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Alpsoy L, Sedeky AS, Rehbein U, Thedieck K, Brandstetter T, Rühe J. Particle ID: A Multiplexed Hydrogel Bead Platform for Biomedical Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:55346-55357. [PMID: 37982803 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
We present a new platform based on hydrogel beads for multiplex analysis that can be fabricated, barcoded, and functionalized in a single step using a simple microfluidic assembly and a photo-cross-linking process. The beads are generated in a two-phase flow fluidic system and photo-cross-linking of the polymer in the aqueous phase by C,H insertion cross-linking (CHic). The size and shape of the hydrogel particles can be controlled over a wide range by fluidic parameters. During the fabrication of the beads, they are barcoded by using physical and optical barcoding strategies. Magnetic beads and fluorescent particles, which allow identification of the production batch number, are added simultaneously as desired, resulting in complex, multifunctional beads in a one-step reaction. As an example of biofunctionalization, Borrelia antigens were immobilized on the beads. Serum samples that originated from infected and non-infected patients could be clearly distinguished, and the sensitivity was as good as or even better than ELISA, the state of the art in clinical diagnostics. The ease of the one-step production process and the wide range of barcoding parameters offer strong advantages for multiplexed analytics in the life sciences and medical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokman Alpsoy
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau 79110, Germany
- livMatS@FIT (Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany
| | - Abanoub Selim Sedeky
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau 79110, Germany
| | - Ulrike Rehbein
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center of Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kathrin Thedieck
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center of Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Brandstetter
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau 79110, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rühe
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau 79110, Germany
- livMatS@FIT (Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany
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Zhang D, Li Z, Yang L, Ma H, Chen H, Zeng X. Architecturally designed sequential-release hydrogels. Biomaterials 2023; 303:122388. [PMID: 37980822 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Drug synergy has made significant strides in clinical applications in recent decades. However, achieving a platform that enables "single administration, multi-stage release" by emulating the natural physiological processes of the human body poses a formidable challenge in the field of molecular pharmaceutics. Hydrogels, as the novel generation of drug delivery systems, have gained widespread utilization in drug platforms owing to their exceptional biocompatibility and modifiability. Sequential drug delivery hydrogels (SDDHs), which amalgamate the advantages of hydrogel and sequential release platforms, offer a promising solution for effectively navigating the intricate human environment and accomplishing drug sequential release. Inspired by architectural design, this review establishes connections between three pivotal factors in SDDHs construction, namely mechanisms, carrier spatial structure, and stimuli-responsiveness, and three aspects of architectural design, specifically building materials, house structures, and intelligent interactive furniture, aiming at providing insights into recent developments in SDDHs. Furthermore, the dual-drug collocation and cutting-edge hydrogel preparation technologies as well as the prevailing challenges in the field were elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Zimu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China; School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Li Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Hualin Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, China.
| | - Hongzhong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Xiaowei Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
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Song D, Kotz-Helmer F, Rapp B, Rühe J. Substrate-Independent Maskless Writing of Functionalized Microstructures Using CHic Chemistry and Digital Light Processing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:50288-50295. [PMID: 36288785 PMCID: PMC9650689 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Maskless photolithography based on digital light processing (DLP) is an attractive technique for the rapid, flexible, and cost-effective fabrication of complex structures with arbitrary surface profiles on the microscale. In this work, we introduce a new material system for structure formation by DLP that is based on photoreactive polymers for the local and light-induced C,H-insertion cross-linking (CHic). This approach allows a simple and versatile generation of microstructures with a broad spectrum of geometries and chemistries irrespective of the nature of the chosen substrates and thus allows direct writing of surface functionalization patterns with high spatial control. The CHicable prepolymer is first coated on a substrate to form a solvent-free (glassy) film, and then the DLP system patterns the light with arbitrary shape to induce local cross-linking of the prepolymer. Using this method, the desired structures with complex features with a lateral resolution of several microns and a topography of tens of nanometers could be fabricated within 30 s. Furthermore, the universal applicability of the CHic reaction enables the printing on a wide variety of substrates, which greatly broadens the using scenarios of this printing approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Song
