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Affinito A, Quintavalle C, Chianese RV, Roscigno G, Fiore D, D'Argenio V, Thomas G, Savarese A, Ingenito F, Cocca L, Nuzzo S, Berezovski MV, Stoppelli MP, Condorelli G. MCT4-driven CAF-mediated metabolic reprogramming in breast cancer microenvironment is a vulnerability targetable by miR-425-5p. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:140. [PMID: 38485929 PMCID: PMC10940713 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01910-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple oncogenic alterations contribute to breast cancer development. Metabolic reprogramming, deeply contributing to tumor microenvironment (TME) education, is now widely recognized as a hallmark of cancer. The reverse Warburg effect induces cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) to produce and secrete L-lactate, enhancing malignant characteristics such as neoangiogenesis, metastatic dissemination, and treatment resistance. Monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 4 is involved in lactate efflux from CAFs into stromal and epithelial cells. Here, we first assess the expression of miR-425-5p and its target MCT4 in breast cancer CAFs and normal fibroblasts. We analyzed the metabolic changes induced by miR-425-5p in CAFs and its role in the education of breast cancer epithelial cells. We show that miR-425-5p-induced MCT4 knockdown decreased lactate extrusion from CAFs and its availability in the TME. miR-425-5p overexpression induced profound metabolic transformation in CAFs, ultimately influencing breast cancer metabolism. Furthermore, miR-425-5p impaired the capacity of CAFs to sustain vessel formation and breast cancer cell migration, viability, and proliferation. These findings emphasize the key role of miR-425-5p in breast cancer metabolism and aggressiveness, and its possible importance for breast cancer therapy and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Affinito
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- AKA Biotech, Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina Quintavalle
- Institute Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore" (IEOS), CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Vincenzo Chianese
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Roscigno
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Danilo Fiore
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- Institute Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore" (IEOS), CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria D'Argenio
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Open University, Roma, Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Alessia Savarese
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Ingenito
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenza Cocca
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Maxim V Berezovski
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and John L. Holmes Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Gerolama Condorelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
- Institute Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore" (IEOS), CNR, Naples, Italy.
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Drago S, Utzeri MA, Mauro N, Cavallaro G. Polyamidoamine-Carbon Nanodot Conjugates with Bioreducible Building Blocks: Smart Theranostic Platforms for Targeted siRNA Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:1191-1204. [PMID: 38178792 PMCID: PMC10865362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
This study focuses on designing hybrid theranostic nanosystems, utilizing gadolinium-doped carbon nanodots decorated with bioreducible amphoteric polyamidoamines (PAAs). The objective is to synergize the exceptional theranostic properties of gadolinium-doped carbon nanodots (CDs) with the siRNA complexation capabilities of PAAs. Linear copolymeric polyamidoamines, based on N,N'-bis(acryloyl)cystamine, arginine, and agmatine, were synthesized, resulting in three distinct amphoteric copolymers. Notably, sulfur bridges within the PAA repeating units confer pronounced susceptibility to glutathione-mediated degradation─a key attribute in the tumor microenvironment. This pathway enables controlled and stimuli-responsive siRNA release, theoretically providing precise spatiotemporal control over therapeutic interventions. The selected PAA, conjugated with CDs using the redox-sensitive spacer cystamine, formed the CDs-Cys-PAA conjugate with superior siRNA complexing capacity. Stable against polyanion exchange, the CDs-Cys-PAA/siRNA complex released siRNA in the presence of GSH. In vitro studies assessed cytocompatibility, internalization, and gene silencing efficacy on HeLa, MCF-7, and 16HBE cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore
Emanuele Drago
- Laboratory of Biocompatible
Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
and Technologies (STEBICEF), University
of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mara Andrea Utzeri
- Laboratory of Biocompatible
Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
and Technologies (STEBICEF), University
of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Nicolò Mauro
- Laboratory of Biocompatible
Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
and Technologies (STEBICEF), University
of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gennara Cavallaro
- Laboratory of Biocompatible
Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
and Technologies (STEBICEF), University
of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
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3
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Mauro N, Calabrese G, Sciortino A, Rizzo MG, Messina F, Giammona G, Cavallaro G. Microporous Fluorescent Poly(D,L-lactide) Acid-Carbon Nanodot Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:449. [PMID: 38255617 PMCID: PMC10820564 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we introduce novel microporous poly(D,L-lactide) acid-carbon nanodot (PLA-CD) nanocomposite scaffolds tailored for potential applications in image-guided bone regeneration. Our primary objective was to investigate concentration-dependent structural variations and their relevance to cell growth, crucial aspects in bone regeneration. The methods employed included comprehensive characterization techniques such as DSC/TGA, FTIR, rheological, and degradation assessments, providing insights into the scaffolds' thermoplastic behavior, microstructure, and stability over time. Notably, the PLA-CD scaffolds exhibited distinct self-fluorescence, which persisted after 21 days of incubation, allowing detailed visualization in various multicolor modalities. Biocompatibility assessments were conducted by analyzing human adipose-derived stem cell (hADSC) growth on PLA-CD scaffolds, with results substantiated through cell viability and morphological analyses. hADSCs reached a cell viability of 125% and penetrated throughout the scaffold after 21 days of incubation. These findings underscore the scaffolds' potential in bone regeneration and fluorescence imaging. The multifunctional nature of the PLA-CD nanocomposite, integrating diagnostic capabilities with tunable properties, positions it as a promising candidate for advancing bone tissue engineering. Our study not only highlights key aspects of the investigation but also underscores the scaffolds' specific application in bone regeneration, providing a foundation for further research and optimization in this critical biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Mauro
- Department of “Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche” (STEBICEF), Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (G.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Giovanna Calabrese
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98168 Messina, Italy; (G.C.); (M.G.R.)
