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Wang X, Yao C, Yao X, Lin J, Li R, Huang K, Lin W, Long X, Dai C, Dong J, Yu X, Huang W, Weng W, Wang Q, Ouyang H, Cheng K. Dynamic photoelectrical regulation of ECM protein and cellular behaviors. Bioact Mater 2023; 22:168-179. [PMID: 36203959 PMCID: PMC9529514 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic regulation of cell-extracellular matrix (ECM)-material interactions is crucial for various biomedical applications. In this study, a light-activated molecular switch for the modulation of cell attachment/detachment behaviors was established on monolayer graphene (Gr)/n-type Silicon substrates (Gr/Si). Initiated by light illumination at the Gr/Si interface, pre-adsorbed proteins (bovine serum albumin, ECM proteins collagen-1, and fibronectin) underwent protonation to achieve negative charge transfer to Gr films (n-doping) through π-π interactions. This n-doping process stimulated the conformational switches of ECM proteins. The structural alterations in these ECM interactors significantly reduced the specificity of the cell surface receptor-ligand interaction (e.g., integrin recognition), leading to dynamic regulation of cell adhesion and eventual cell detachment. RNA-sequencing results revealed that the detached bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell sheets from the Gr/Si system manifested regulated immunoregulatory properties and enhanced osteogenic differentiation, implying their potential application in bone tissue regeneration. This work not only provides a fast and feasible method for controllable cells/cell sheets harvesting but also gives new insights into the understanding of cell-ECM-material communications. A light-activated molecular switch for regulation of cell attachment/detachment behaviors was established on (Gr/Si) substrates. Light-induced charge transfer from ECM protein to Gr/Si through π-π interactions, resulting in the conformational alteration of ECM proteins. Structural changes in ECM weakened the binding between RGD and integrin, inducing cell detachment. This work provides a feasible method for cell harvesting and improves the understanding of cell-ECM-material communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhao Wang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 314400, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Cai Yao
- School of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xudong Yao
- International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. N1, Shangcheng Avenue, Yiwu, 322000, China
| | - Junxin Lin
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 314400, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Rui Li
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 314400, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kun Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Cyrus Tang Center for Sensor Materials and Applications, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Weiming Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Cyrus Tang Center for Sensor Materials and Applications, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiaojun Long
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 314400, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chao Dai
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 314400, China
| | - Jiajun Dong
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 314400, China
| | - Xuegong Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Cyrus Tang Center for Sensor Materials and Applications, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Wenwen Huang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 314400, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wenjian Weng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Cyrus Tang Center for Sensor Materials and Applications, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Hongwei Ouyang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 314400, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Corresponding author. Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Kui Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Cyrus Tang Center for Sensor Materials and Applications, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Corresponding author.
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Krishnan SK, Nataraj N, Meyyappan M, Pal U. Graphene-Based Field-Effect Transistors in Biosensing and Neural Interfacing Applications: Recent Advances and Prospects. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2590-2622. [PMID: 36693046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Siva Kumar Krishnan
- CONACYT-Instituto de Física, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Apdo. Postal J-48, Puebla72570, Mexico
| | - Nandini Nataraj
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No.1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei106, Taiwan
| | - M Meyyappan
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati781039, Assam, India
| | - Umapada Pal
- Instituto de Física, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Apdo. Postal J-48, Puebla72570, Mexico
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Integration of Different Graphene Nanostructures with PDMS to Form Wearable Sensors. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12060950. [PMID: 35335764 PMCID: PMC8949288 DOI: 10.3390/nano12060950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a substantial review of the fabrication and implementation of graphene-PDMS-based composites for wearable sensing applications. Graphene is a pivotal nanomaterial which is increasingly being used to develop multifunctional sensors due to their enhanced electrical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics. It has been able to generate devices with excellent performances in terms of sensitivity and longevity. Among the polymers, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has been one of the most common ones that has been used in biomedical applications. Certain attributes, such as biocompatibility and the hydrophobic nature of PDMS, have led the researchers to conjugate it in graphene sensors as substrates or a polymer matrix. The use of these graphene/PDMS-based sensors for wearable sensing applications has been highlighted here. Different kinds of electrochemical and strain-sensing applications have been carried out to detect the physiological signals and parameters of the human body. These prototypes have been classified based on the physical nature of graphene used to formulate the sensors. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives of these graphene/PDMS-based wearable sensors are explained in the final part of the paper.
