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Ahsan A, Lakhani A, Ashraf MU, Yar M, Sarfaraz S, Ayub K. CO 2 capturing by self-assembled belt[14]pyridine encapsulated ionic liquid complexes: a DFT study. RSC Adv 2024; 14:31837-31849. [PMID: 39380651 PMCID: PMC11459277 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03394a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In the current study, CO2 capturing ability of encapsulated ionic liquids (ENILs) i.e., tetramethylammonium chloride (TMACl), 1,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride (MIMCl), and methylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate (MPHP) encapsulated in self assembled belt[14]pyridine (BP) has been studied. The results show that strong van der Waals forces are involved in capturing of CO2 by these encapsulated ionic liquids. Strong attractive forces arise from synergistic effect of ionic liquid (encapsulated) and atoms of belt. The interaction energies (E int) ranging from -12.54 to -18.64 kcal mol-1 reveal the capturing of CO2 by these systems as thermodynamically feasible process. The type and strength of interactions between CO2 and encapsulated ionic liquids is studied through QTAIM and NCI analyses. NCI analysis clearly shows that capturing of CO2 is assisted by van der Waals forces between CO2 and encapsulated ionic liquid complexes. The same feature is confirmed through QTAIM analysis as well. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis' results show the charge transfer between the fragments (encapsulated ionic liquids and CO2) which is validated further through electron density differences (EDD) analysis. Overall, transfer of charge towards CO2 from encapsulated ionic liquids is proved through the charge accumulation over CO2 (i.e., blue isosurfaces on CO2 molecules) through EDD analysis. The FMO analyses show the decrease in H-L gaps of encapsulated ionic liquids after CO2 capturing. The successful charge transfer and reduction in H-L gap indicate better interaction in the designed systems thus revealing these systems as a potential candidates for CO2 capturing. Overall, the best results for CO2 capture i.e., the highest interaction energy, the lowest H-L gap, and the strongest forces of interactions are shown by methylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate (MPHP) encapsulated belt[14]pyridine (BP-MPHP) system. This is due to the larger anion of methylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate as compared to the other two encapsulated ionic liquids with Cl- as anion which enables it to develop strong interactions with CO2. The designed belt[14]pyridine based encapsulated ionic liquid systems are promising prospects with better CO2 capture performance and represent a new entrant in the CO2 capturing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annum Ahsan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Abbottabad Campus KPK 22060 Pakistan +92-992-383591
| | - Ahmed Lakhani
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Calumet College of St. Joseph Whiting Indiana 46394 USA
| | - Muhammad Umair Ashraf
- Institute for Applied Physics, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Muhammad Yar
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Abbottabad Campus KPK 22060 Pakistan +92-992-383591
- Department of Chemistry, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Bahawalpur Punjab 63100 Pakistan
| | - Sehrish Sarfaraz
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Abbottabad Campus KPK 22060 Pakistan +92-992-383591
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Abbottabad Campus KPK 22060 Pakistan +92-992-383591
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2
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Taylor CL, Klemm A, Al-Mahbobi L, Bradford BJ, Gurkan B, Pentzer EB. Ionic Liquid-Glycol Mixtures for Direct Air Capture of CO 2: Decreased Viscosity and Mitigation of Evaporation Via Encapsulation. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2024; 12:7882-7893. [PMID: 38783843 PMCID: PMC11110104 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Herein we address the efficiency of the CO2 sorption of ionic liquids (IL) with hydrogen bond donors (e.g., glycols) added as viscosity modifiers and the impact of encapsulating them to limit sorbent evaporation under conditions for the direct air capture of CO2. Ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, and diethylene glycol were added to three different ILs: 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium 2-cyanopyrrolide ([EMIM][2-CNpyr]), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([EMIM][BF4]), and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM][BF4]). Incorporation of the glycols decreased viscosity by an average of 51% compared to bulk IL. After encapsulation of the liquid mixtures using a soft template approach, thermogravimetric analysis revealed average reductions in volatility of 36 and 40% compared to the unencapsulated liquid mixtures, based on 1 h isothermal experiments at 25 and 55 °C, respectively. The encapsulated mixtures of [EMIM][2-CNpyr]/1,3-propanediol and [EMIM][2-CNpyr]/diethylene glycol exhibited the lowest volatility (0.0019 and 0.0002 mmol/h at 25 °C, respectively) and were further evaluated as CO2 absorption/desorption materials. Based on the capacity determined from breakthrough measurements, [EMIM][2-CNpyr]/1,3-propanediol had a lower transport limited absorption rate for CO2 sorption compared to [EMIM][2-CNpyr]/diethylene glycol with 0.08 and 0.03 mol CO2/kg sorbent, respectively; however, [EMIM][2-CNpyr]/diethylene glycol capsules exhibited higher absorptions capacity at ∼500 ppm of CO2 (0.66 compared to 0.47 mol of CO2/kg sorbent for [EMIM][2-CNpyr]/1,3-propanediol). These results show that glycols can be used to not only reduce IL viscosity while increasing physisorption sites for CO2 sorption, but also that encapsulation can be utilized to mitigate evaporation of volatile viscosity modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron
D. L. Taylor
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Aidan Klemm
