Otsuka H. Fusion of Different Crosslinked Polymers Based on Dynamic Disulfide Exchange. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:4294-4298. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayuko Tsuruoka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Akira Takahashi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
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26
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Tsuruoka A, Takahashi A, Aoki D, Otsuka H. Fusion of Different Crosslinked Polymers Based on Dynamic Disulfide Exchange. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayuko Tsuruoka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Akira Takahashi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
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27
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Fan W, Jin Y, Shi L. Mechanically robust and tough waterborne polyurethane films based on diselenide bonds and dual H-bonding interactions with fast visible-light-triggered room-temperature self-healability. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00897d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A dynamic but mechanically robust and tough polymer network was proposed, in which the fast room-temperature self-healing of our target polymer with mechanically robust and tough features is achieved under visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuhou Fan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Yong Jin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Liangjie Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
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28
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Wu B, Liu Z, Lei Y, Wang Y, Liu Q, Yuan A, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Lei J. Mutually-complementary structure design towards highly stretchable elastomers with robust strength and autonomous self-healing property. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.122003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Montano V, Wempe MMB, Does SMH, Bijleveld JC, van der Zwaag S, Garcia SJ. Controlling Healing and Toughness in Polyurethanes by Branch-Mediated Tube Dilation. Macromolecules 2019; 52:8067-8078. [PMID: 31736512 PMCID: PMC6854654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we propose the use of regular branching of polyurethanes as a way to regulate chain dynamics and govern crystallization in highly dense hydrogen-bonded systems. As a result, robust and healable polyurethanes can be obtained. To this end, we synthesized a range of aliphatic propane diol derivatives with alkyl branches ranging from butyl (C4) to octadecanyl (C18). The series of brush polyurethanes was synthesized by polyaddition of the diols and hexamethylene diisocyanate. Polyurethanes with very short (C < 4) and very long (C = 18) brush lengths did not lead to any significant healing due to crystallization. An intermediate amorphous regime appears for polymers with middle branch lengths (C = 4 to 8) showing a fine control of material toughness. For these systems, the side chain length regulates tube dilation, and significant macroscopic healing of cut samples was observed and studied in detail using melt rheology and tensile testing. Despite the high healing degrees observed immediately after repair, it was found that samples with medium to long length brushes lost their interfacial strength at the healed site after being heated to the healing temperature for some time after the optimal time to reach full healing. Dedicated testing suggests that annealed samples, while keeping initial tackiness, are not able to completely heal the cut interface. We attribute such behavior to annealing-induced interfacial crystallization promoted by the aliphatic branches. Interestingly, no such loss of healing due to annealing was observed for samples synthesized with C4 and C7 diols, which is identified as the optimal healing regime. These results point at the positive effect of branching on healing, provided that a critical chain length is not surpassed, as well as the need to study healing behavior long after the optimal healing times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Montano
- Novel Aerospace Materials
group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Max M. B. Wempe
- Novel Aerospace Materials
group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sam M. H. Does
- Novel Aerospace Materials
group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Johan C. Bijleveld
- Novel Aerospace Materials
group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sybrand van der Zwaag
- Novel Aerospace Materials
group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Santiago J. Garcia
- Novel Aerospace Materials
group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS, Delft, The Netherlands
