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Yang Y, Lau KY, Zheng J, Dong J, Wang L, Yin X, Tong Z, Qiu H, Xu J, Xiao W, Xu B, Qiu J, Hosono H, Liu X. Polaronic Nonlinear Optical Response and All-Optical Switching Based on an Ionic Metal Oxide. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306226. [PMID: 38037680 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
It has been well-established that light-matter interactions, as manifested by diverse linear and nonlinear optical (NLO) processes, are mediated by real and virtual particles, such as electrons, phonons, and excitons. Polarons, often regarded as electrons dressed by phonons, are known to contribute to exotic behaviors of solids, from superconductivity to photocatalysis, while their role in materials' NLO response remains largely unexplored. Here, the NLO response mediated by polarons supported by a model ionic metal oxide, TiO2, is examined. It is observed that the formation of polaronic states within the bandgap results in a dramatic enhancement of NLO absorption coefficient by over 130 times for photon energies in the sub-bandgap regions, characterized by a 100 fs scale ultrafast response that is typical for thermalized electrons in metals. The ultrafast polaronic NLO response is then exploited for the development of all-optical switches for ultrafast pulse generation in near-infrared (NIR) fiber lasers and modulation of optical signal in the telecommunication band based on evanescent interaction on a planar waveguide chip. These results suggest that the polarons supported by dielectric ionic oxides can fill the gaps left by dielectric and metallic materials and serve as a novel platform for nonlinear photonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Kuen Yao Lau
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Soochow University, Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Jingying Zheng
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Junhao Dong
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiaojie Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- Shijia Photonics Technology, Hebi, 458030, China
| | - Zhaojing Tong
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454003, China
| | - Hangkai Qiu
- ULTRON Photonics Inc., Hangzhou, 311202, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 310001, China
| | - Weiqiang Xiao
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 310001, China
| | - BeiBei Xu
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Soochow University, Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Jianrong Qiu
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Soochow University, Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Hideo Hosono
- Materials Research Center for Element Strategy (MCES), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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Liu H, Wang A, Zhang P, Ma C, Chen C, Liu Z, Zhang YQ, Feng B, Cheng P, Zhao J, Chen L, Wu K. Atomic-scale manipulation of single-polaron in a two-dimensional semiconductor. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3690. [PMID: 37344475 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39361-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Polaron is a composite quasiparticle derived from an excess carrier trapped by local lattice distortion, and it has been studied extensively for decades both theoretically and experimentally. However, atomic-scale creation and manipulation of single-polarons in real space have still not been achieved so far, which precludes the atomistic understanding of the properties of polarons as well as their applications. Herein, using scanning tunneling microscopy, we succeeded to create single polarons in a monolayer two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor, CoCl2. Combined with first-principles calculations, two stable polaron configurations, centered at atop and hollow sites, respectively, have been revealed. Remarkably, a series of manipulation progresses - from creation, erasure, to transition - can be accurately implemented on individual polarons. Our results pave the way to understand the physics of polaron at atomic level, and the easy control of single polarons in 2D semiconductor may open the door to 2D polaronics including the data storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiru Liu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Aolei Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Ma
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Caiyun Chen
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Zijia Liu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Qi Zhang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Baojie Feng
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Center for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- ICQD/Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15260, PA, USA.
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230088, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Lan Chen
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China.
| | - Kehui Wu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China.