- Department
of Chemical Engineering Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Luma Al-Mahbobi
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - B. Jack Bradford
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Burcu Gurkan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Emily B. Pentzer
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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3
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Baca KR, Al-Barghouti K, Wang N, Bennett MG, Matamoros Valenciano L, May TL, Xu IV, Cordry M, Haggard DM, Haas AG, Heimann A, Harders AN, Uhl HG, Melfi DT, Yancey AD, Kore R, Maginn EJ, Scurto AM, Shiflett MB. Ionic Liquids for the Separation of Fluorocarbon Refrigerant Mixtures. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5167-5226. [PMID: 38683680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
This review discusses the research being performed on ionic liquids for the separation of fluorocarbon refrigerant mixtures. Fluorocarbon refrigerants, invented in 1928 by Thomas Midgley Jr., are a unique class of working fluids that are used in a variety of applications including refrigeration. Fluorocarbon refrigerants can be categorized into four generations: chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, and hydrofluoroolefins. Each generation of refrigerants solved a key problem from the previous generation; however, each new generation has relied on more complex mixtures that are often zeotropic, near azeotropic, or azeotropic. The complexity of the refrigerants used and the fact that many refrigerants form azeotropes when mixed makes handling the refrigerants at end of life extremely difficult. Today, less than 3% of refrigerants that enter the market are recycled. This is due to a lack of technology in the refrigerant reclaim market that would allow for these complex, azeotropic refrigerant mixtures to be separated into their components in order to be effectively reused, recycled, and if needed repurposed. As the market for recovering and reclaiming refrigerants continues to grow, there is a strong need for separation technology. Ionic liquids show promise for separating azeotropic refrigerant mixtures as an entrainer in extractive distillation process. Ionic liquids have been investigated with refrigerants for this application since the early 2000s. This review will provide a comprehensive summary of the physical property measurements, equations of state modeling, molecular simulations, separation techniques, and unique materials unitizing ionic liquids for the development of an ionic-liquid-based separation process for azeotropic refrigerant mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalin R Baca
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Karim Al-Barghouti
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Madelyn G Bennett
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Lucia Matamoros Valenciano
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Tessie L May
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Irene V Xu
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Max Cordry
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Dorothy M Haggard
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Abigail G Haas
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Ashley Heimann
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Abby N Harders
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Hannah G Uhl
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Diego T Melfi
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Andrew D Yancey
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Rajkumar Kore
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Edward J Maginn
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Aaron M Scurto
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Mark B Shiflett
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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Starvaggi NC, Somodi CB, Barrios EC, Shamberger PJ, Pentzer EB. Microcapsule fabrication by ATRP at the interface of non-aqueous emulsions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4346-4349. [PMID: 38545873 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00736k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
We present soft-template encapsulation of salt hydrate phase change materials (PCMs) using modified silica particles to both stabilize emulsions and serve as initiators for organocatalyzed photoredox ATRP. The resulting core-shell structures have high core loading and are robust to thermal cycling. Critically, this strategy eliminates the need for a reagent in the core phase, thus preserving purity, and offers the ability to tailor shell composition for desired applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chase B Somodi
- Dept. of Materials Science & Engineering, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | | | | | - Emily B Pentzer
- Dept. of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
- Dept. of Materials Science & Engineering, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Joyce MJ, McDermott ST, Umaiya K, Adamson DH. Polyphenol modification of graphene-stabilized emulsions to form electrically conductive polymer spheres. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 653:327-337. [PMID: 37717433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Polyphenols, specifically tannic acid, should increase the hydrophilicity of graphene when added during the interfacial exfoliation through π-π stacking. Following Bancroft's rule, increasing the hydrophilicity of graphene will result in a phase inversion of water-in-oil emulsions stabilized by graphene. Polymerization of the oil phase will then lead to graphene-coated spheres rather than graphene-stabilized polyHIPEs. EXPERIMENTS Optical particle sizing, microscopy, contact angle, and electrical conductivity measurements were performed to determine the mechanism of sphere formation in graphene-stabilized emulsions modified with tannic acid. Studies focused on the effect of graphite flake size, graphite concentration, tannic acid concentration, and oil phase composition. Particle sizing and scanning electron microscopy examined the spheres' size, shape, and surface morphology. Contact angle measurements gave insight into the change in graphene surface energy. Conductivity studies examined the graphene shell surrounding the spheres. FINDINGS Adding tannic acid to graphene-stabilized emulsions induced a phase change from water-in-oil to oil-in-water. Contact angle measurements confirmed greater hydrophilicity of graphene in the presence of tannic acid. However, very high tannic acid concentrations led to a decrease in the stability of the emulsion. Varying the graphite flake size and concentration resulted in morphology and conductivity changes. Dilution of the monomer phase produced hollow microcapsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Joyce