| | - Alice Sciortino
- Department of Chimica e Fisica “E. Segrè”, Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (A.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Maria G. Rizzo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98168 Messina, Italy; (G.C.); (M.G.R.)
| | - Fabrizio Messina
- Department of Chimica e Fisica “E. Segrè”, Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (A.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Gaetano Giammona
- Department of “Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche” (STEBICEF), Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (G.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Gennara Cavallaro
- Department of “Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche” (STEBICEF), Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (G.G.); (G.C.)
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Mandal T, Mishra SR, Singh V. Comprehensive advances in the synthesis, fluorescence mechanism and multifunctional applications of red-emitting carbon nanomaterials. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:5717-5765. [PMID: 37881704 PMCID: PMC10597556 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00447c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Red emitting fluorescent carbon nanomaterials have drawn significant scientific interest in recent years due to their high quantum yield, water-dispersibility, photostability, biocompatibility, ease of surface functionalization, low cost and eco-friendliness. The red emissive characteristics of fluorescent carbon nanomaterials generally depend on the carbon source, reaction time, synthetic approach/methodology, surface functional groups, average size, and other reaction environments, which directly or indirectly help to achieve red emission. The importance of several factors to achieve red fluorescent carbon nanomaterials is highlighted in this review. Numerous plausible theories have been explained in detail to understand the origin of red fluorescence and tunable emission in these carbon-based nanostructures. The above advantages and fluorescence in the red region make them a potential candidate for multifunctional applications in various current fields. Therefore, this review focused on the recent advances in the synthesis approach, mechanism of fluorescence, and electronic and optical properties of red-emitting fluorescent carbon nanomaterials. This review also explains the several innovative applications of red-emitting fluorescent carbon nanomaterials such as biomedicine, light-emitting devices, sensing, photocatalysis, energy, anticounterfeiting, fluorescent silk, artificial photosynthesis, etc. It is hoped that by choosing appropriate methods, the present review can inspire and guide future research on the design of red emissive fluorescent carbon nanomaterials for potential advancements in multifunctional applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin Mandal
- Environment Emission and CRM Section, CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research Dhanbad Jharkhand 828108 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201 002 India
| | - Shiv Rag Mishra
- Environment Emission and CRM Section, CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research Dhanbad Jharkhand 828108 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201 002 India
| | - Vikram Singh
- Environment Emission and CRM Section, CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research Dhanbad Jharkhand 828108 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201 002 India
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Mauro N, Cillari R, Andrea Utzeri M, Costa S, Giammona G, Nicosia A, Cavallaro G. Controlled delivery of sildenafil by β-Cyclodextrin-decorated sulfur-doped carbon nanodots: a synergistic activation of ROS signaling in tumors overexpressing PDE-5. Int J Pharm 2023; 645:123409. [PMID: 37722496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent sulfur- and nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots (CDs) are zero-dimensional nanoparticles that mediate ROS production in cancer cells, displaying inherent anticancer properties. Thus, they have been proposed as nanotheranostic tools useful in image-guided cancer therapy. Here, we try to show that cancerous cells (high PDE-5 expression) receiving sildenafil delivered by CDs-based nanostructures promote positive reinforcement of PDE-5-mediated cell death via the overexpression of genes involved in the production of ROS. We explored the regioselective Huisgen cycloaddition between azide-β-cyclodextrin and CDs-alkyne to synthetize homogeneous nanostructures, named CDs-PEG4-β-Cdx, consisting of CDs functionalized at the surface with β-cyclodextrins capable of including high amount drugs such as sildenafil (>20 % w/w), and releasing them in a controlled manner. We investigated how CDs-PEG4-β-Cdx bearing sildenafil enter cells, enhancing ROS production and cell death specifically in cancer cells overexpressing PDE-5. These nanoplatforms go beyond the bounds of EPR-based nanomedicines in which carriers are conceived as inert vehicles of toxic drugs. Our findings enable the development of clever anticancer nanoplatforms that synergistically combine nanomedicines that perturb the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ROS production) with PDE-5 inhibitors which trigger oxidative stress specifically in cancer cells regardless of their location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Mauro
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of "Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche" (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Roberta Cillari
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of "Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche" (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mara Andrea Utzeri
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of "Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche" (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Costa
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of "Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche" (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Giammona
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of "Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche" (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Aldo Nicosia
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation-National Research Council (IRIB-CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gennara Cavallaro