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Center for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
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3
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Melander MM. Frozen or dynamic? — An atomistic simulation perspective on the timescales of electrochemical reactions. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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4
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Xu ZF, Tong CJ, Si RT, Teobaldi G, Liu LM. Nonadiabatic Dynamics of Polaron Hopping and Coupling with Water on Reduced TiO 2. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:857-863. [PMID: 35045256 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c04231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
By interplay between first-principles molecular dynamics and nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations based on the decoherence-induced surface-hopping approach, we investigate and quantify the mechanisms through which different electron polaron hopping regimes in the reduced anatase TiO2(101) surface influence recombination of photogenerated charge carriers, also in the presence of adsorbed water (H2O) molecules. The simulations reveal that fast hopping regimes promote ultrafast recombination of photogenerated charge-carriers. Conversely, charge recombination is delayed in the presence of slower polaron hopping and even more so if the polaron is pinned at one Ti-site, as typical following adsorption of H2O on the anatase(101) surface. These trends are related to the observed enhancement of the space and energy overlap between conduction band minimum and polaron band gap states, and the ensuing nonadiabatic couplings (NAC) strengths, during a polaronic hop. We expect these insights on the beneficial role of polaron diffusion pinning for the extended lifetime of photoexcitations in TiO2 to sustain ongoing developments of photocatalytic strategies based on this substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Fei Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Chuan-Jia Tong
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Ru-Tong Si
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Gilberto Teobaldi
- Scientific Computing Department, STFC UKRI, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, OX11 0QX Didcot, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, SO17 1BJ Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Li-Min Liu
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
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Thongnum A, Pingaew R, Pinsook U. Impact of the polar optical phonon and alloy scattering on the charge-carrier mobilities of FA 0.83Cs 0.17Pb(I 1-xBr x) 3 hybrid perovskites. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:27320-27326. [PMID: 34850788 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03698j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lead mixed-halide perovskites are promising absorption materials that are suitable for applications in tandem solar cells using existing silicon technology. Charge-carrier mobility is an important factor that affects the performance of tandem solar cells. However, a detailed understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of lead mixed-halide perovskites remains elusive. Here, we used LO (longitudinal optical) phonons and alloy scattering to the elucidate charge-carrier mobilities in the FA0.83Cs0.17Pb(I1-xBrx)3 hybrid perovskite system. It was found that these scattering mechanisms provided very good quantitative agreement with the experimental results, between 11-40 cm2 V-1 s-1. Our findings provide new insights into charge transport scattering in lead mixed-halide hybrid perovskites and pave the way toward design of novel semiconductor alloys for solar cell applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusit Thongnum
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand.,Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, 328 Si Ayutthaya Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Ratchanok Pingaew
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Udomsilp Pinsook
- Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, 328 Si Ayutthaya Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. .,Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
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6
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Wang YC, Jiang H. Constrained density functional theory plus the Hubbard U correction approach for the electronic polaron mobility: A case study of TiO2. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp2108136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Chao Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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7
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Zhang L, Chu W, Zhao C, Zheng Q, Prezhdo OV, Zhao J. Dynamics of Photoexcited Small Polarons in Transition-Metal Oxides. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:2191-2198. [PMID: 33630612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of photoexcited polarons in transition-metal oxides (TMOs), including their formation, migration, and quenching, plays an important role in photocatalysis and photovoltaics. Taking rutile TiO2 as a prototypical system, we use ab initio nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulation to investigate the dynamics of small polarons induced by photoexcitation at different temperatures. The photoexcited electron is trapped by the distortion of the surrounding lattice and forms a small polaron within tens of femtoseconds. Polaron migration among Ti atoms is strongly correlated with quenching through an electron-hole (e-h) recombination process. At low temperature, the polaron is localized on a single Ti atom and polaron quenching occurs within several nanoseconds. At increased temperature, as under solar cell operating conditions, thermal phonon excitation stimulates the hopping and delocalization of polarons, which induces fast polaron quenching through the e-h recombination within 200 ps. Our study proves that e-h recombination centers can be formed by photoexcited polarons, which provides new insights to understand the efficiency bottleneck of photocatalysis and photovoltaics in TMOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Weibin Chu
- Departments of Chemistry, and Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | | | | | - Oleg V Prezhdo