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Sean T McDermott
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Khandaker Umaiya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Douglas H Adamson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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6
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Starvaggi NC, Bradford BJ, Taylor CDL, Pentzer EB. Wettability-tuned silica particles for emulsion-templated microcapsules. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:7635-7643. [PMID: 37772468 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00860f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Pickering emulsions play a significant role in generating advanced materials and have widespread application in personal care products, consumer goods, crude oil refining, energy management, etc. Herein, we report a class of wettability tuned silica-based Pickering emulsifiers which stabilize a diverse range of fluid-fluid interfaces: oil/water, ionic liquid/oil, and oil/oil, and their use to prepare microcapsules via interfacial polymerization. To alter particle wettability, colloidal suspensions of SiO2 particles (22 nm) were modified via silanization with reagents of varied hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, giving particles that could be dispersed in solvents that became the continuous phase of the emulsions. To test the viability of this system as templates for the fabrication of composite materials, the different particle-stabilized emulsions were coupled with interfacial polymerization, leading to microcapsules with polyurea/silica shells. These results demonstrate that a single particle feedstock can be coupled with fundamental chemical transformation to access a versatile toolkit for the stabilization of diverse fluid interfaces and serve as a template for the preparation of hybrid architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - B Jack Bradford
- Dept. of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Cameron D L Taylor
- Dept. of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Emily B Pentzer
- Dept. of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
- Dept. of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Birrer SG, Quinnan P, Zarzar LD. Ionic Liquid-in-Water Emulsions Stabilized by Molecular and Polymeric Surfactants. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023. [PMID: 37478134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids have drawn notable attention for their unique solvent properties and use in applications such as batteries and chemical separations. While many ionic liquids are water-soluble, there are numerous examples of ionic liquids that are sufficiently hydrophobic to remain phase separated from water. However, relatively little is known about the stability and properties of ionic liquid-in-water emulsions. Here, we survey a series of ionic liquid-in-water emulsions stabilized by a range of ionic and nonionic molecular surfactants and polymers. To assess droplet stability and dynamics, we characterize the ionic liquid-surfactant interfacial tension, describe qualitative coarsening rates, and quantify droplet solubilization rate. In some instances, we observe unexpected spontaneous formation of complex double and triple emulsions. Our observations highlight approaches for ionic liquid emulsion formulation and provide insight into how to address challenges surrounding stabilization of ionic liquid-in-water droplets with molecular surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel G Birrer
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Patrick Quinnan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Lauren D Zarzar
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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8
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Hussain Solangi N, Hussin F, Anjum A, Sabzoi N, Ali Mazari S, Mubarak N, Kheireddine Aroua M, Siddiqui M, Saeed Qureshi S. A review of encapsulated ionic liquids for CO2 capture. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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9
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Edgehouse K, Starvaggi N, Rosenfeld N, Bergbreiter D, Pentzer E. Impact of Shell Composition on Dye Uptake by Capsules of Ionic Liquid. