1
|
Johnston L, Wang G, Hu K, Qian C, Liu G. Advances in Biosensors for Continuous Glucose Monitoring Towards Wearables. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:733810. [PMID: 34490230 PMCID: PMC8416677 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.733810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) for the non-invasive monitoring of diabetes are constantly being developed and improved. Although there are multiple biosensing platforms for monitoring glucose available on the market, there is still a strong need to enhance their precision, repeatability, wearability, and accessibility to end-users. Biosensing technologies are being increasingly explored that use different bodily fluids such as sweat and tear fluid, etc., that can be calibrated to and therefore used to measure blood glucose concentrations accurately. To improve the wearability of these devices, exploring different fluids as testing mediums is essential and opens the door to various implants and wearables that in turn have the potential to be less inhibiting to the wearer. Recent developments have surfaced in the form of contact lenses or mouthguards for instance. Challenges still present themselves in the form of sensitivity, especially at very high or low glucose concentrations, which is critical for a diabetic person to monitor. This review summarises advances in wearable glucose biosensors over the past 5 years, comparing the different types as well as the fluid they use to detect glucose, including the CGMs currently available on the market. Perspectives on the development of wearables for glucose biosensing are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Johnston
- School of Engineering, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gonglei Wang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kunhui Hu
- Shenzhen YHLO Biotech Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Chungen Qian
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guozhen Liu
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim K, Kim H, Jo EJ, Jang H, Park J, Jung GY, Kim MG. Reactant/polymer hybrid films on p-n junction photodetectors for self-powered, non-invasive glucose biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 175:112855. [PMID: 33279347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The portability of electronic-based biosensors is limited because of the use of batteries and/or solutions containing reactants such as enzymes for assay, which limits the utility of such biosensors in point-of-care (POC) testing. In this study, we report on the development of a self-powered biosensor composed of only portable components: a reactant-containing poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) film for the colorimetric assay, and a self-powered n-InGaZnO/p-Si photodetector. The PEG film containing enzymes and color-developing agents was formed on a glass slide by spin coating. The self-powered biosensor was fabricated by placing the hybrid film on the p-n junction photodetector, and applied in non-invasive glucose detection (salivary glucose). Injection of the target-containing solution dissolved the PEG that led to the release of enzymes and color-developing agents, resulting in a colorimetric assay. The colorimetric assay could attenuate the light reaching the photodetector, thus facilitating target concentration verification by measuring the photocurrent. Our self-powered biosensor has two main advantages: (i) all components of the biosensor are portable and (ii) dilution of target concentration is avoided as the reagents are in the PEG film. Therefore, the self-powered biosensor, without solution-phase components, could be highly beneficial for creating portable, sensitive biosensors for POC testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kihyeun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonghun Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Jo
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjun Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoon Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun Young Jung
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Gon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hun X, Meng Y. Electron Acceptors Co-Regulated Self-Powered Photoelectrochemical Strategy and Its Application for Circulating Tumor Nucleic Acid Detection Coupled with Recombinase Polymerase Amplification. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11771-11778. [PMID: 32809797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Biosensor working in a self-powered mode has been widely concerned because it produces a signal when the bias potential is 0 V. However, the self-powered mode is used only when the materials have self-powered properties. Conversion of non-self-powered to self-powered through molecular regulation can solve this problem effectively. Here, we fabricated a self-powered photoelectrochemical mode based on co-regulation of electron acceptors methylene blue (MB) and p-nitrophenol (p-NP). AuNPs@ZnSe nanosheet-modified gold electrode (AuNPs@ZnSeNSs/GE) gave a small photocurrent at 0 V. In the presence of MB and p-NP, AuNPs@ZnSeNSs/GE gave the strongest photocurrent at 0 V. Accordingly, an electron acceptor co-regulated self-powered photoelectrochemical assay was fabricated. As proof-of-concept demonstrations, this assay was applied for prostate cancer circulating tumor nucleic acid biomarker, KLK2 and PCA3, detection combined with in situ recombinase polymerase amplification strategy. This assay generated a strong photocurrent and was sensitive to the variation of KLK2 and PCA3 concentration. The limits of detection were 30 and 32 aM, respectively. We anticipate this electron acceptor co-regulated self-powered photoelectrochemical mode to pave a new way for the development of self-powered sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Hun
