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Su H, Hu YH. Gradient Functional Layer Anode for Carbonate-Superstructured Solid Fuel Cells with Ethane Fuel. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2311684. [PMID: 38533989 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Carbonate-superstructured solid fuel cells (CSSFCs) are an emerging type of fuel cells with high flexibility of fuels. However, using ethane fuel for solid fuel cells is a great challenge due to serious degradation of their anodes. Herein, this critical issue is solved by creating a novel gradient functional layer anode for CSSFCs. First, a finer-scale anode with a larger surface area is demonstrated to provide more active sites for the internal reforming reaction of ethane, achieving a 60% higher ethane conversion rate and 40% lower polarization resistance than conventional anodes. Second, incorporating a gradient functional layer into the anode results in an additional 50% enhancement in the peak power density of CSSFCs to a record high value (up to 241 mW cm-2) with dry ethane fuel at a low temperature of 550 °C, which is even comparable to the power density of conventional solid oxide fuel cells above 700 °C. Furthermore, the CSSFC with the gradient anode exhibits excellent durability for over 200 h. This finding provides a new strategy to develop efficient anodes for hydrocarbon fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanrui Su
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI, 49931-1295, USA
| | - Yun Hang Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI, 49931-1295, USA
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Chen T, Zhang H, Zheng G, Xue Q, Huang Z, Zhou Y, Wang S. A High-Strength Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Supported by an Ordered Porous Cathode Membrane. MEMBRANES 2024; 14:44. [PMID: 38392671 PMCID: PMC10889947 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The phase inversion tape casting has been widely used to fabricate open straight porous supports for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), which can offer better gas transmission and minimize the concentration polarization. However, the overall weak strength of the macro-porous structure still limits the applications of these SOFCs. In this work, a novel SOFC supported by an ordered porous cathode membrane with a four-layer configuration containing a finger-like porous 3 mol% yttria- stabilized zirconia (3YSZ)-La0.8Sr0.2Co0.6Fe0.4O3-δ (LSCF) catalyst, porous 8 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (8YSZ)-LSCF catalyst, and dense 8YSZ porous 8YSZ-NiO catalyst is successfully prepared by the phase inversion tape casting, dip-coating, co-sintering, and impregnation process. The flexural strength of the open straight porous 3YSZ membrane is as high as 131.95 MPa, which meets the requirement for SOFCs. The cathode-supported single cell shows a peak power density of 540 mW cm-2 at 850 °C using H2 as the fuel. The degradation mechanism of the SOFC is investigated by the combination of microstructure characterization and distribution of relaxation times (DRT) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, 1 Daxue Street, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Huilin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, 1 Daxue Street, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Guozhu Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, 1 Daxue Street, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Qiang Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, 1 Daxue Street, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Zuzhi Huang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Surface Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Yucun Zhou
- Beijing Huairou Laboratory, Beijing 101400, China
| | - Shaorong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, 1 Daxue Street, Xuzhou 221116, China
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Wan S, Shah MAKY, Wang H, Lund PD, Zhu B. Exceptionally high proton conductivity in Eu 2O 3 by proton-coupled electron transfer mechanism. iScience 2024; 27:108612. [PMID: 38179065 PMCID: PMC10765062 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Proton conductors are typically developed by doping to introduce structural defects such as oxygen vacancies to facilitate ionic transport through structural bulk conduction mechanism. In this study, we present a novel electrochemical proton injection method via an in situ fuel cell process, demonstrating proton conduction in europium oxide (Eu2O3) through a surficial conduction mechanism for the first time. By tuning Eu2O3 into a protonated form, H-Eu2O3, we achieved an exceptionally high proton conductivity of 0.16 S cm-1. Distribution of relaxation time (DRT) analysis was employed to investigate the proton transport behavior and reveal the significant contribution of surface proton transport to the overall conductivity of Eu2O3. Remarkably, H-Eu2O3 exhibited a low activation energy for ionic transport, comparable to the best ceramic electrolytes available. The proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) mechanism describes this novel surficial proton conduction mechanism. These findings provide new possibilities for developing advanced proton conductors with improved performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wan
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Solar Energy Science and Technology/ Energy Storage Joint Research Center, School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - M. A. K. Yousaf Shah
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Solar Energy Science and Technology/ Energy Storage Joint Research Center, School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Solar Energy Science and Technology/ Energy Storage Joint Research Center, School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Peter D. Lund