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:13849-13856. [PMID: 36315518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulation of ionic liquids (ILs) has been shown to be an effective technique to overcome slow mass transfer rates and handling difficulties that stem from the high viscosity of bulk ILs. These systems commonly rely on diffusion of small molecules through the encapsulating material (shell), into the IL core, and thus the composition of the shell impacts uptake performance. Herein, we report the impact of polymer shell composition on the uptake of the small molecule dye methyl red from water by encapsulated IL. Capsules with core of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluorosulfonyl)imide ([Hmim][TFSI]) were prepared by interfacial polymerization in emulsions stabilized by graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets; the use of different diamines and diisocyanates gave capsule shells with polyureas that were all aliphatic, aliphatic/aromatic, and aliphatic/polar aprotic. These capsules were then added to aqueous solutions of methyl red at different pH values, and migration of the dye into the capsules was monitored by UV-vis spectroscopy, compared to the capsule shell alone. Regardless of the polymer identity, similar extents of dye uptake were observed (>90% at pH = 2), yet capsules with shells containing polyureas with polar aprotic linkages took longer to reach completion. These studies indicate that small changes in capsule shell composition can lead to different performance in small molecule uptake, giving insight into how to tailor shell composition for specific applications, such as solvent remediation and gas uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelynn Edgehouse
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Nicholas Starvaggi
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Neil Rosenfeld
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - David Bergbreiter
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Emily Pentzer
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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10
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Tercki D, Orlińska B, Słotwińska D, Sajdak M. Pickering emulsions as an alternative to traditional polymers: trends and applications. REV CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2022-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Pickering emulsions have gained increasing interest because of their unique features, including easy preparation and stability. In contrast to classical emulsions, in Pickering emulsions, the stabilisers are solid micro/nanoparticles that accumulate on the surfaces of liquid phases. In addition to their stability, Pickering emulsions are less toxic and responsive to external stimuli, which make them versatile material that can be flexibly designed for specific applications, e.g., catalysis, pharmaceuticals and new materials. The potential toxicity and adverse impact on the environment of classic emulsions is related to the extractable nature of the water emulsifier. The impacts of some emulsifiers are related to not only their chemical natures but also their stabilities; after base or acid hydrolysis, some emulsifiers can be turned into sulphates and fatty alcohols, which are dangerous to aquatic life. In this paper, recent research on Pickering emulsion preparations is reviewed, with a focus on styrene as one of the main emulsion components. Moreover, the effects of the particle type and morphology and the critical parameters of the emulsion production process on emulsion properties and applications are discussed. Furthermore, the current and prospective applications of Pickering emulsion, such as in lithium-ion batteries and new vaccines, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Tercki
- Department of Organic Chemical Technology and Petrochemistry , PhD School, Silesian University of Technology , Akademicka 2a, 44-100 Gliwice , Poland
- Synthos S.A. , ul. Chemików 1, 32-600 Oświęcim , Poland
| | - Beata Orlińska
- Department of Organic Chemical Technology and Petrochemistry , Silesian University of Technology , B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice , Poland
| | | | - Marcin Sajdak
- Department of Air Protection, Silesian University of Technology , S. Konarskiego 22B, 44-100 Gliwice , Poland
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , Birmingham B15 2TT , UK
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11
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Lak SN, Ahmed S, Shamberger PJ, Pentzer EB. Encapsulation of hygroscopic liquids via polymer precipitation in non-aqueous emulsions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 628:605-613. [PMID: 36027771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Encapsulation of ionic liquids (ILs) and phase change materials (PCMs) can overcome limitations associated with bulk materials, e.g., slow mass transfer rates, high viscosities, or susceptibility to external environment. Single step soft-templated encapsulation methods commonly use interfacial polymerization for shell formation, with a multifunctional monomer in the continuous phase and another in the discontinuous phase, and thus do not give pristine core material. We posit that polymer precipitation onto emulsion droplets in non-aqueous emulsions could produce a robust shell without contamination of the core, ideal for the encapsulation of water-sensitive or water-miscible materials. EXPERIMENTS Solutions of commodity polymers were added to the continuous phase of non-aqueous Pickering emulsions stabilized by alkylated graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets such that the change in solubility of the polymer led to formation of robust shells and the production of capsules that could be isolated. FINDINGS We demonstrate that a polymer precipitation approach can produce capsules with pristine core of the IL 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [Emim][PF6] or the salt hydrate PCM magnesium nitrate hexahydrate (MNH) and shell of nanosheets and polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), or polyethylene. The capsules are approximately 80 wt% [Emim][PF6] or >90 wt% MNH, and the core can undergo multiple cycles of solidification and melting without leakage or destruction. This novel, single-step methodology provides a distinct advantage to access capsules with pristine core composition and is amenable to different core and shell, paving the way for tailoring capsule composition for desired applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Lak
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Sophia Ahmed
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Patrick J Shamberger
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Emily B Pentzer
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States.