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of "Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche" (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; Advanced Technologies Network Center, Viale Delle Scienze Ed. 18, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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6
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Mauro N, Cillari R, Gagliardo C, Utzeri MA, Marrale M, Cavallaro G. Gadolinium-Doped Carbon Nanodots as Potential Anticancer Tools for Multimodal Image-Guided Photothermal Therapy and Tumor Monitoring. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2023; 6:17206-17217. [PMID: 37772264 PMCID: PMC10526686 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c03583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of gadolinium-doped carbon nanodots (CDs-Gd) and their potential applications in multimodal imaging and precision cancer therapy. CDs-Gd were synthesized through a solvothermal decomposition method combining citric acid, GdCl3, and urea. The incorporation of Gd3+ ions within the carbonaceous structure resulted in stable CDs-Gd with a peculiar architecture that retained optical and paramagnetic properties. Combined characterization techniques confirmed the presence of pH-sensitive COOH functions on the CDs-Gd surface along with the unique lattice structure induced by Gd3+ doping. The optical properties of CDs-Gd exhibited a tunable emission spectrum displaying blue-green emission with pH-dependent behavior. Additionally, CDs-Gd exhibited contrast-enhancing properties in T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) experiments. MRI acquisitions at different Gd3+ concentrations and pH values demonstrated the potential of CDs-Gd as contrast agents for monitoring pH changes in an aqueous environment. We found that the relaxivity of CDs-Gd at pH 5.5 (tumor, 11.3 mM-1 s-1) is roughly 3-fold higher than that observed at pH 7.4 (physiological, 5.0 mM-1 s-1) and outperformed clinical standards such as γ-butyrol (3.3 mM-1 s-1). Monitoring pH changes in tumor microenvironment (TME) is crucial for evaluating the effectiveness of anticancer treatments and understanding tumor progression. Furthermore, CDs-Gd demonstrated concentration-dependent photothermal conversion ability in the near-infrared (NIR) region, allowing for efficient heat generation under laser irradiation. This indicates the potential application of CDs-Gd in image-guided photothermal therapy (IG-PTT) for cancer treatment. The in vitro studies on MCF-7 (breast cancer) and 16-HBE (healthy bronchial epithelium) cell lines demonstrated that CDs-Gd exhibited high biocompatibility (cell viability >80%). However, upon NIR activation, they showed potent anticancer effects by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis selectively in cancer cells. In conclusion, the synthesized CDs-Gd nanoparticles possess unique optical, photothermal, and MRI contrast properties, making them promising candidates for multimodal imaging-guided precision cancer therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Mauro
- Laboratory
of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of “Scienze e Tecnologie
Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche” (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberta Cillari
- Laboratory
of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of “Scienze e Tecnologie
Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche” (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Cesare Gagliardo
- Department
of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mara Andrea Utzeri
- Laboratory
of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of “Scienze e Tecnologie
Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche” (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Marrale
- Department
of Physics and Chemistry “Emilio Segrè”, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 18, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- National
Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Catania Division, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Advanced
Technology Environment Network Center, Viale Delle Scienze Ed. 18, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gennara Cavallaro
- Laboratory
of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of “Scienze e Tecnologie
Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche” (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
- Advanced
Technology Environment Network Center, Viale Delle Scienze Ed. 18, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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Jiang Y, Yin C, Mo J, Wang X, Wang T, Li G, Zhou Q. Recent progress in carbon dots for anti-pathogen applications in oral cavity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1251309. [PMID: 37780847 PMCID: PMC10540312 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1251309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oral microbial infections are one of the most common diseases. Their progress not only results in the irreversible destruction of teeth and other oral tissues but also closely links to oral cancers and systemic diseases. However, traditional treatment against oral infections by antibiotics is not effective enough due to microbial resistance and drug blocking by oral biofilms, along with the passive dilution of the drug on the infection site in the oral environment. Aim of review Besides the traditional antibiotic treatment, carbon dots (CDs) recently became an emerging antimicrobial and microbial imaging agent because of their excellent (bio)physicochemical performance. Their application in treating oral infections has received widespread attention, as witnessed by increasing publication in this field. However, to date, there is no comprehensive review available yet to analyze their effectiveness and mechanism. Herein, as a step toward addressing the present gap, this review aims to discuss the recent advances in CDs against diverse oral pathogens and thus propose novel strategies in the treatment of oral microbial infections. Key scientific concepts of review In this manuscript, the recent progress of CDs against oral pathogens is summarized for the first time. We highlighted the antimicrobial abilities of CDs in terms of oral planktonic bacteria, intracellular bacteria, oral pathogenic biofilms, and fungi. Next, we introduced their microbial imaging and detection capabilities and proposed the prospects of CDs in early diagnosis of oral infection and pathogen microbiological examination. Lastly, we discussed the perspectives on clinical transformation and the current limitations of CDs in the treatment of oral microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Jiang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chuqiang Yin