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Guo H, Fang X, Zhang L, Sun J. Facile Fabrication of Room-Temperature Self-Healing, Mechanically Robust, Highly Stretchable, and Tough Polymers Using Dual Dynamic Cross-Linked Polymer Complexes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:33356-33363. [PMID: 31414790 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b11166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of polymeric materials with a combination of excellent mechanical performance and room-temperature self-healing property is still a huge challenge. Here, we report a facile method for the fabrication of dual dynamic cross-linked polymer complexes that simultaneously possess multiple remarkable mechanical properties and room-temperature self-healability by simply mixing polymers that have complementary interactions in solutions. Thanks to the synergistic effects of electrostatic and hydrogen-bonding interactions within their networks, the complexes obtained a superhigh tensile strength of 27.4 MPa and toughness of 110.0 MJ/m3 when compared with other polymers that can self-heal at room temperature. More importantly, the complexes can repair a physical cut in an ∼90% relative humid environment at room temperature with a high healing efficiency of ∼96% because of the dynamic nature of the noncovalent interactions. This method is a simple, low-cost, and widely applicable strategy for the large-scale fabrication of room-temperature self-healing materials that possess superior and controllable mechanical performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , P. R. China
| | - Xu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , P. R. China
| | - Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , P. R. China
| | - Junqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , P. R. China
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31
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Zhang L, Liu Z, Wu X, Guan Q, Chen S, Sun L, Guo Y, Wang S, Song J, Jeffries EM, He C, Qing FL, Bao X, You Z. A Highly Efficient Self-Healing Elastomer with Unprecedented Mechanical Properties. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1901402. [PMID: 30977571 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
It is highly desirable, although very challenging, to develop self-healable materials exhibiting both high efficiency in self-healing and excellent mechanical properties at ambient conditions. Herein, a novel Cu(II)-dimethylglyoxime-urethane-complex-based polyurethane elastomer (Cu-DOU-CPU) with synergetic triple dynamic bonds is developed. Cu-DOU-CPU demonstrates the highest reported mechanical performance for self-healing elastomers at room temperature, with a tensile strength and toughness up to 14.8 MPa and 87.0 MJ m-3 , respectively. Meanwhile, the Cu-DOU-CPU spontaneously self-heals at room temperature with an instant recovered tensile strength of 1.84 MPa and a continuously increased strength up to 13.8 MPa, surpassing the original strength of all other counterparts. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the coordination of Cu(II) plays a critical role in accelerating the reversible dissociation of dimethylglyoxime-urethane, which is important to the excellent performance of the self-healing elastomer. Application of this technology is demonstrated by a self-healable and stretchable circuit constructed from Cu-DOU-CPU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Zenghe Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Xueli Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Qingbao Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Lijie Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Shuliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Jianchun Song
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | | | - Chuanglong He
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Ling Qing
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoguang Bao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhengwei You
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
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Montano V, Picken SJ, van der Zwaag S, Garcia SJ. A deconvolution protocol of the mechanical relaxation spectrum to identify and quantify individual polymer feature contributions to self-healing. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:10171-10184. [PMID: 31063532 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00417c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Starting from experimental macro-rheological data, we develop a fitting protocol that succeeded in the separation of the overlapping relaxation phenomena in the dissipative regime for a set of intrinsic healing polymers healing most effectively near their glass transition temperature Tg. To allow for a proper deconvolution, the rheological master curves are converted to a relaxation spectrum (H(τ)) and this is fitted using an optimized mechanical model, e.g. the Maxwell-Weichert model. The deconvolution of overlapping segmental mobility and reversible interactions is successfully demonstrated for a set of polyimide and polyamide polymers containing none, one and two reversible dynamic features near-Tg. Through the fitting parameters, the relaxation timescale of each feature and their apparent process enthalpies are obtained. The quantitative data obtained using the fitting protocol are then compared to macroscopic healing results. As a result, a clear correspondence between the energy stored by the system to accomplish reversible (e.g. H-bonds, π-π) and chain interdiffusion relaxation transitions and the healing efficiency of such polymers are obtained. The implementation of this protocol allows for a clearer identification of the relevant mechanisms in self-healing polymers and paves the way for the development of more efficiently healable polymeric systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Montano
- Novel Aerospace Materials Group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, Delft, 2629 HS, The Netherlands.