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12
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Organic pollutant collection and electrochemical CO2 reduction promoted by pH-Responsive surfactants. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Fresco-Cala B, Cárdenas S. Advanced polymeric solids containing nano- and micro-particles prepared via emulsion-based polymerization approaches. A review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1208:339669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Ionic liquids filled hybrid capsules by harnessing interfacial imine chemistry of Janus nanosheets stabilized pickering emulsion for removal of chlorophenols. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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15
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Zhang F, Sha Y, Cheng X, Zhang J. Pickering emulsions stabilized by metal-organic frameworks, graphitic carbon nitride and graphene oxide. SOFT MATTER 2021; 18:10-18. [PMID: 34897354 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01540k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pickering emulsion is a heterogeneous system consisting of at least two immiscible liquids, which are stabilized by solid particles, in which organic solvent or water is dispersed into other phase in form of micrometre-sized droplets. Compared to traditional emulsions stabilized by surfactant, solids are cheap and can be easily separated and recycled by centrifugation or filtration after use. Moreover, the properties of Pickering emulsions can be adjusted by using different types of solid particles. Up to now, Pickering emulsions have been applied in a wide range of areas such as material science and catalysis. Here we review recent studies on Pickering emulsions stabilized by metal-organic framework, graphitic carbon nitride and graphene oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yufei Sha
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiuyan Cheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jianling Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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16
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Gaur SS, Edgehouse KJ, Klemm A, Wei P, Gurkan B, Pentzer EB. Capsules with polyurea shells and ionic liquid cores for
CO
2
capture. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samanvaya S. Gaur
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
| | | | - Aidan Klemm
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - Peiran Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
| | - Burcu Gurkan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - Emily B. Pentzer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
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17
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Yan J, Mangolini F. Engineering encapsulated ionic liquids for next-generation applications. RSC Adv 2021; 11:36273-36288. [PMID: 35492767 PMCID: PMC9043619 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05034f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have attracted considerable attention in several sectors (from energy storage to catalysis, from drug delivery to separation media) owing to their attractive properties, such as high thermal stability, wide electrochemical window, and high ionic conductivity. However, their high viscosity and surface tension compared to conventional organic solvents can lead to unfavorable transport properties. To circumvent undesired kinetics effects limiting mass transfer, the discretization of ILs into small droplets has been proposed as a method to increase the effective surface area and the rates of mass transfer. In the present review paper, we summarize the different methods developed so far for encapsulating ILs in organic or inorganic shells and highlight characteristic features of each approach, while outlining potential applications. The remarkable tunability of ILs, which derives from the high number of anions and cations currently available as well as their permutations, combines with the possibility of tailoring the composition, size, dispersity, and properties (e.g., mechanical, transport) of the shell to provide a toolbox for rationally designing encapsulated ILs for next-generation applications, including carbon capture, energy storage devices, waste handling, and microreactors. We conclude this review with an outlook on potential applications that could benefit from the possibility of encapsulating ILs in organic and inorganic shells. Encapsulated ionic liquids (ILs) are candidate materials for several applications owing to the attractive properties of ILs combined with the enhanced mass transfer rate obtained through the discretization of ILs in small capsules.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieming Yan
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA.,Materials Science and Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Filippo Mangolini
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA.,Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA
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18
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Edgehouse KJ, Rosenfeld N, Bergbreiter DE, Pentzer EB. Capsules of the Poly(α-olefin) PAO 432 for Removal of BTEX Contaminants from Water. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katelynn J. Edgehouse
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 3012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - Neil Rosenfeld
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 3012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - David E. Bergbreiter
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 3012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - Emily B. Pentzer
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 3012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, 400 Bizzell Street, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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19
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Yuan S, Liu Q, Zhu L, Ning J, Yang H, Ning K, He Y. Emulsion hydrogel microbeads encapsulating extractants prepared by O/W/O double Pickering emulsions for the recovery of Cu(II) from water. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Cao H, Escamilla M, Arole KD, Holta D, Lutkenhaus JL, Radovic M, Green MJ, Pentzer EB. Flocculation of MXenes and Their Use as 2D Particle Surfactants for Capsule Formation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:2649-2657. [PMID: 33591205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