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianning Mo
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ting Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guotai Li
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Qihui Zhou
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China
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Naderi N, Lalebeigi F, Sadat Z, Eivazzadeh-Keihan R, Maleki A, Mahdavi M. Recent advances on hyperthermia therapy applications of carbon-based nanocomposites. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 228:113430. [PMID: 37418814 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Generally, hyperthermia is referred to the composites capability to increase local temperature in such a way that the generated heat would lead to cancerous or bacteria cells destruction, with minimum damage to normal tissue cells. Many different materials have been utilized for hyperthermia application via different heat generating methods. Carbon-based nanomaterials consisting of graphene oxide (GO), carbon nanotube (CNT), carbon dot (CD) and carbon quantum dot (CQD), nanodiamond (ND), fullerene and carbon fiber (CF), have been studied significantly for different applications including hyperthermia due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, chemical and physical stability, thermal and electrical conductivity and in some cases photothermal conversion. Therefore, in this comprehensive review, a structure-based view on carbon nanomaterials application in hyperthermia therapy of cancer and bacteria via various methods such as optical, magnetic, ultrasonic and radiofrequency-induced hyperthermia is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Naderi
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Farnaz Lalebeigi
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Zahra Sadat
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Reza Eivazzadeh-Keihan
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran.
| | - Ali Maleki
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Zheng Z, Zheng X, Kong D, Ding K, Zhang Z, Zhong R, He J, Zhou S. Pressure-Gradient Counterwork of Dual-Fuel Driven Nanocarriers in Abnormal Interstitial Fluids for Enhancing Drug Delivery Efficiency. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207252. [PMID: 36922734 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The abnormal pressure in tumor tissue is a significant limitation on the drug delivery efficiency of tumor therapy. This work reports a gradient-driven nanomotor as drug nanocarrier with the pressure-counterworking function. The dual-fuel nanomotors are formed by co-electrospinning of the photosensitive polymers with calcium peroxide (CaO2 ) and catalase (CAT), followed by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and bovine serum albumin (BSA) incubation. The UV-responsive cleavage nanomotors can effectively release O2 molecules at the fractures as a driving force to increase the delivery speed and escape the phagocytosis of macrophage system in normal tissues. Furthermore, CAT catalyzes H2 O2 produced by CaO2 and the tumor interstitial fluids to provide stronger power for the nanomotors. Additionally, according to the analysis of directional motions of the nanomotors, the functional relationship between the rotational diffusion coefficient (DR ) and the physiological viscosity is constructed. The dual-fuel nanocarriers enable up to 13.25% of the injected dose (ID)/per gram tissue and significantly improve the penetration in deep tumor. It is of vital importance to design and obtain the adaptive pressure-gradient counterworking nanomotors, which can effectively improve the drug delivery efficiency in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Zheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China
| | - Xiaotong Zheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China
| | - Degang Kong
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China
| | - Kai Ding
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China
| | - Run Zhong
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China
| | - Jing He
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China
| | - Shaobing Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China
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10
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Arcudi F, Đorđević L. Supramolecular Chemistry of Carbon-Based Dots Offers Widespread Opportunities. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2300906. [PMID: 37078923 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots are an emerging class of nanomaterials that has recently attracted considerable attention for applications that span from biomedicine to energy. These photoluminescent carbon nanoparticles are defined by characteristic sizes of <10 nm, a carbon-based core and various functional groups at their surface. Although the surface groups are widely used to establish non-covalent bonds (through electrostatic interactions, coordinative bonds, and hydrogen bonds) with various other (bio)molecules and polymers, the carbonaceous core could also establish non-covalent bonds (ππ stacking or hydrophobic interactions) with π-extended or apolar compounds. The surface functional groups, in addition, can be modified by various post-synthetic chemical procedures to fine-tune the supramolecular interactions. Our contribution categorizes and analyzes the interactions that are commonly used to engineer carbon dots-based materials and discusses how they have allowed preparation of functional assemblies and architectures used for sensing, (bio)imaging, therapeutic applications, catalysis, and devices. Using non-covalent interactions as a bottom-up approach to prepare carbon dots-based assemblies and composites can exploit the unique features of supramolecular chemistry, which include adaptability, tunability, and stimuli-responsiveness due to the dynamic nature of the non-covalent interactions. It is expected that focusing on the various supramolecular possibilities will influence the future development of this class of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Arcudi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Luka Đorđević
