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Hu X, Zhang Y, Deng C, Sun N, Wu H. Metabolic Molecular Diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease by Synergistical Promotion of Layered Titania Nanosheets with Graphitized Carbon. PHENOMICS (CHAM, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 2:261-271. [PMID: 36939785 PMCID: PMC9590550 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-022-00055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to inefficient diagnostic methods, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) normally progresses into severe complications including cancer. Highly efficient extraction and identification of metabolic fingerprints are of significance for disease surveillance. In this work, we synthesized a layered titania nanosheet doped with graphitized carbon (2D-GC-mTNS) through a simple one-step assembly process for assisting laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) for metabolite analysis. Based on the synergistic effect of graphitized carbon and mesoporous titania, 2D-GC-mTNS exhibits good extraction ability including high sensitivity (< 1 fmol µL-1) and great repeatability toward metabolites. A total of 996 fingerprint spectra were collected from hundreds of native urine samples (including IBD patients and healthy controls), each of which contained 1220 m/z metabolite features. Diagnostic model was further established for precise discrimination of patients from healthy controls, with high area under the curve value of 0.972 and 0.981 toward discovery cohort and validation cohort, respectively. The 2D-GC-mTNS promotes LDI-MS to be close to clinical application, with rapid speed, minimum sample consumption and free of sample pretreatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43657-022-00055-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufang Hu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Chemistry, Institute of Metabolism & Integrate Biology (IMIB), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Yang Zhang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Chemistry, Institute of Metabolism & Integrate Biology (IMIB), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Chunhui Deng
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Chemistry, Institute of Metabolism & Integrate Biology (IMIB), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Nianrong Sun
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Hao Wu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
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Zhao H, Zhao H, Wang J, Liu Y, Li Y, Zhang R. The local electric field effect of onion-like carbon nanoparticles for improved laser desorption/ionization efficiency of saccharides. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 211:112321. [PMID: 35032850 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
It is still a challenge to improve ionization efficiency of saccharides in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Herein, the highly curved onion-like carbon nanoparticles (OCS) were synthesized from the low-price candle raw via a facile strategy. The unique nanostructure of OCS showed large surface area with plentiful mesoporous architecture, highly curved sp2 carbon with regulating electronic effect, and good hydrophilicity, which could be beneficial to facilitate the desorption and ionization efficiency in MS process. The prepared OCS material as MALDI matrix exhibited the superior performance for the detection of xylose, glucose, maltose monohydrate, and raffinose pentahydrate in positive-ion mode with low background noise, enhanced ion intensities, uniform distribution, excellent reproducibility, good salt-tolerance, and high sensitivity compared to control candle soot (CS) and traditional α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) matrices. This highly effective LDI of OCS matrix was attributed to its enhancing local electric field effect, strong UV absorption ability, and high photo-thermal conversion performance. Furthermore, the OCS-assisted LDI MS approach was employed to quantitatively detect glucose in rat serum. This LDI MS platform may have valuable for the analysis of metabolites in clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Huayu Zhao
- The Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Jie Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Analytical Instrumentation Center & State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Yulong Liu
- The Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Yanqiu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Analytical Instrumentation Center & State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China.
| | - Ruiping Zhang
- The Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan 030032, China.
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Noh JY, Kim MJ, Park JM, Yun TG, Kang MJ, Pyun JC. Laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of L-thyroxine (T4) using combi-matrix of α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) and graphene. J Anal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-022-00314-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAn optimal combi-matrix for MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry was presented for the analysis of L-thyroxine (T4) in human serum. For the selection of the optimal combi-matrix, several kinds of combi-matrices were prepared by mixing the conventional organic matrix of CHCA with nanomaterials, such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, nanoparticles of Pt and TiO2. In order to select the optimal combi-matrix, the absorption at the wavelength of laser radiation (337 nm) for the ionization of sample was estimated using UV–Vis spectrometry. And, the heat absorption properties of these combi-matrices were also analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), such as onset temperature and fusion enthalpy. In the case of the combi-matrix of CHCA and graphene, the onset temperature and fusion enthalpy were observed to be lower than those of CHCA, which represented the enhanced transfer of heat to the analyte in comparison with CHCA. From the analysis of optical and thermal properties, the combi-matrix of CHCA and graphene was selected to be an optimal combination for the transfer of laser energy during MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The feasibility of the combi-matrix composed of CHCA and graphene was demonstrated for the analysis of T4 molecules using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The combi-matrix of CHCA and graphene was estimated to have an improved limit of detection and a wider detection range in comparison with other kinds of combi-matrices. Finally, the MALDI-TOF MS results of T4 analysis using combi-matrix were statistically compared with those of the conventional immunoassay.