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Yan S, Zhang G, Jiang H, Li F, Zhang L, Xia Y, Wang Z, Wu Y, Li H. Highly Stretchable Room-Temperature Self-Healing Conductors Based on Wrinkled Graphene Films for Flexible Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:10736-10744. [PMID: 30801171 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Flexible conductors are emerging soft materials for diverse electrical applications. However, it still remains a great challenge to fabricate high-performance soft conductors that are highly conductive, largely stretchable, and rapid room-temperature self-healable. Here, we design and fabricate flexible conductive bilayer composite films composed of healable elastomeric substrates and wrinkled graphenes. The elastomeric substrates, obtained by a facile bulk copolymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide and 2-methoxyethyl acrylate, show fast room-temperature self-healing efficiency of up to 96%, imparted by the reversible hydrogen bonds. Importantly, the substrates also display strong interfacial adhesion crucial to the formation of stable bilayer composite films based on a prestrain route. The synergy between self-healing of the substrates and wrinkled structures of graphene is endowed to the composite films for mechanical and electrical healing. By adjusting the prestrain ratio of the substrates, the composite films could display the tunable stretchability, conductivity, and self-healing. The optimal bilayer composite film exhibits a high conductivity of 126 S cm-1, a large stretchability of 300%, and rapid room-temperature self-healing. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the composite films are strain-sensitive and can be used as strain sensors to monitor stretching deformation and human motion. These prominent demonstrations suggest a great potential of the bilayer composite films in next-generation wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , P. R. China
| | - Gongzheng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , P. R. China
| | - Haoyang Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , P. R. China
| | - Feibo Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , P. R. China
| | - Yanhong Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , P. R. China
| | - Zhaoshuo Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , P. R. China
| | - Yukai Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , P. R. China
| | - Huanjun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , P. R. China
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Yoshie N, Yoshida S, Matsuoka K. Self-healing of biobased furan polymers: Recovery of high mechanical strength by mild heating. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Abstract
Vitrimers are covalent network materials, comparable in structure to classical thermosets. Unlike normal thermosets, they possess a chemical bond swap mechanism that makes their structure dynamic and suitable for activated welding and even autonomous self-healing. The central question in designing such materials is the trade-off between autonomy and material stability: the swap mechanism facilitates the healing, but it also facilitates creep, which makes the perfectly stable self-healing solid a hard goal to reach. Here, we address this question for the case of self-healing vitrimers made from star polymers. Using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, we studied the adhesion of two vitrimer samples and found that they bond together on timescales that are much shorter than the stress relaxation time. We showed that the swap mechanism allows the star polymers to diffuse through the material through coordinated swap events, but the healing process is much faster and does not depend on this mobility.
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36
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Susa A, Mordvinkin A, Saalwächter K, van der Zwaag S, Garcia SJ. Identifying the Role of Primary and Secondary Interactions on the Mechanical Properties and Healing of Densely Branched Polyimides. Macromolecules 2018; 51:8333-8345. [PMID: 30662088 PMCID: PMC6328282 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We present a systematic study of the role of the aromatic dianhydride structure on the self-healing behavior of dimer diamine-based polyimides. By means of solid-state NMR and rheology, we studied the molecular and microscale dynamics of four polyimides comprising the same aliphatic branched diamine yet with variable dianhydride rigidities and correlated these to their macroscopic healing kinetics measured by tensile testing. Following the two-step kinetics of the healing process, we were able to differentiate and quantify the extent of mechanical strength recovery in each of the healing stages separately. Moreover, the detailed rheology and solid-state NMR allowed us to shed light on the role of the aromatic interactions and branches on the mechanical properties and mechanical integrity during macroscopic healing. The study reveals the relevance and interplay of primary and secondary interactions in the development of non-cross-linked strong and healing polymers able to maintain mechanical integrity during healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijana Susa
- Novel Aerospace
Materials Group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629
HS Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Mordvinkin
- Institut für Physik − NMR, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Strasse 7, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kay Saalwächter
- Institut für Physik − NMR, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Strasse 7, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sybrand van der Zwaag
- Novel Aerospace
Materials Group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629
HS Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Santiago J. Garcia
- Novel Aerospace
Materials Group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629
HS Delft, The Netherlands
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37