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, Padova, 35131, Italy
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11
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Wang T, Yang J, Kang H, Zhang L, Chen H. Facile preparation of a novel hyaluronic acid-modified metal-polyphenol photothermal nanoformulation for tumor therapy. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:3066-3076. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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Zang X, Song J, Li Y, Han Y. Targeting necroptosis as an alternative strategy in tumor treatment: From drugs to nanoparticles. J Control Release 2022; 349:213-226. [PMID: 35793737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Over last decades, most antitumor therapeutic strategies have focused on apoptosis, however, apoptosis resistance and immunological silence usually led to treatment failure. In this sense, triggering other programmed cell death such as necroptosis may achieve a better therapeutic efficacy and has gained widespread attentions in tumor therapy. Studies in this field have identified several types of necroptosis modulators and highlighted the therapeutic potential of necroptotic cell death in cancer. Nanoparticles further provide possibilities to improve therapeutic outcomes as an efficient drug delivery system, facilitating tumor targeting and controlled cargo release. Furthermore, some nanoparticles themselves can trigger/promote programmed necrosis through hyperthermia, ultrasound and autophagy blockage. These investigations have entered necroptosis for consideration as a promising strategy for tumor therapy, though numerous challenges remain and clinical applications are still distant. In this review, we would briefly introduce molecular mechanism and characteristics of necroptosis, and then summarize recent progress of programmed necrosis and their inducers in tumor therapy. Furthermore, the antitumor strategies that take advantages of nanoparticles to induce necroptosis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Zang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Jinxiao Song
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Yanfeng Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Yantao Han
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao, PR China
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13
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Garcia-Millan T, Swift TA, Morgan DJ, Harniman RL, Masheder B, Hughes S, Davis SA, Oliver TAA, Galan MC. Small variations in reaction conditions tune carbon dot fluorescence. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:6930-6940. [PMID: 35466987 PMCID: PMC9109711 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01306a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of robust and reproducible synthetic strategies for the production of carbon dots (CDs) with improved fluorescence quantum yields and distinct emission profiles is of great relevance given the vast range of applications of CDs. The fundamental understanding at a molecular level of their formation mechanism, chemical structure and how these parameters are correlated to their photoluminescence (PL) properties is thus essential. In this study, we describe the synthesis and structural characterization of a range of CDs with distinct physico-chemical properties. The materials were prepared under three minutes of microwave irradiation using the same common starting materials (D-glucosamine hydrochloride 1 and ethylenediamine 2) but modifying the stoichiometry of the reagents. We show that small variation in reaction conditions leads to changes in the fluorescent behaviour of the CDs, especially in the selective enhancement of overlapped fluorescence bands. Structural analysis of the different CD samples suggested different reaction pathways during the CD formation and surface passivation, with the latter step being key to the observed differences. Moreover, we demonstrate that these materials have distinct reversible response to pH changes, which we can be attribute to different behaviour towards protonation/deprotonation events of distinct emission domains present within each nanomaterial. Our results highlight the importance of understanding the reaction pathways that lead to the formation of this carbon-based nanomaterials and how this can be exploited to develop tailored materials towards specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas A Swift
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
| | - David J Morgan
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
- HarwellXPS, - ESPRC National Facility for XPS, Research Complex at Harwell (RcAH), Didcot, Oxon OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Robert L Harniman
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
| | - Benjamin Masheder
- DST Innovations Ltd, Unit 6a Bridgend Business Centre, Bennett Street, Bridgend, CF31 3SH, UK
| | - Stephen Hughes
- DST Innovations Ltd, Unit 6a Bridgend Business Centre, Bennett Street, Bridgend, CF31 3SH, UK
| | - Sean A Davis
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
| | - Thomas A A Oliver
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
| | - M Carmen Galan
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
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14
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Zhu P, Wang S, Zhang Y, Li Y, Liu Y, Li W, Wang Y, Yan X, Luo D. Carbon Dots in Biomedicine: A Review. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:2031-2045. [PMID: 35442016 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite the rapid development of science and technology, the effective treatment of cancer still threatens human life and health. However, the success of cancer treatment is closely related to early diagnosis, identification, and effective treatment. In recent years, with the strengthening of the development and research of nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis and treatment, researchers have found that carbon dots (CDs) have the advantages of wide absorption, excellent biocompatibility, diverse imaging characteristics, and photostability and are widely used in various fields, such as sensing, imaging, and drug/gene transportation. Recently, researchers also discovered that CDs could be used as an effective photosensitizer to generate active oxygen or convert light energy into heat under the stimulation of the external lasers, making them have the effects of photothermal and photodynamic therapy for cancer. In this review, we first outline the single-modal and multimodal imaging analysis of CDs in cancer cells. After introducing diversified imaging functions, we focused on the design and the latest research progress of CDs in phototherapy and introduced in detail the strategies of CDs in phototherapy treatment and the challenges faced by clinical applications. We hope that this overview can provide important insights for researchers and accelerate the pace of research on CDs in imaging-guided phototherapy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peide Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital (Nanshan Hospital), Shenzhen 518000, China.,College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Siyang Wang