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Zhao H, Li Y, Zhao H, Zhao Z, Wang J, Zhang R. Yolk-shell Ni/NiO anchored on N-doped graphene synthesized as dual-ion MALDI matrix for detecting and imaging bioactive small molecules. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 613:285-296. [PMID: 35042029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.12.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is an attractive tool to analyze the bioactive small molecules but remains a great challenge owing to the serious background interference from conventional matrix with m/z < 1000. Herein, we reported a dual-ion MALDI matrix of yolk-shell Ni/NiO nanoparticles anchored on nitrogen-doped graphene (Ni/NiO/N-Gr) to enhance MALDI performance. The Ni/NiO/N-Gr was synthesized via the pyrolysis and controllable oxidation strategy based on the nanoscale regulation of Kirkendall effect. The novel matrix showed the superior behavior for the analysis of various small molecular metabolites (amino acids, saccharides, spermidine, creatinine, hippuric acid, dopamine, and ascorbic acid) with high sensitivity, excellent salt tolerance, and favorable reproducibility in dual-ion modes compared to the traditional α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) and control substances (Ni/N-Gr and NiO/N-Gr). Meanwhile, we have realized accurate quantitation of blood glucose in mice with a linearity concentration range of 0.2-7.5 mM and qualitative detection of various endogenous small molecular metabolites in mice serum and urine samples. Especially, the Ni/NiO/N-Gr assisted LDI MS imaging (MSI) has exhibited the excellent spatial distribution of lipids in hippocampus region of mice brain. These results may provide an approach to explore the MALDI MS and MSI applications in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; The Radiology Department of Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Yanqiu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Analytical Instrumentation Center & State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Huayu Zhao
- The Radiology Department of Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Analytical Instrumentation Center & State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Junying Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Analytical Instrumentation Center & State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China.
| | - Ruiping Zhang
- The Radiology Department of Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030032, China.
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Noh JY, Kim MJ, Kim M, Kim JI, Park JM, Yun TG, Kang MJ, Pyun JC. Quantitative analysis of galactose using LDI-TOF MS based on a TiO2 nanowire chip. J Anal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-021-00300-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractA novel method for quantifying galactose was developed to serve as a newborn screening test for galactosemia using laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (LDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) with a TiO2 nanowire chip. Herein, phosphate citrate buffer, serum, and dried blood spot (DBS) were employed for the quantitative analysis of galactose. To quantitatively analyze galactose, its reduction potential was used to oxidize o-phenylene diamine (OPD) into 2,3-diaminophenazine (DA), which were both detected using LDI-TOF MS with a TiO2 nanowire chip according to the concentration of galactose. The reproducibility and the interference of glucose were determined to demonstrate the applicability of this method. Moreover, mixtures of galactose, phenylalanine, and 17 α-OHP were analyzed to determine the interference induced by other biomarkers of metabolic disorders. The OPD oxidation of galactose was found to be selectively achieved under high-glucose conditions, similar to human blood, thereby showing good reproducibility. The intensities of the mass peaks of OPD and DA based on LDI-TOF MS with a TiO2 nanowire chip were linearly correlated in the galactose concentration range of 57.2–220.0 μg/mL (r2 = 0.999 and 0.950, respectively) for serum samples and 52.5–220.0 μg/mL (r2 = 0.993 and 0.985, respectively) for DBS after methanol precipitation/extraction. The enzyme immunoassay and LDI-TOF MS analysis results were statistically analyzed, and a mixture of phenylalanine, 17 α-OHP, and galactose was simultaneously investigated quantitatively at the cutoff level.