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Song Y, Liu Y, Qi T, Li GL. Towards Dynamic but Supertough Healable Polymers through Biomimetic Hierarchical Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13838-13842. [PMID: 30144244 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A biomimetic (titin protein molecular structure) strategy is reported for preparing transparent and healable elastomers featuring supertoughness (345 MJ m-3 ) and high tensile strength (44 MPa) after self-healing enabled by hierarchical (single, double, and quadruple) hydrogen-bonding moieties in the polymer backbone. The rigid domain containing hierarchical H-bonds formed with urethane, urea, and 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidinone groups leads to a durable network structure that has enhanced mechanical properties and is also dynamic for rapid self-healing. Healable polymers with hierarchical hydrogen-bonding interactions show excellent recoverability and high energy dissipation owing to the durable interaction between polymer chains. This biomimetic strategy of using hierarchical hydrogen bonds as building blocks is an alternative approach for obtaining dynamic, strong, yet smart self-healing polymers for heavy-duty protection materials and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Tao Qi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Guo Liang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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38
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Song Y, Liu Y, Qi T, Li GL. Towards Dynamic but Supertough Healable Polymers through Biomimetic Hierarchical Hydrogen‐Bonding Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production TechnologyInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Yuan Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production TechnologyInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Tao Qi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production TechnologyInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Guo Liang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production TechnologyInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
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39
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Design of a new generation of sustainable SBR compounds with good trade-off between mechanical properties and self-healing ability. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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40
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Kim C, Yoshie N. Polymers healed autonomously and with the assistance of ubiquitous stimuli: how can we combine mechanical strength and a healing ability in polymers? Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-018-0079-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Hernández Santana M, den Brabander M, García S, van der Zwaag S. Routes to Make Natural Rubber Heal: A Review. POLYM REV 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2018.1454947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianella Hernández Santana
- Novel Aerospace Materials Group, Aerospace Structures and Materials Department, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
- Polymer Composite Group, Polymeric Nanomaterials and Biomaterials Department, Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael den Brabander
- Novel Aerospace Materials Group, Aerospace Structures and Materials Department, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Santiago García
- Novel Aerospace Materials Group, Aerospace Structures and Materials Department, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Sybrand van der Zwaag
- Novel Aerospace Materials Group, Aerospace Structures and Materials Department, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
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42
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Susa A, Bijleveld J, Hernandez Santana M, Garcia SJ. Understanding the Effect of the Dianhydride Structure on the Properties of Semiaromatic Polyimides Containing a Biobased Fatty Diamine. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2018; 6:668-678. [PMID: 29333351 PMCID: PMC5762164 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work we report the effect of the hard block dianhydride structure on the overall properties of partially biobased semiaromatic polyimides. For the study, four polyimides were synthesized using aliphatic fatty dimer diamine (DD1) as the soft block and four different commercially available aromatic dianhydrides as the hard block: 4,4'-(4,4'-isopropylidenediphenoxy) bis(phthalic anhydride) (BPADA), 4,4'-oxidiphthalic anhydride (ODPA), 4,4'-(Hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride (6FDA), and 3,3',4,4'-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA). The polymers synthesized were fully organo-soluble thermoplastic branched polyimides with glass transition temperatures close to room temperature. The detailed analysis took into account several aspects of the dianhydrides structure (planarity, rigidity, bridging group between the phtalimides, and electronic properties) and related them to the results obtained by differential scanning calorimetry, rheology, fluorescence and broadband dielectric spectroscopy. Moreover, the effects of physical parameters (crystallization and electronic interactions) on the relaxation behavior are discussed. Despite the presence of the bulky branched soft block given by the dimer diamine, all polyimides showed intermolecular charge transfer complexes, whose extent depends on the electronic properties of the dianhydride hard block. Furthermore, the results showed that polyimides containing flexible and bulky hard blocks turned out fully amorphous while the more rigid dianhydride (BPDA) led to a nanophase separated morphology with low degree of crystallinity resulting in constrained segmental relaxation with high effect on its mechanical response with the annealing time. This work represents the first detailed report on the development and characterization of polyimides based on a biobased fatty dimer diamine. The results highlight the potential of polymer property design by controlled engineering of the aromatic dianhydride blocks.