- College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Yifan Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital (Nanshan Hospital), Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yinping Liu
- College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital (Nanshan Hospital), Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- Department of Oncology, the Fifth Medical Center, The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xiang Yan
- Department of Oncology, the Fifth Medical Center, The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Dixian Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital (Nanshan Hospital), Shenzhen 518000, China
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15
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Wang Z, Zhao Y, Yang Z, Li X, Xing H, Qu W, Zvyagin AV, Yang B, Lin Q, Li Y. Construction of Intelligent Responsive Drug Delivery System and Multi-Mode Imaging Based on Gold Nanodots. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200034. [PMID: 35332623 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cancer remains a formidable global problem with a high mortality rate. There are many effective anti-cancer drugs in clinical use, among which paclitaxel (PTX) has good effects on non-small cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer and breast cancer. However, when applied to the clinic, PTX still has many limitations, such as poor water solubility, drug resistance and large side effects on healthy tissues. We constructed an Au nanodots-paclitaxel-polylysine (AuNDs-PTX-PLL) core-shell nano-system of integrated diagnosis and treatment to achieve intelligent responsive drug delivery. On the one hand, the problem of poor water-solubility and the drug resistance of PTX are solved. On the other hand, the nano-system has an excellent intelligent response effect. Drugs can only be released in the weakly acidic environment of the tumor, which reduces the damage and side effects to normal tissues. Moreover, the nano-system can be used for real-time tracking and auxiliary diagnosis for the tumor through the multi-mode imaging mode, such as fluorescence, photoacoustic and computed tomography to achieve accurate visualization. The photothermal effect of AuNDs is beneficial to promote the release of drugs. The nano-system integrates multi-mode imaging, chemotherapy, intelligent drug release in tumor weakly acidic environment, and has excellent practical application prospect in tumor diagnosis and treatment. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yueqi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xingchen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Huiyuan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Wenrui Qu
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, P.R. China
| | - Andrei V Zvyagin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.,Australia and Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky Nizhny Novgorod State University, Nizhny Novgorod, 603105, Russia
| | - Bai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Quan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
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16
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Horo H, Saha M, Das H, Mandal B, Kundu LM. Synthesis of highly fluorescent, amine-functionalized carbon dots from biotin-modified chitosan and silk-fibroin blend for target-specific delivery of antitumor agents. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 277:118862. [PMID: 34893267 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) have been a promising theranostic tool with high biocompatibility and a tailorable fluorescence profile. Herein, we report the synthesis of highly fluorescent amine-functionalized CDs from low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC) and silk-fibroin (SF) blends. The synthesized CDs were quasi-spherical in shape with a size of 3 ± 1.5 nm. A significant increase in fluorescent intensity and quantum yield was achieved upon increasing the SF content due to nitrogen doping. For inducing target specificity to cancer cells, biotin was covalently conjugated to the CDs, and the conjugation was determined by FTIR spectroscopy. The conjugate was further loaded with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) as a model anti-cancer drug. The MTT assay showed increased cytotoxicity of the conjugated CDs in cancer cells compared to normal cells. The live-cell imaging in MCF-7 cell lines showed bright blue-colored fluorescence and increased internalization of the conjugated CDs than the non-conjugate ones due to receptor-mediated endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himali Horo
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Muktashree Saha
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Himadree Das
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Bishnupada Mandal
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Lal Mohan Kundu
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
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17