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Solar Energy Science and Technology/ Energy Storage Joint Research Center, School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- School of Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, 00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Bin Zhu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Solar Energy Science and Technology/ Energy Storage Joint Research Center, School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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Kimura Y, Tohmyoh H. Nanostructure-Based Solution Sensor Fabricated with p-CuO x/ n-TiO 2 Nanojunctions To Identify Species and Concentrations of Alcohol Molecules. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:1079-1086. [PMID: 38151462 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Chemiresistive sensors fabricated based on metal-oxide-semiconductors, the most widely used high-sensitivity sensor materials, are required for detecting target solutions and gases and identifying them with a high degree of accuracy. In this study, we used p-n nanojunctions and nanowire shapes for identifying alcohol solutions. The solution sensors fabricated based on CuOx nanowires with p-CuOx/n-TiO2 nanojunctions detected ethanol, ethylene glycol, and diethylene glycol solutions via DC voltage and electrochemical impedance measurements. The p-n nanojunctions affected the sensors' sensitivity in the diethylene glycol solution, and the nanowire surface areas affected the relaxation time in ethanol and ethylene glycol solutions. To identify alcohol solutions, principal component analysis was performed based on the relationship between the sensor information, such as the presence of p-n nanojunctions and nanowire surface areas, and the sensing performance. This analysis identified alcohol molecular species and predicted alcohol-solution concentrations in the 0.1-20 vol % range with a high degree of accuracy. The concept of using sensors with different surface conditions with respect to p-n nanojunctions and nanowire surface areas offers designs for metal-oxide-semiconductor sensors to identify various molecules in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinari Kimura
- Department of Finemechanics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hironori Tohmyoh
- Department of Finemechanics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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Yousaf M, Lu Y, Hu E, Akbar M, Shah MAKY, Noor A, Akhtar MN, Mushtaq N, Yan S, Xia C, Zhu B. Interfacial Disordering and Heterojunction Enabling Fast Proton Conduction. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300450. [PMID: 37469012 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The interfacial disorder is a general method to change the metal-oxygen compatibility and carrier density of heterostructure materials for ionic transport modulation. Herein, to enable high proton conduction, a semiconductor heterostructure based on spinel ZnFe2 O4 (ZFO) and fluorite CeO2 is developed and investigated in terms of structural characterization, first principle calculation, and electrochemical performance. Particular attention is paid to the interfacial disordering and heterojunction effects of the material. Results show that the heterostructure induces a disordered oxygen region at the hetero-interface of ZFO-CeO2 by dislocating oxygen atoms, leading to fast proton transport. As a result, the ZFO-CeO2 exhibits a high proton conductivity of 0.21 S cm-1 and promising fuel cell power output of 1070 mW cm-2 at 510 °C. Based upon these findings, a new mechanism is proposed by focusing on the change of O-O bond length to interpret the diffusion and acceleration of protons in ZFO-CeO2 on the basis of the Grotthuss mechanism. This study provides a new strategy to customize semiconductor heterostructure to enable fast proton conduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Yousaf
- Energy Storage Joint Research Center, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Yuzheng Lu
- School of Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, 211171, P. R. China
| | - Enyi Hu
- Energy Storage Joint Research Center, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Akbar
- School of Microelectronics, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China
| | | | - Asma Noor
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Laser Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Optomechatronics Engineering, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Majid Niaz Akhtar
- Institute of Physics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Mushtaq
- Energy Storage Joint Research Center, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Senlin Yan
- School of Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, 211171, P. R. China
| | - Chen Xia
- School of Microelectronics, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China
- Hubei Yangtze Memory Laboratories, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Energy Storage Joint Research Center, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian, 710049, P. R. China
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Rao M, Li M, Chen Z, Xiong K, Huang H, Yang W, Ling Y, Chen C, Zhang Z, Lin B. Direct carbon dioxide-methane solid oxide fuel cells integrated for high-efficiency power generation with La0.75Sr0.25Cr0.5Fe0.4Ni0.1O3–δ-based dry reforming catalyst. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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7
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Li T, Ling Y, Lin B, Ou X, Wang S. A simple, feasible, and non-hazardous laboratory evaluation of direct ammonia solid oxide fuel cells fueled by aqueous ammonia. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Gao Y, Yang Y, Lin X, Fu M, Hu W, Tong H, Tao Z. Investigation and study of three different composite cathodes for proton-conducting solid oxide fuel cells. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lee C, Shin SS, Kim J, Choi J, Choi M, Shin HH. Tailoring an Interface Microstructure for High-Performance Reversible Protonic Ceramic Electrochemical Cells via Soft Lithography. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:32124-32133. [PMID: 35790382 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Micropatterning is considered a promising strategy for improving the performance of electrochemical devices. However, micropatterning on ceramic is limited by its mechanically fragile properties. This paper reports a novel imprinting-assisted transfer technique to fabricate an interlayer structure in a protonic ceramic electrochemical cell with a micropatterned electrolyte. A dense proton-conducting electrolyte, BaCe0.7Zr0.1Y0.1Yb0.1O3-δ, is micropatterned in a chevron shape with the highest aspect ratio of patterns in electrode-supported cells to the best of our knowledge, increasing surface areas of both electrode sides more than 40%. The distribution of relaxation time analysis reveals that the chevron-patterned electrolyte layer significantly increases the electrode contact areas and active electrochemical reaction sites at the vicinity of the interfaces, contributing to enhanced performances of both the fuel cell and electrolysis operations. The patterned cell demonstrates improved fuel cell performance (>45%) and enhances electrolysis cell performance (30%) at 500 °C. This novel micropatterning technique is promising for the facile production of layered electrochemical cells, further opening a new route for the performance enhancement of ceramic-based electrochemical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Channyung Lee