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43
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Kim SM, Jeon H, Shin SH, Park SA, Jegal J, Hwang SY, Oh DX, Park J. Superior Toughness and Fast Self-Healing at Room Temperature Engineered by Transparent Elastomers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1705145. [PMID: 29131415 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The most important properties of self-healing polymers are efficient recovery at room temperature and prolonged durability. However, these two characteristics are contradictory, making it difficult to optimize them simultaneously. Herein, a transparent and easily processable thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) with the highest reported tensile strength and toughness (6.8 MPa and 26.9 MJ m-3 , respectively) is prepared. This TPU is superior to reported contemporary room-temperature self-healable materials and conveniently heals within 2 h through facile aromatic disulfide metathesis engineered by hard segment embedded aromatic disulfides. After the TPU film is cut in half and respliced, the mechanical properties recover to more than 75% of those of the virgin sample within 2 h. Hard segments with an asymmetric alicyclic structure are more effective than those with symmetric alicyclic, linear aliphatic, and aromatic structures. An asymmetric structure provides the optimal metathesis efficiency for the embedded aromatic disulfide while preserving the remarkable mechanical properties of TPU, as indicated by rheological and surface investigations. The demonstration of a scratch-detecting electrical sensor coated on a tough TPU film capable of auto-repair at room temperature suggests that this film has potential applications in the wearable electronics industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Mi Kim
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonyeol Jeon
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Shin
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul-A Park
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonggeon Jegal
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yeon Hwang
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyeop X Oh
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeyoung Park
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
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44
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Effect of the blend ratio on the shape memory and self-healing behaviour of ionomer-polycyclooctene crosslinked polymer blends. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Santana MH, Grande AM, van der Zwaag S, García SJ. Response to Comment on "Turning Vulcanized Natural Rubber into a Self-Healing Polymer: Effect of the Disulfide/Polysulfide Ratio". ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2017. [PMID: 29355241 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b01760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianella Hernández Santana
- Novel Aerospace Materials Group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio M Grande
- Novel Aerospace Materials Group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sybrand van der Zwaag
- Novel Aerospace Materials Group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Santiago J García
- Novel Aerospace Materials Group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands
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Santana M, Grande AM, van der Zwaag S, García SJ. Response to Comment on "Turning Vulcanized Natural Rubber into a Self-Healing Polymer: Effect of the Disulfide/Polysulfide Ratio". ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2017; 5:11127-11129. [PMID: 29355241 PMCID: PMC5771664 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianella
Hernández Santana
- Novel Aerospace Materials Group, Faculty of Aerospace
Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629
HS Delft, The Netherlands
- Institute of Polymer Science and
Technology (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid,
Spain
- E-mail:
| | - Antonio M. Grande
- Novel Aerospace Materials Group, Faculty of Aerospace
Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629
HS Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sybrand van der Zwaag
- Novel Aerospace Materials Group, Faculty of Aerospace
Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629
HS Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Santiago J. García
- Novel Aerospace Materials Group, Faculty of Aerospace
Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629
HS Delft, The Netherlands
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Effect of the polymer structure on the viscoelastic and interfacial healing behaviour of poly(urea-urethane) networks containing aromatic disulphides. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Bose RK, Enke M, Grande AM, Zechel S, Schacher FH, Hager MD, Garcia SJ, Schubert US, van der Zwaag S. Contributions of hard and soft blocks in the self-healing of metal-ligand-containing block copolymers. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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van der Kooij HM, Susa A, García SJ, van der Zwaag S, Sprakel J. Imaging the Molecular Motions of Autonomous Repair in a Self-Healing Polymer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1701017. [PMID: 28466515 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201701017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Self-healing polymers can significantly extend the service life of materials and structures by autonomously repairing damage. Intrinsic healing holds great promise as a design strategy to mitigate the risks of damage by delaying or preventing catastrophic failure. However, experimentally resolving the microscopic mechanisms of intrinsic repair has proven highly challenging. This work demonstrates how optical micromechanical mapping enables the quantitative imaging of these molecular-scale dynamics with high spatiotemporal resolution. This approach allows disentangling delocalized viscoplastic relaxation and localized cohesion-restoring rebonding processes that occur simultaneously upon damage to a self-healing polymer. Moreover, frequency- and temperature-dependent imaging provides a way to pinpoint the repair modes in the relaxation spectrum of the quiescent material. These results give rise to a complete picture of autonomous repair that will guide the rational design of improved self-healing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne M van der Kooij
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708, WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600, AX, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Arijana Susa
- Novel Aerospace Materials group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629, HS, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Santiago J García
- Novel Aerospace Materials group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629, HS, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sybrand van der Zwaag
- Novel Aerospace Materials group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629, HS, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Sprakel
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708, WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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