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Mauro N, Utzeri MA, Sciortino A, Messina F, Cannas M, Popescu R, Gerthsen D, Buscarino G, Cavallaro G, Giammona G. Decagram-Scale Synthesis of Multicolor Carbon Nanodots: Self-Tracking Nanoheaters with Inherent and Selective Anticancer Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:2551-2563. [PMID: 34985246 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanodots (CDs) are a new class of carbon-based nanoparticles endowed with photoluminescence, high specific surface area, and good photothermal conversion, which have spearheaded many breakthroughs in medicine, especially in drug delivery and cancer theranostics. However, the tight control of their structural, optical, and biological properties and the synthesis scale-up have been very difficult so far. Here, we report for the first time an efficient protocol for the one-step synthesis of decagram-scale quantities of N,S-doped CDs with a narrow size distribution, along with a single nanostructure multicolor emission, high near-infrared (NIR) photothermal conversion efficiency, and selective reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in cancer cells. This allows achieving targeted and multimodal cytotoxic effects (i.e., photothermal and oxidative stresses) in cancer cells by applying biocompatible NIR laser sources that can be remotely controlled under the guidance of fluorescence imaging. Hence, our findings open up a range of possibilities for real-world biomedical applications, among which is cancer theranostics. In this work, indocyanine green is used as a bidentate SOx donor which has the ability to tune surface groups and emission bands of CDs obtained by solvothermal decomposition of citric acid and urea in N,N-dimethylformamide. The co-doping implies various surface states providing transitions in the visible region, thus eliciting a tunable multicolor emission from blue to red and excellent photothermal efficiency in the NIR region useful in bioimaging applications and image-guided anticancer phototherapy. The fluorescence self-tracking capability of SOx-CDs reveals that they can enter cancer cells more quickly than healthy cell lines and undergo a different intracellular fate after cell internalization. This could explain why sulfur doping entails pro-oxidative activities by triggering more ROS generation in cancer cells when compared to healthy cell lines. We also find that oxidative stress can be locally enhanced under the effects of a NIR laser at moderate power density (2.5 W cm-2). Overall, these findings suggest that SOx-CDs are endowed with inherent drug-independent cytotoxic effects toward cancer cells, which would be selectively enhanced by external NIR light irradiation and helpful in precision anticancer approaches. Also, this work opens a debate on the role of CD surface engineering in determining nanotoxicity as a function of cell metabolism, thus allowing a rational design of next-generation nanomaterials with targeted anticancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Mauro
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mara Andrea Utzeri
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alice Sciortino
- Department of Physics and Chemistry (DiFC) "E. Segrè", University of Palermo, via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Messina
- Department of Physics and Chemistry (DiFC) "E. Segrè", University of Palermo, via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy
- ATeNCenter, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze─Ed. 18/A, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Cannas
- Department of Physics and Chemistry (DiFC) "E. Segrè", University of Palermo, via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Radian Popescu
- Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology|KIT, Finanzmanagement Kaiserstraße 12, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dagmar Gerthsen
- Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology|KIT, Finanzmanagement Kaiserstraße 12, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gianpiero Buscarino
- Department of Physics and Chemistry (DiFC) "E. Segrè", University of Palermo, via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy
- ATeNCenter, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze─Ed. 18/A, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gennara Cavallaro
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
- ATeNCenter, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze─Ed. 18/A, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Giammona
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
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18
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Bagheri AR, Aramesh N, Bilal M, Xiao J, Kim HW, Yan B. Carbon nanomaterials as emerging nanotherapeutic platforms to tackle the rising tide of cancer - A review. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 51:116493. [PMID: 34781082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer has become one of the main reasons for human death in recent years. Around 18 million new cancer cases and approximately 9.6 million deaths from cancer reported in 2018, and the annual number of cancer cases will have increased to 22 million in the next two decades. These alarming facts have rekindled researchers' attention to develop and apply different approaches for cancer therapy. Unfortunately, most of the applied methods for cancer therapy not only have adverse side effects like toxicity and damage of healthy cells but also have a short lifetime. To this end, introducing innovative and effective methods for cancer therapy is vital and necessary. Among different potential materials, carbon nanomaterials can cope with the rising threats of cancer. Due to unique physicochemical properties of different carbon nanomaterials including carbon, fullerene, carbon dots, graphite, single-walled carbon nanotube and multi-walled carbon nanotubes, they exhibit possibilities to address the drawbacks for cancer therapy. Carbon nanomaterials are prodigious materials due to their ability in drug delivery or remedial of small molecules. Functionalization of carbon nanomaterials can improve the cancer therapy process and decrement the side effects. These exceptional traits make carbon nanomaterials as versatile and prevalent materials for application in cancer therapy. This article spotlights the recent findings in cancer therapy using carbon nanomaterials (2015-till now). Different types of carbon nanomaterials and their utilization in cancer therapy were highlighted. The plausible mechanisms for the action of carbon nanomaterials in cancer therapy were elucidated and the advantages and disadvantages of each material were also illustrated. Finally, the current problems and future challenges for cancer therapy based on carbon nanomaterials were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nahal Aramesh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran.