MXenes, transition metal carbides or nitrides, have gained great attention in recent years due to their high electrical conductivity and catalytic activity, hydrophilicity, and diverse surface chemistry. However, high hydrophilicity and negative ζ potential of the MXene nanosheets limit their processability and interfacial assembly. Previous examples for modifying the dispersibility and wettability of MXenes have focused on the use of organic ligands, such as alkyl amines, or covalent modification with triethoxysilanes. Here, we report a simple method to access MXene-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions by using common inorganic salts (e.g., NaCl) to flocculate the nanosheets and demonstrate the use of these Pickering emulsions to prepare capsules with shells of MXene and polymer. Ti3C2Tz nanosheets are used as the representative MXene. The salt-flocculated MXene nanosheets produce emulsions that are stable for days, as determined by optical microscopy imaging. The incorporation of a diisocyanate in the discontinuous oil phase and diamine in the continuous water phase led to interfacial polymerization and the formation of capsules. The capsules were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confirming the presence of both polymer and nanosheets. The addition of ethanol to the capsules led to the removal of the toluene core and retention of the shell structure. The ability to assemble MXene nanosheets at fluid-fluid interfaces without the use of ligands or cosurfactants expands the accessible material constructs relevant for biomedical engineering, water purification, energy storage, electromagnetic electronics, catalysis, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaixuan Cao
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Maria Escamilla
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Kailash Dhondiram Arole
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Dustin Holta
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jodie L Lutkenhaus
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Miladin Radovic
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Micah J Green
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Emily B Pentzer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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21
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Wang Y, Quevedo K, Pentzer E. Inter-capsule fusion and capsule shell destruction using dynamic covalent polymers. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00271f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, capsule shells containing hindered urea bonds were prepared using interfacial polymerization in an oil-in-oil Pickering emulsion stabilized by functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Wang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | - Khamila Quevedo
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | - Emily Pentzer
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
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22
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Phoungtawee P, Crespy D. Shining a new light on the structure of polyurea/polyurethane materials. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00649e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polyurea and polyurethane are widely used in coatings, foams, and micro- and nanocapsules. Investigations of the polymers structure indicate that a significant amount of hydrolyzed isocyanate is incorporated in the macromolecular backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piangtawan Phoungtawee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- School of Molecular Science and Engineering
- Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC)
- Rayong 21210
- Thailand
| | - Daniel Crespy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- School of Molecular Science and Engineering
- Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC)
- Rayong 21210
- Thailand
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23
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Wang F, Yin Y, Chen B, Cuan S, Wang Z, Wang A, Li G, Shi H. Pickering medium internal phase emulsions based on natural clay particles: Route to a macroporous adsorbent. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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24
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Encapsulation of fragrances and oils by core-shell structures from silica nanoparticles, surfactant and polymer: Effect of particle size. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Gao Y, Wu X, Qi C. Janus-Like Single-Chain Polymer Nanoparticles as Two-in-One Emulsifiers for Aqueous and Nonaqueous Pickering Emulsions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:11467-11476. [PMID: 32975954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of Pickering emulsions is very significant owing to their versatile and important applications in many scopes. In this study, synthesis of a novel kind of single-chain polymer nanoparticle (SCPN) and its stabilized Pickering emulsions were demonstrated. To this end, linear-dendritic diblock copolymers consisting of poly((2-dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) blocks and four-generation dendritic aliphatic polyester blocks (G4) have been first synthesized by the combination of click chemistry and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization reaction. The subsequent intramolecular cross-linking of the PDMAEMA block of PDMAEMA-b-G4 copolymers in DMF using 1,4-diiodobutane as cross-linkers afforded Janus-like SCPNs that exhibited a cross-linked PDMAEMA head tethered by a short dendritic tail. The molecular weight and distribution together with the structure of polymers were carefully characterized by GPC and NMR spectroscopy. By the employment of the as-synthesized Janus-like SCPNs as Pickering emulsifiers, aqueous and nonaqueous Pickering emulsions including water-in-oil and oil-in-oil as well as ionic liquid-in-oil were generated. Under the same conditions, it was found that the long-term stabilities of Pickering emulsions stabilized by Janus-like SCPNs were superior to those of Pickering emulsions stabilized by their linear quaternized PDMAEMA-b-G4 by CH3I analogous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
- College of Chemistry and Key Lab of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application in Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials & Application Technology of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymeric Materials of College of Hunan Province, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan Province 411105, China
| | - Xionghui Wu