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Yuchan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shu J, Tang D. Recent Advances in Photoelectrochemical Sensing: From Engineered Photoactive Materials to Sensing Devices and Detection Modes. Anal Chem 2019; 92:363-377. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Shu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology (MOE and Fujian Province), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dianping Tang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology (MOE and Fujian Province), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Han Q, Wang H, Qi Y, Wu D, Wei Q. Preparation and characterization of 0D Au NPs@3D BiOI nanoflower/2D NiO nanosheet array heterostructures and their application as a self-powered photoelectrochemical biosensing platform. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:4313-4320. [PMID: 36134407 PMCID: PMC9419480 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00394k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate that zero-dimensional Au nanoparticles (0D Au NPs)-decorated three-dimensional bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI) nanoflower (3D BiOI NFs)/two-dimensional nickel oxide (NiO) nanosheet array (2D NiO NSAs) hybrid nanostructures can be used as a self-powered cathodic photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensing platform. The in situ formation of 3D BiOI NFs on 2D NiO NSAs was carried out by a chemical bath deposition method, while 0D Au NPs were coated on 3D BiOI NFs/2D NiO NSAs through a dip-coating method. Subsequently, glucose oxidase (GOD) as an enzyme model was immobilized on the surface of a Au@BiOI/NiO electrode via the adhesion of poly-(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA). The proposed heterostructure exhibited excellent PEC properties because the unique structure of the Au NPs@BiOI NFs/NiO NSAs increased the specific surface area, light harvesting ability and the surface plasmon resonance effect of the Au NPs. The system displayed high sensitivity toward glucose in the presence of an air-saturated electrolyte. At the optimum conditions, the biosensor showed a promising application for the self-powered cathodic PEC biosensing of glucose, with a dynamic linear range of 1 × 10-7 M to 5 × 10-2 M and a low limit of detection of 8.71 × 10-8 M. Moreover, the proposed self-powered PEC biosensor was evaluated for the determination of diluted glucose injections, with the results indicating the potential of the proposed biosensor for bioanalysis applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhi Han
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, University of Jinan Jinan 250022 PR China +86-531-82767872
| | - Hanyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, University of Jinan Jinan 250022 PR China +86-531-82767872
| | - Yanting Qi
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, University of Jinan Jinan 250022 PR China +86-531-82767872
| | - Dan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, University of Jinan Jinan 250022 PR China +86-531-82767872
| | - Qin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, University of Jinan Jinan 250022 PR China +86-531-82767872
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim K, Park J, Kim H, Jung GY, Kim MG. Solid-Phase Photocatalysts: Physical Vapor Deposition of Au Nanoislands on Porous TiO2 Films for Millimolar H2O2 Production within a Few Minutes. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
7
|
Cai S, Xu X, Yang W, Chen J, Fang X. Materials and Designs for Wearable Photodetectors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1808138. [PMID: 30785644 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201808138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Photodetectors (PDs), as an indispensable component in electronics, are highly desired to be flexible to meet the trend of next-generation wearable electronics. Unfortunately, no in-depth reviews on the design strategies, material exploration, and potential applications of wearable photodetectors are found in literature to date. Thus, this progress report first summarizes the fundamental design principles of turning "hard" photodetectors "soft," including 2D (polymer and paper substrate-based devices) and 1D PDs (fiber shaped devices). In short, the flexibility of PDs is realized through elaborate substrate modification, material selection, and device layout. More importantly, this report presents the current progress and specific requirements for wearable PDs according to the application: monitoring, imaging, and optical communication. Challenges and future research directions in these fields are proposed at the end. The purpose of this progress report is not only to shed light on the basic design principles of wearable PDs, but also serve as the roadmap for future exploration in wearable PDs in various applications, including health monitoring and Internet of Things.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sa Cai
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojie Xu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xiaosheng Fang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|