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Zhu J, Huang X, Song W. Physical and Chemical Sensors on the Basis of Laser-Induced Graphene: Mechanisms, Applications, and Perspectives. ACS NANO 2021; 15:18708-18741. [PMID: 34881870 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced graphene (LIG) is produced rapidly by directly irradiating carbonaceous precursors, and it naturally exhibits as a three-dimensional porous structure. Due to advantages such as simple preparation, time-saving, environmental friendliness, low cost, and expanding categories of raw materials, LIG and its derivatives have achieved broad applications in sensors. This has been witnessed in various fields such as wearable devices, disease diagnosis, intelligent robots, and pollution detection. However, despite LIG sensors having demonstrated an excellent capability to monitor physical and chemical parameters, the systematic review of synthesis, sensing mechanisms, and applications of them combined with comparison against other preparation approaches of graphene is still lacking. Here, graphene-based sensors for physical, biological, and chemical detection are reviewed first, followed by the introduction of general preparation methods for the laser-induced method to yield graphene. The preparation and advantages of LIG, sensing mechanisms, and the properties of different types of emerging LIG-based sensors are comprehensively reviewed. Finally, possible solutions to the problems and challenges of preparing LIG and LIG-based sensors are proposed. This review may serve as a detailed reference to guide the development of LIG-based sensors that possess properties for future smart sensors in health care, environmental protection, and industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xian Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Weixing Song
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Beijing 100048, China
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Zhou C, Wang C, Fan G, Deng L. DFT Study on Capacitive Property of Composites Built by Phosphomolybdic Acid with Nitrogen-Doped Graphene. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-021-02081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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The role of graphene patterning in field-effect transistor sensors to detect the tau protein for Alzheimer's disease: Simplifying the immobilization process and improving the performance of graphene-based immunosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 192:113519. [PMID: 34333316 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report the improvement in the sensing performance of electrolyte-gated graphene field-effect transistor (FET) sensors capable of detecting tau protein through a simplified, linker-free, anti-tau antibody immobilization process. For most of the graphene-based immunosensor, linkers, such as pyrenebutanoic acid, succinimidyl ester (PSE) must be used to the graphene surface, while the other side of linkers serves to capture the antibodies that can specifically interact with the target biomarker. In this study, graphene was patterned into eight different types and linker-free patterned graphene FET sensors were fabricated to verify their detection performance. The linker-free antibody immobilization to patterned graphene exhibited that the antibody was immobilized to the edge defect and had a doping-like behaviors on graphene. As the tau protein concentration in the electrolyte increased from 10 fg/ml to 1 ng/ml, the performances, charge neutral point shift and current change rate of the patterned graphene sensors without linkers were enhanced 2-3 times compared to a pristine graphene sensor with the PSE linker. Moreover, tau protein in the plasma of five Alzheimer's disease patients was measured using a linker-free patterned graphene sensor. It shows a 3-4 times higher current change rate than that of pristine graphene sensor with the PSE linker. Since the antibody is immobilized directly without a linker, a patterned graphene sensor without a linker can operate more sensitively in higher ionic concentration electrolyte.