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Ma W, Li J, Li X, Bai Y, Liu H. Nanostructured Substrates as Matrices for Surface Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry: A Progress Report from Material Research to Biomedical Applications. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100762. [PMID: 34927930 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Within the past two decades, the escalation of research output in nanotechnology fields has boosted the development of novel nanoparticles and nanostructured substrates for use as matrices in surface assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS). The application of nanomaterials as matrices, rather than organic matrices, offers remarkable characteristics that allow the analysis of small molecules with fewer matrix interfering peaks, and share higher detection sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility. The technological advancement of SALDI-MS has in turn, propelled the application of the analytical technique in the field of biomedical analysis. In this review, the properties and fabrication methods of nanostructured substrates in SALDI-MS such as metallic-, carbon-, and silicon-based nanostructures, quantum dots, metal-organic frameworks, and covalent-organic frameworks are described. Additionally, the latest progress (most within 5 years) of biomedical applications in small molecule, large biomolecule, and MS imaging analysis including metabolite profiling, drug monitoring, bacteria identification, disease diagnosis, and therapeutic evaluation are demonstrated. Key parameters that govern nanomaterial's SALDI efficiency in biomolecule analysis are also discussed. Finally, perspectives of the future development are given to provide a better advancement and promote practical application in clinical MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xianjiang Li
- Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huwei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Zhao H, Wang J, Zhao H, Liu Y, Li Y, Zhang R. One-step synthesis of N, B-codoped carbon nanofiber as a novel matrix for high-throughput and efficient laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry analysis. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.105966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Dutkiewicz EP, Su CH, Lee HJ, Hsu CC, Yang YL. Visualizing vinca alkaloids in the petal of Catharanthus roseus using functionalized titanium oxide nanowire substrate for surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:1123-1133. [PMID: 33220116 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is a powerful technique that enables analysis of various molecular species at a high spatial resolution with low detection limits. In contrast to the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) approach, surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization (SALDI) can be more effective in the detection of small molecules due to the absence of interfering background signals in low m/z ranges. We developed a functionalized TiO2 nanowire as a solid substrate for IMS of low-molecular-weight species in plant tissues. We prepared TiO2 nanowires using an inexpensive modified hydrothermal process and subsequently functionalized them chemically with various silane analogs to overcome the problem of superhydrophilicity of the substrate. Chemical modification changed the selectivity of imprinting of samples deposited on the substrate surface and thus improved the detection limits. The substrate was applied to image distribution of the metabolites in very fragile specimens such as the petal of Catharanthus roseus. We observed that the metabolites are distributed heterogeneously in the petal, which is consistent with previous results reported for the C. roseus plant leaf and stem. The intermediates corresponding to the biosynthesis pathway of some vinca alkaloids were clearly shown in the petal. We also performed profiling of petals from five different cultivars of C. roseus plant. We verified the semi-quantitative capabilities of the imprinting/imaging approach by comparing results using the LC-MS analysis of the plant extracts. This suggested that the functionalized TiO2 nanowire substrate-based SALDI is a powerful technique complementary to MALDI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina P Dutkiewicz
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Han Su
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Jung Lee
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chih Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Liang Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Samarah LZ, Vertes A. Mass spectrometry imaging based on laser desorption ionization from inorganic and nanophotonic platforms. VIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20200063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laith Z. Samarah
- Department of Chemistry George Washington University Washington DC USA
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry George Washington University Washington DC USA
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Kang S, Fan Xia, Zhuofeng Hu, Hu W, She Y, Wang L, Fu X, Lu W. Platinum nanoparticles with TiO2–skin as a durable catalyst for photoelectrochemical methanol oxidation and electrochemical oxygen reduction reactions. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Liu Z, Zhang P, Pyttlik A, Kraus T, Volmer DA. Influence of core size and capping ligand of gold nanoparticles on the desorption/ionization efficiency of small biomolecules in AP‐SALDI‐MS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ansa.202000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry Saarland University Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Andrea Pyttlik
- INM‐Leibniz Institute for New Materials Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Tobias Kraus
- INM‐Leibniz Institute for New Materials Saarbrücken Germany
- Institute of Colloid and Interface Chemistry Saarland University Saarbrücken Germany
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He H, Guo Z, Wen Y, Xu S, Liu Z. Recent advances in nanostructure/nanomaterial-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of low molecular mass compounds. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1090:1-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kim MJ, Yun TG, Noh JY, Park JM, Kang MJ, Pyun JC. Synergistic Effect of the Heterostructure of Au Nanoislands on TiO 2 Nanowires for Efficient Ionization in Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:20509-20520. [PMID: 31074270 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b03386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A combination nanostructured matrix with metal Au nanoislands and semiconductor TiO2 nanowires is presented to enhance both desorption and ionization efficiency in laser desorption/ionization (LDI) mass spectrometry. The heterostructure of Au nanoislands on TiO2 nanowires was fabricated via (1) TiO2 nanowire synthesis through a modified wet-corrosion method and (2) Au nanoisland formation through thermal annealing of a sputtered Au layer on the TiO2 nanowires. Herein, the synergistic effect of this heterostructure for highly efficient ion production was experimentally elucidated in terms of the formation of high temperature on the surface of Au and the creation of a Schottky barrier at the Au-TiO2 interface. Finally, four types of immunosuppressors were analyzed to demonstrate the improved ionization performance of the heterostructure for LDI mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon-Ju Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Yonsei University , 134 Shinchon-dong , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749 , Korea
| | - Tae Gyeong Yun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Yonsei University , 134 Shinchon-dong , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749 , Korea
| | - Joo-Yoon Noh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Yonsei University , 134 Shinchon-dong , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749 , Korea
| | - Jong-Min Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Yonsei University , 134 Shinchon-dong , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749 , Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kang
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 136-791 , Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Pyun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Yonsei University , 134 Shinchon-dong , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749 , Korea
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