- Departments of Chemistry, and Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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8
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Ma X, Cheng Z, Tian M, Liu X, Cui X, Huang Y, Tan S, Yang J, Wang B. Formation of Plasmonic Polarons in Highly Electron-Doped Anatase TiO 2. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:430-436. [PMID: 33290081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The existence of various quasiparticles of polarons because of electron-boson couplings plays important roles in determining electron transport in titanium dioxide (TiO2), which affects a wealth of physical properties from catalysis to interfacial superconductivity. In addition to the well-defined Fröhlich polarons whose electrons are dressed by the phonon clouds, it has been theoretically predicted that electrons can also couple to their own plasmonic oscillations, namely, the plasmonic polarons. Here we experimentally demonstrate the formation of plasmonic polarons in highly doped anatase TiO2 using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. Our results show that the energy separation of plasmon-loss satellites follows a dependence on √n, where n is the electron density, manifesting the characteristic of plasmonic polarons. The spectral functions enable to quantitatively evaluate the strengths of electron-plasmon and electron-phonon couplings, respectively, providing an effective approach for characterizing the interplays among different bosonic modes in the complicate many-body interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Ma
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics (CAS), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhengwang Cheng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics (CAS), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Mingyang Tian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics (CAS), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics (CAS), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xuefeng Cui
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics (CAS), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yaobo Huang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Shijing Tan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics (CAS), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics (CAS), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics (CAS), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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Yang Q, Zhu H, Hou Y, Liu D, Tang H, Liu D, Zhang W, Yan S, Zou Z. Surface polaron states on single-crystal rutile TiO 2 nanorod arrays enhancing charge separation and transfer. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:15054-15060. [PMID: 33103679 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03068f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Polaron states on TiO2 photoanodes provide an important electron transfer pathway at the electrode-electrolyte interface. Here, we electrochemically doped single-crystal rutile TiO2 nanorod arrays with exposed (110) facets to produce surface polaron states, Ti3+-OH, which greatly contributed to charge separation and transfer. Our results experimentally clarified the previously confused understanding of the origin of improved photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting performance and verified that the enhanced PEC effects mainly arise from surface polaron states instead of grain boundary passivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qimeng Yang
- Eco-Materials and Renewable Energy Research Center (ERERC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, No. 22, Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, P. R. China.
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10
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Pham TD, Deskins NA. Efficient Method for Modeling Polarons Using Electronic Structure Methods. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:5264-5278. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thang Duc Pham
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - N. Aaron Deskins
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, United States
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Zhu YN, Teobaldi G, Liu LM. Water-Hydrogen-Polaron Coupling at Anatase TiO 2(101) Surfaces: A Hybrid Density Functional Theory Study. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:4317-4325. [PMID: 32354210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Defects and water generally coexist on the surfaces of reducible metal oxides for heterogeneous photocatalysis in aqueous environments, which makes quantification and understanding of their coupling essential for development of practical solutions. Here we explore and quantify the coupling between water (H2O)- and hydrogen (H)-induced electron-polarons on the TiO2 anatase (101) surface by means of first-principles simulations. Without H2O, the hydrogen-induced electron-polaron localizes preferentially around the energetically favored subsurface H site. Its hopping barrier to neighboring sites in the subsurface is about 0.29 eV. Conversely, following H2O adsorption, surface trapping of the electron-polaron becomes energetically favored, and the diffusion barrier from subsurface to surface decreases by 0.15 eV. H2O adsorption is shown to be effective in decreasing the proton diffusion energy barrier within the same layer by reducing the polaron-proton coupling and promoting diffusion toward the subsurface in line with a recent experimental observation on water-dispersed anatase TiO2 nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Zhu
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Gilberto Teobaldi
- Scientific Computing Department, STFC UKRI, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, OX11 0QX Didcot, United Kingdom
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, L69 3BX Liverpool, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, SO17 1BJ Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Li-Min Liu
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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Liu B, Zhao X, Yu J, Parkin IP, Fujishima A, Nakata K. Intrinsic intermediate gap states of TiO2 materials and their roles in charge carrier kinetics. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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