- College of Chemistry and Key Lab of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application in Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials & Application Technology of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymeric Materials of College of Hunan Province, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan Province 411105, China
| | - Chenze Qi
- Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
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26
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Mitchell SM, Niradha Sachinthani KA, Pulukkody R, Pentzer EB. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Polymerization of Cumulated Bonds: Isocyanates, Allenes, and Ketenes as Monomers. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1046-1059. [PMID: 35648600 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polymer chemistry offers exciting opportunities to tailor the properties of soft materials through control of the composition of the polymers and their interaction with each other, additives, and surfaces. Ongoing advances in the synthesis of polymeric materials demonstrate the drive for materials with tailored properties for enhanced performance in the next generation of materials and devices. One class of small molecules that can serve as monomers in chain growth polymerization are cumulated double bonds of the general form X═Y═Z. The three most common classes of these molecules are isocyanates (N═C═O), allenes (C═C═C), and ketenes (C═C═O), each of which has been explored as monomers under a variety of conditions. The orthogonality of the two pi bonds of the cumulated double bonds (i.e., lack of conjugation) enables the formation of different polymer backbones from a single monomer, provided the regioreactivity is controlled. This Viewpoint outlines the use of these three cumulated double bonds as monomers, illustrating success and current limitations to established polymerization methods. We then provide an outlook to the future of cumulated double bonds as monomers for the generation of tailored polymer compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - K. A. Niradha Sachinthani
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Randinu Pulukkody
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Emily B. Pentzer
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
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27
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Qiu H, Jiang T, Wang X, Zhu L, Wang Q, Zhao Y, Ge J, Chen Y. Electrochemical investigation of adsorption of graphene oxide at an interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions. RSC Adv 2020; 10:25817-25827. [PMID: 35518605 PMCID: PMC9055337 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02560g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) has been recognized as an amphiphilic molecule or a soft colloidal particle with the ability to adsorb and assemble at the liquid/liquid (L/L) interface. However, most extant works concerning the adsorption behaviors of GO at the L/L interface have been limited to the non-polarized L/L interface. Here, we studied what would happen if GO nanosheets met with a polarizable L/L interface, namely an interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES). On one hand, the adsorption behavior of GO nanosheets at the L/L interface was electrochemically investigated firstly by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and alternating current voltammetry (ACV). On the other hand, the influence of the adsorbed GO layers at the L/L interface on the ion transfer reactions was studied by employing ion-transfer voltammetry of TEA+ and ClO4− selected as probe ions. Capacitance measurements show that the interfacial capacitance increases greatly in the presence of GO nanosheets inside the aqueous phase, which can be attributed to the increases of interfacial corrugation and charge density induced by the parallel adsorption and assembly of GO at the L/L interface. In addition, it is found that the application of an interfacial potential difference by external polarization can promote the adsorption of GO at the L/L interface. Moreover, the ion-transfer voltammetric results further demonstrate that the GO layers formed at the interface can suppress the ion transfer reactions due to interfacial blocking and charge screening, as well as the hindrance effect induced by the GO layers. All the results with insights into the interfacial behavior of GO under polarization with an external electric field enable understanding the adsorption behavior of GO at the L/L interface more comprehensively. The adsorption behavior of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets at an interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) was electrochemically investigated firstly by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and alternating current voltammetry (ACV).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Qiu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai 201418 China
| | - Tao Jiang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai 201418 China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai 201418 China
| | - Lin Zhu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai 201418 China
| | - Qingwei Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai 201418 China
| | - Yun Zhao
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai 201418 China
| | - Jianjian Ge
- School of Science, Shanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai 201418 China
| | - Yong Chen
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai 201418 China
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28
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de Leon A, Wei P, Bordera F, Wegierak D, McMillen M, Yan D, Hemmingsen C, Kolios MC, Pentzer EB, Exner AA. Pickering Bubbles as Dual-Modality Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Contrast Agents. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:22308-22317. [PMID: 32307987 PMCID: PMC8985135 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c02091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Microbubbles (MBs) stabilized by particle surfactants (i.e., Pickering bubbles) have better thermodynamic stability compared to MBs stabilized by small molecules as a result of steric hindrance against coalescence, higher diffusion resistance, and higher particle desorption energy. In addition, the use of particles to stabilize MBs that are typically used as an ultrasound (US) contrast agent can also introduce photoacoustic (PA) properties, thus enabling a highly effective dual-modality US and PA contrast agent. Here, we report the use of partially reduced and functionalized graphene oxide as the sole surfactant to stabilize perfluorocarbon gas bubbles in the preparation of a dual-modality US and PA agent, with high contrast in both imaging modes and without the need for small-molecule or polymer additives. This approach offers an increase in loading of the PA agent without destabilization and increased thickness of the MB shell compared to traditional systems, in which the focus is on adding a PA agent to existing MB formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al de Leon