- livMatS
@ Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies
(FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Department
of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University
of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee
103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frederik Kotz-Helmer
- Department
of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University
of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee
103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bastian Rapp
- livMatS
@ Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies
(FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Department
of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University
of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee
103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rühe
- livMatS
@ Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies
(FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Department
of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University
of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee
103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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Weber T, Metzler L, Fosso Tene PL, Brandstetter T, Rühe J. Single-Color Barcoding for Multiplexed Hydrogel Bead-Based Immunoassays. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:25147-25154. [PMID: 35617151 PMCID: PMC9185679 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Current developments in precision medicine require the simultaneous detection of an increasing number of biomarkers in heterogeneous, complex solutions, such as blood samples. To meet this need, immunoassays on barcoded hydrogel beads have been proposed, although the encoding and decoding of these barcodes is usually complex and/or resource-intensive. Herein, an efficient method for the fabrication of barcoded, functionalized hydrogel beads is presented. The hydrogel beads are generated using droplet-based microfluidics in combination with photochemically induced C-H insertion reactions, allowing photo-crosslinking, (bio-) functionalization, and barcode integration to be performed in a single step. The generated functionalized beads carry single-color barcodes consisting of green-fluorescent particles of different sizes and concentrations, allowing simple and simultaneous readout with a standard plate reader. As a test example, the performance of barcoded hydrogel beads (3 × 3 matrix) functionalized with capture molecules of interest (e.g., antigens) is investigated for the detection of Lyme-disease-specific antibodies in patient sera. The described barcoding strategy for hydrogel beads does not interfere with the bioanalytical process and captivates by its simplicity and versatility, making it an attractive candidate for multiplex bioanalytical processes.
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Liu J, Su C, Chen Y, Tian S, Lu C, Huang W, Lv Q. Current Understanding of the Applications of Photocrosslinked Hydrogels in Biomedical Engineering. Gels 2022; 8:gels8040216. [PMID: 35448118 PMCID: PMC9026461 DOI: 10.3390/gels8040216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogel materials have great application value in biomedical engineering. Among them, photocrosslinked hydrogels have attracted much attention due to their variety and simple convenient preparation methods. Here, we provide a systematic review of the biomedical-engineering applications of photocrosslinked hydrogels. First, we introduce the types of photocrosslinked hydrogel monomers, and the methods for preparation of photocrosslinked hydrogels with different morphologies are summarized. Subsequently, various biomedical applications of photocrosslinked hydrogels are reviewed. Finally, some shortcomings and development directions for photocrosslinked hydrogels are considered and proposed. This paper is designed to give researchers in related fields a systematic understanding of photocrosslinked hydrogels and provide inspiration to seek new development directions for studies of photocrosslinked hydrogels or related materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China; (J.L.); (C.S.); (Y.C.); (S.T.); (C.L.)
| | - Chunyu Su
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China; (J.L.); (C.S.); (Y.C.); (S.T.); (C.L.)
| | - Yutong Chen
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China; (J.L.); (C.S.); (Y.C.); (S.T.); (C.L.)
| | - Shujing Tian
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China; (J.L.); (C.S.); (Y.C.); (S.T.); (C.L.)
| | - Chunxiu Lu
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China; (J.L.); (C.S.); (Y.C.); (S.T.); (C.L.)
| | - Wei Huang
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China; (J.L.); (C.S.); (Y.C.); (S.T.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence: (W.H.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qizhuang Lv
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China; (J.L.); (C.S.); (Y.C.); (S.T.); (C.L.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, Yulin 537000, China
- Correspondence: (W.H.); (Q.L.)
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Zunker S, Rühe J. Photo-Crosslinking of Thioxanthone Group Containing Copolymers for Surface Modification and Bioanalytics. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Zunker
- IMTEK − Department of Microsystems Engineering, Laboratory for Chemistry and Physics of Interfaces, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- livMatS Center of Excellence @ Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rühe
- IMTEK − Department of Microsystems Engineering, Laboratory for Chemistry and Physics of Interfaces, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- livMatS Center of Excellence @ Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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