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy Systems, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soo Shin
- Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical System Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61 Daehak-Ro, Gumi, Gyeongbuk 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyeon Kim
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy Systems, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoo Choi
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy Systems, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Mansoo Choi
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy Systems, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Shin
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy Systems, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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Fu M, Li K, yang Y, Zeng Q, Zeng L, Tao Z. Fabrication and study of LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3-δ and Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3-δ composite cathode for proton-conducting solid oxide fuel cells. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Zhang J, Lei L, Li H, Chen F, Han M. A practical approach for identifying various polarization behaviors of redox-stable electrodes in symmetrical solid oxide fuel cells. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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12
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Yang Y, Wu Y, Bao H, Song W, Ni H, Tian D, Lin B, Feng P, Ling Y. An efficient and prospective self-assembled hybrid electrocatalyst for symmetrical and reversible solid oxide cells. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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How the distribution of relaxation times enhances complex equivalent circuit models for fuel cells. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Performance and distribution of relaxation times analysis of Ruddlesden-Popper oxide Sr3Fe1.3Co0.2Mo0.5O7-δ as a potential cathode for protonic solid oxide fuel cells. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Xia J, Wang C, Wang X, Bi L, Zhang Y. A perspective on DRT applications for the analysis of solid oxide cell electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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16
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Influence of impurities on the bulk and grain-boundary conductivity of CaZrO3-based proton-conducting electrolyte: A distribution of relaxation time study. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Meng X, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Zhang T, Yu N, Chen X, Miao M, Liu T. In-situ exsolution of nanoparticles from Ni substituted Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6 perovskite oxides with different Ni doping contents. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Xie D, Ling A, Yan D, Jia L, Chi B, Pu J, Li J. A comparative study on the composite cathodes with proton conductor and oxygen ion conductor for proton-conducting solid oxide fuel cell. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Tarutin A, Lyagaeva J, Farlenkov A, Plaksin S, Vdovin G, Demin A, Medvedev D. A Reversible Protonic Ceramic Cell with Symmetrically Designed Pr₂NiO 4+δ-Based Electrodes: Fabrication and Electrochemical Features. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 12:E118. [PMID: 30602702 PMCID: PMC6337513 DOI: 10.3390/ma12010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Reversible protonic ceramic cells (rPCCs) combine two different operation regimes, fuel cell and electrolysis cell modes, which allow reversible chemical-to-electrical energy conversion at reduced temperatures with high efficiency and performance. Here we present novel technological and materials science approaches, enabling a rPCC with symmetrical functional electrodes to be prepared using a single sintering step. The response of the cell fabricated on the basis of P⁻N⁻BCZD|BCZD|PBN⁻BCZD (where BCZD = BaCe0.5Zr0.3Dy0.2O3-δ, PBN = Pr1.9Ba0.1NiO4+δ, P = Pr₂O₃, N = Ni) is studied at different temperatures and water vapor partial pressures (pH₂O) by means of volt-ampere measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and distribution of relaxation times analyses. The obtained results demonstrate that symmetrical electrodes exhibit classical mixed-ionic/electronic conducting behavior with no hydration capability at 750 °C; therefore, increasing the pH₂O values in both reducing and oxidizing atmospheres leads to some deterioration of their electrochemical activity. At the same time, the electrolytic properties of the BCZD membrane are improved, positively affecting the rPCC's efficiency. The electrolysis cell mode of the rPCC is found to be more appropriate than the fuel cell mode under highly humidified atmospheres, since its improved performance is determined by the ohmic resistance, which decreases with pH₂O increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Tarutin
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Devices Based on Solid Oxide Proton Electrolytes, Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry, Yekaterinburg 620137, Russia.
- Institute of New Materials and Technologies, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russia.
| | - Julia Lyagaeva
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Devices Based on Solid Oxide Proton Electrolytes, Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry, Yekaterinburg 620137, Russia.
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russia.
| | - Andrey Farlenkov
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russia.
- Laboratory of Solid State Oxide Fuel Cells, Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry, Yekaterinburg 620137, Russia.
| | - Sergey Plaksin
- Laboratory of Solid State Oxide Fuel Cells, Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry, Yekaterinburg 620137, Russia.
| | - Gennady Vdovin
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Devices Based on Solid Oxide Proton Electrolytes, Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry, Yekaterinburg 620137, Russia.
| | - Anatoly Demin
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Devices Based on Solid Oxide Proton Electrolytes, Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry, Yekaterinburg 620137, Russia.
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russia.
| | - Dmitry Medvedev
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Devices Based on Solid Oxide Proton Electrolytes, Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry, Yekaterinburg 620137, Russia.
- Graduate School of Economics and Management, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russia.
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