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Peiran Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Filip Bordera
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Dana Wegierak
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Madelyn McMillen
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - David Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Christina Hemmingsen
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Michael C Kolios
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Emily B Pentzer
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Agata A Exner
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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29
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Lee YY, Edgehouse K, Klemm A, Mao H, Pentzer E, Gurkan B. Capsules of Reactive Ionic Liquids for Selective Capture of Carbon Dioxide at Low Concentrations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:19184-19193. [PMID: 32237727 PMCID: PMC7861118 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c01622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The task-specific ionic liquid (IL), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium 2-cyanopyrolide ([EMIM][2-CNpyr]), was encapsulated with polyurea (PU) and graphene oxide (GO) sheets via a one-pot Pickering emulsion, and these capsules were used to scrub CO2 (0-5000 ppm) from moist air. Up to 60 wt % of IL was achieved in the synthesized capsules, and we demonstrated comparable gravimetric CO2 capacities to zeolites and enhanced absorption rates compared to those of bulk IL due to the increased gas/liquid surface-to-volume area. The reactive IL capsules show recyclability upon mild temperature increase compared to zeolites that are the conventional absorber materials for CO2 scrubbing. The measured breakthrough curves in a fixed bed under 100% relative humidity establish the utility of reactive IL capsules as moisture-stable scrubber materials to separate CO2 from air, outperforming zeolites owing to their higher selectivity. It is shown that thermal stability, CO2 absorption capacity, and rate of uptake by IL capsules can be further modulated by incorporating low-viscosity and nonreactive ILs to the capsule core. This study demonstrates an alternative and facile approach for CO2 scrubbing, where separation from gas mixtures with extremely low partial pressures of CO2 is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yang Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, USA 44106
| | - Katelynn Edgehouse
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3003 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA 77843
| | - Aidan Klemm
- Department of Chemical Engineering Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, USA 44106
| | - Hongchao Mao
- Department of Chemical Engineering Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, USA 44106
| | - Emily Pentzer
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3003 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA 77843
| | - Burcu Gurkan
- Department of Chemical Engineering Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, USA 44106
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30
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Luo Q, Pentzer E. Encapsulation of Ionic Liquids for Tailored Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:5169-5176. [PMID: 31721558 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This spotlight article highlights the favorable impact encapsulation of ionic liquids (ILs) has on multiple advanced applications. ILs are molten salts with many attractive properties such as negligible vapor pressure, good thermal stability, and high ionic conductivity; however, their widespread implementation in advanced applications is hampered by their relatively high viscosity, which makes them difficult to handle and results in slow mass transfer rates. The ability to encapsulate IL in a shell holds potential to impact many applications, including separations, gas sequestration, and energy storage and management, given that the capsule structure provides high surface area compared to that of bulk IL and also allows handling of the IL as a solid. Herein, we discuss encapsulation of ILs using different approaches and highlight the contributions from our lab in both capsule preparation and application. Specifically, we have developed the ability to use 2D carbon nanoparticle surfactants and interfacial polymerization to prepare capsules of IL using both IL-in-water and IL-in-oil Pickering emulsions as templates. This facile, one-step method to encapsulate ILs gives structures with beneficial performance in supercapacitors, separations, and CO2 sequestration, as discussed herein. We conclude this spotlight with an outlook on how to improve upon these systems for next-generation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinmo Luo
- Department of Chemistry , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Emily Pentzer
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77840 , United States
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Huang Q, Luo Q, Wang Y, Pentzer E, Gurkan B. Hybrid Ionic Liquid Capsules for Rapid CO 2 Capture. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019; 58:10503-10509. [PMID: 33505108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The CO2 absorption by ionic liquids (ILs) were enhanced by the use of hybrid capsules composed of a core of IL and shell of polyurea and alkylated graphene oxide (GO). These composite structures were synthesized using a Pickering emulsion as a template and capsules of two different ILs were prepared. The contribution of the encapsulated IL on the CO2 absorption of the capsules is consistent with agitated neat IL, but with improved kinetics of absorption across different pressures. This novel materials design allows for CO2 to be absorbed significantly faster compared to bulk IL and provides insight into improved carbon capture technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Qinmo Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Emily Pentzer
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Burcu Gurkan
- Department of Chemical Engineering Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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