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Liu X, Zhang W, Lin Z, Meng Z, Shi C, Xu Z, Yang L, Liu XY. Coupling of Silk Fibroin Nanofibrils Enzymatic Membrane with Ultra-Thin PtNPs/Graphene Film to Acquire Long and Stable On-Skin Sweat Glucose and Lactate Sensing. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2000926. [PMID: 34927831 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202000926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The applications of enzymatic biosensors are largely limited by their relatively poor stability and short lifespan. Herein, a bio-active porous enzymatic nanofiber (PEN) membrane composed of silk fibroin nanofibrils (SFNFs) and enzymes is developed to effectively retain the enzymes in the 3D space. The 3D functional scaffolds formed by SFNFs can immobilize enzymes and provide a large surface area for molecular/ion diffusion and biochemical reactions. The PEN membrane is subsequently attached to an ultra-thin PtNPs/graphene (Pt-G) nanocomposite film to facilitate the electron transport between the enzymes and electrodes, permitting highly effective glucose and lactate sensing with long and stable performance. The as-assembled glucose and lactate sensors demonstrate high sensitivity, good cyclic reproducibility, and in particular long-term stability of up to 25 and 23.6 h, respectively. These glucose sensors have a working life that is ≈1.25-times longer than that of the best available sensors reported so far. Moreover, a wearable platform based on the sensors is developed for real-time analysis of sweat during outdoor exercising to transmit signals to a mobile handset. The high sensitivity, comfort and long-term stability of the device can benefit for long-term in-line surveillance of physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Liu
- College of Materials, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, College of Physical Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, 422 Siming Nan Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- College of Materials, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, College of Physical Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, 422 Siming Nan Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zaifu Lin
- College of Materials, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, College of Physical Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, 422 Siming Nan Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhaohui Meng
- College of Materials, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, College of Physical Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, 422 Siming Nan Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Chenyang Shi
- College of Materials, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, College of Physical Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, 422 Siming Nan Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhijun Xu
- College of Materials, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, College of Physical Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, 422 Siming Nan Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Likun Yang
- College of Materials, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, College of Physical Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, 422 Siming Nan Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xiang Yang Liu
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
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Tran VV, Nguyen DD, Hofmann M, Hsieh YP, Kan HC, Hsu CC. Edge-Rich Interconnected Graphene Mesh Electrode with High Electrochemical Reactivity Applicable for Glucose Detection. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11020511. [PMID: 33671450 PMCID: PMC7922656 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of graphene structures with controlled edges is greatly desired for understanding heterogeneous electrochemical (EC) transfer and boosting EC applications of graphene-based electrodes. We herein report a facile, scalable, and robust method to produce graphene mesh (GM) electrodes with tailorable edge lengths. Specifically, the GMs were fabricated at 850 °C under a vacuum level of 0.6 Pa using catalytic nickel templates obtained based on a crack lithography. As the edge lengths of the GM electrodes increased from 5.48 to 24.04 m, their electron transfer rates linearly increased from 0.08 to 0.16 cm∙s−1, which are considerably greater than that (0.056 ± 0.007 cm∙s−1) of basal graphene structures (defined as zero edge length electrodes). To illustrate the EC sensing potentiality of the GM, a high-sensitivity glucose detection was conducted on the graphene/Ni hybrid mesh with the longest edge length. At a detection potential of 0.6 V, the edge-rich graphene/Ni hybrid mesh sensor exhibited a wide linear response range from 10.0 μM to 2.5 mM with a limit of detection of 1.8 μM and a high sensitivity of 1118.9 μA∙mM−1∙cm−2. Our findings suggest that edge-rich GMs can be valuable platforms in various graphene applications such as graphene-based EC sensors with controlled and improved performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Viet Tran
- Department of Physics, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan; (V.V.T.); (D.D.N.); (H.-C.K.)
| | - Duc Dung Nguyen
- Department of Physics, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan; (V.V.T.); (D.D.N.); (H.-C.K.)
- Center for High Technology Development, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Mario Hofmann
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Ya-Ping Hsieh
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 106, Taiwan;
| | - Hung-Chih Kan
- Department of Physics, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan; (V.V.T.); (D.D.N.); (H.-C.K.)
| | - Chia-Chen Hsu
- Department of Physics, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan; (V.V.T.); (D.D.N.); (H.-C.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-5-272-0411 (ext. 66305)
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Neubert TJ, Wehrhold M, Kaya NS, Balasubramanian K. Faradaic effects in electrochemically gated graphene sensors in the presence of redox active molecules. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:405201. [PMID: 32485689 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab98bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Field-effect transistors (FETs) based on graphene are promising devices for the direct sensing of a range of analytes in solution. We show here that the presence of redox active molecules in the analyte solution leads to the occurrence of heterogeneous electron transfer with graphene generating a Faradaic current (electron transfer) in a FET configuration resulting in shifts of the Dirac point. Such a shift occurs if the Faradaic current is significantly high, e.g. due to a large graphene area. Furthermore, the redox shift based on the Faradaic current, reminiscent of a doping-like effect, is found to be non-Nernstian and dependent on parameters known from electrode kinetics in potentiodynamic methods, such as the electrode area, the standard potential of the redox probes and the scan rate of the gate voltage modulation. This behavior clearly differentiates this effect from other transduction mechanisms based on electrostatic interactions or molecular charge transfer doping effects, which are usually behind a shift of the Dirac point. These observations suggest that large-area unmodified/pristine graphene in field-effect sensors behaves as a non-polarized electrode in liquid. Strategies for ensuring a polarized interface are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilmann J Neubert
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA), IRIS Adlershof and Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany. Institut für Silizium-Photovoltaik, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin, Germany
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Kirchner EM, Hirsch T. Recent developments in carbon-based two-dimensional materials: synthesis and modification aspects for electrochemical sensors. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:441. [PMID: 32656597 PMCID: PMC7354370 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04415-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review (162 references) focuses on two-dimensional carbon materials, which include graphene as well as its allotropes varying in size, number of layers, and defects, for their application in electrochemical sensors. Many preparation methods are known to yield two-dimensional carbon materials which are often simply addressed as graphene, but which show huge variations in their physical and chemical properties and therefore on their sensing performance. The first section briefly reviews the most promising as well as the latest achievements in graphene synthesis based on growth and delamination techniques, such as chemical vapor deposition, liquid phase exfoliation via sonication or mechanical forces, as well as oxidative procedures ranging from chemical to electrochemical exfoliation. Two-dimensional carbon materials are highly attractive to be integrated in a wide field of sensing applications. Here, graphene is examined as recognition layer in electrochemical sensors like field-effect transistors, chemiresistors, impedance-based devices as well as voltammetric and amperometric sensors. The sensor performance is evaluated from the material's perspective of view and revealed the impact of structure and defects of the 2D carbon materials in different transducing technologies. It is concluded that the performance of 2D carbon-based sensors is strongly related to the preparation method in combination with the electrical transduction technique. Future perspectives address challenges to transfer 2D carbon-based sensors from the lab to the market. Graphical abstract Schematic overview from synthesis and modification of two-dimensional carbon materials to sensor application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Kirchner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hirsch
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany.
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Chang WJ, Lee GH, Cheon YJ, Kim JT, Lee SI, Kim J, Kim M, Park WI, Lee YJ. Direct Observation of Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Binder Distribution in Practical Graphite Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:41330-41337. [PMID: 31613086 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b13803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite the important role of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) binders in graphite electrodes for Li-ion batteries, the direct analysis of these binders remains challenging, particularly at very low concentrations as in practical graphite anodes. In this paper, we report the systematic investigation of the physiochemical behavior of the CMC and SBR binders and direct observations of their distributions in practical graphite electrodes. The key to this unprecedented capability is combining the advantages of several analytic techniques, including laser-ablation laser-induced break-down spectroscopy, time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, and a surface and interfacial cutting analysis system. By correlating the vertical distribution with the adsorption behaviors of the CMC, our study reveals that the CMC migration toward the surface during the drying process depends on the degree of cross-linked binder-graphite network generation, which is determined by the surface property of graphite and CMC materials. The suggested analytical techniques enable the independent tracing of CMC and SBR, disclosing the different vertical distribution of SBR from that of the CMC binder in our practical graphite anodes. This achievement provides additional opportunity to analyze the correlation between the binder distribution and mechanical properties of the electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jaehyuk Kim
- Laboratory of Electrode Development Group , Samsung SDI , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Myungseop Kim
- Laboratory of Electrode Development Group , Samsung SDI , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
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Bolotsky A, Butler D, Dong C, Gerace K, Glavin NR, Muratore C, Robinson JA, Ebrahimi A. Two-Dimensional Materials in Biosensing and Healthcare: From In Vitro Diagnostics to Optogenetics and Beyond. ACS NANO 2019; 13:9781-9810. [PMID: 31430131 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b03632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Since the isolation of graphene in 2004, there has been an exponentially growing number of reports on layered two-dimensional (2D) materials for applications ranging from protective coatings to biochemical sensing. Due to the exceptional, and often tunable, electrical, optical, electrochemical, and physical properties of these materials, they can serve as the active sensing element or a supporting substrate for diverse healthcare applications. In this review, we provide a survey of the recent reports on the applications of 2D materials in biosensing and other emerging healthcare areas, ranging from wearable technologies to optogenetics to neural interfacing. Specifically, this review provides (i) a holistic evaluation of relevant material properties across a wide range of 2D systems, (ii) a comparison of 2D material-based biosensors to the state-of-the-art, (iii) relevant material synthesis approaches specifically reported for healthcare applications, and (iv) the technological considerations to facilitate mass production and commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chengye Dong
- State Key Lab of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710049 , People's Republic of China
| | | | - Nicholas R Glavin
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate , Air Force Research Laboratory , WPAFB , Ohio 45433 , United States
| | - Christopher Muratore
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , University of Dayton , Dayton , Ohio 45469 , United States
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Kwon SS, Choi J, Heiranian M, Kim Y, Chang WJ, Knapp PM, Wang MC, Kim JM, Aluru NR, Park WI, Nam S. Electrical Double Layer of Supported Atomically Thin Materials. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:4588-4593. [PMID: 31203634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The electrical double layer (EDL), consisting of two parallel layers of opposite charges, is foundational to many interfacial phenomena and unique in atomically thin materials. An important but unanswered question is how the "transparency" of atomically thin materials to their substrates influences the formation of the EDL. Here, we report that the EDL of graphene is directly affected by the surface energy of the underlying substrates. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements demonstrate that graphene on hydrophobic substrates exhibits an anomalously low EDL capacitance, much lower than what was previously measured for highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, suggesting disturbance of the EDL ("disordered EDL") formation due to the substrate-induced hydrophobicity to graphene. Similarly, electrostatic gating using EDL of graphene field-effect transistors shows much lower transconductance levels or even no gating for graphene on hydrophobic substrates, further supporting our hypothesis. Molecular dynamics simulations show that the EDL structure of graphene on a hydrophobic substrate is disordered, caused by the disruption of water dipole assemblies. Our study advances understanding of EDL in atomically thin limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Sang Kwon
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
| | - Jonghyun Choi
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Mohammad Heiranian
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Yerim Kim
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Won Jun Chang
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
| | - Peter M Knapp
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Michael Cai Wang
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Jin Myung Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Narayana R Aluru
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Won Il Park
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
| | - SungWoo Nam
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
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14
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Neumann C, Kaiser D, Mohn MJ, Füser M, Weber NE, Reimer O, Gölzhäuser A, Weimann T, Terfort A, Kaiser U, Turchanin A. Bottom-Up Synthesis of Graphene Monolayers with Tunable Crystallinity and Porosity. ACS NANO 2019; 13:7310-7322. [PMID: 31117384 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b03475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a method for a bottom-up synthesis of atomically thin graphene sheets with tunable crystallinity and porosity using aromatic self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) as molecular precursors. To this end, we employ SAMs with pyridine and pyrrole constituents on polycrystalline copper foils and convert them initially into molecular nanosheets-carbon nanomembranes (CNMs)- via low-energy electron irradiation induced cross-linking and then into graphene monolayers via pyrolysis. As the nitrogen atoms are leaving the nanosheets during pyrolysis, nanopores are generated in the formed single-layer graphene. We elucidate the structural changes upon the cross-linking and pyrolysis down to the atomic scale by complementary spectroscopy and microscopy techniques including X-ray photoelectron and Raman spectroscopy, low energy electron diffraction, atomic force, helium ion, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and electrical transport measurements. We demonstrate that the crystallinity and porosity of the formed graphene can be adjusted via the choice of molecular precursors and pyrolysis temperature, and we present a kinetic growth model quantitatively describing the conversion of molecular CNMs into graphene. The synthesized nanoporous graphene monolayers resemble a percolated network of graphene nanoribbons with a high charge carrier mobility (∼600 cm2/(V s)), making them attractive for implementations in electronic field-effect devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Neumann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Friedrich Schiller University Jena , 07743 Jena , Germany
| | - David Kaiser
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Friedrich Schiller University Jena , 07743 Jena , Germany
| | - Michael J Mohn
- Central Facility of Electron Microscopy , Ulm University , 89081 Ulm , Germany
| | - Matthias Füser
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , University of Frankfurt , 60348 Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Nils-Eike Weber
- Faculty of Physics , Bielefeld University , Bielefeld 33615 , Germany
| | - Oliver Reimer
- Faculty of Physics , Bielefeld University , Bielefeld 33615 , Germany
| | - Armin Gölzhäuser
- Faculty of Physics , Bielefeld University , Bielefeld 33615 , Germany
| | - Thomas Weimann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt , 38116 Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Andreas Terfort
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , University of Frankfurt , 60348 Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility of Electron Microscopy , Ulm University , 89081 Ulm , Germany
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Friedrich Schiller University Jena , 07743 Jena , Germany
- Central Facility of Electron Microscopy , Ulm University , 89081 Ulm , Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM) , 07743 Jena , Germany
- Center of Energy and Environmental Chemistry (CEEC Jena) , 07743 Jena , Germany
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