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| | - Jiafu Xiao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, PR China
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Kore; Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; Cell & Matter Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea
| | - Bing Yan
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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19
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Fluorine-defects induced solid-state red emission of carbon dots with an excellent thermosensitivity. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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20
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Sciortino A, Ferrante F, Gonçalves G, Tobias G, Popescu R, Gerthsen D, Mauro N, Giammona G, Buscarino G, Gelardi FM, Agnello S, Cannas M, Duca D, Messina F. Ultrafast Interface Charge Separation in Carbon Nanodot-Nanotube Hybrids. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:49232-49241. [PMID: 34609127 PMCID: PMC8532113 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots are an emerging family of zero-dimensional nanocarbons behaving as tunable light harvesters and photoactivated charge donors. Coupling them to carbon nanotubes, which are well-known electron acceptors with excellent charge transport capabilities, is very promising for several applications. Here, we first devised a route to achieve the stable electrostatic binding of carbon dots to multi- or single-walled carbon nanotubes, as confirmed by several experimental observations. The photoluminescence of carbon dots is strongly quenched when they contact either semiconductive or conductive nanotubes, indicating a strong electronic coupling to both. Theoretical simulations predict a favorable energy level alignment within these complexes, suggesting a photoinduced electron transfer from dots to nanotubes, which is a process of high functional interest. Femtosecond transient absorption confirms indeed an ultrafast (<100 fs) electron transfer independent of nanotubes being conductive or semiconductive in nature, followed by a much slower back electron transfer (≈60 ps) from the nanotube to the carbon dots. The high degree of charge separation and delocalization achieved in these nanohybrids entails significant photocatalytic properties, as we demonstrate by the reduction of silver ions in solution. The results are very promising in view of using these "all-carbon" nanohybrids as efficient light harvesters for applications in artificial photocatalysis and photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Sciortino
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica—Emilio Segrè, Universitá degli studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 17, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferrante
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica—Emilio Segrè, Universitá degli studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 17, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Gil Gonçalves
- TEMA,
Mechanical Engineering Department, University
of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Gerard Tobias
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona) 08193, Spain
| | - Radian Popescu
- Laboratory
for Electron Microscopy, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology, Engesserstrasse
7, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Dagmar Gerthsen
- Laboratory
for Electron Microscopy, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology, Engesserstrasse
7, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Nicolò Mauro
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | - Gaetano Giammona
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Buscarino
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica—Emilio Segrè, Universitá degli studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 17, Palermo 90128, Italy
- CHAB—ATeN
Center, Università degli studi di
Palermo, Viale delle
scienze, Edificio 18, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Franco M. Gelardi
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica—Emilio Segrè, Universitá degli studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 17, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Simonpietro Agnello
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica—Emilio Segrè, Universitá degli studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 17, Palermo 90128, Italy
- CHAB—ATeN
Center, Università degli studi di
Palermo, Viale delle
scienze, Edificio 18, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Marco Cannas
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica—Emilio Segrè, Universitá degli studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 17, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Dario Duca
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica—Emilio Segrè, Universitá degli studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 17, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Messina
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica—Emilio Segrè, Universitá degli studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 17, Palermo 90128, Italy
- CHAB—ATeN
Center, Università degli studi di
Palermo, Viale delle
scienze, Edificio 18, Palermo 90128, Italy
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21
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Jorns M, Pappas D. A Review of Fluorescent Carbon Dots, Their Synthesis, Physical and Chemical Characteristics, and Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1448. [PMID: 34070762 PMCID: PMC8228846 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are a particularly useful type of fluorescent nanoparticle that demonstrate biocompatibility, resistance to photobleaching, as well as diversity in composition and characteristics amongst the different types available. There are two main morphologies of CDs: Disk-shaped with 1-3 stacked sheets of aromatic carbon rings and quasi-spherical with a core-shell arrangement having crystalline and amorphous properties. They can be synthesized from various potentially environmentally friendly methods including hydrothermal carbonization, microwaving, pyrolysis or combustion, and are then purified via one or more methods. CDs can have either excitation wavelength-dependent or -independent emission with each having their own benefits in microscopic fluorescent imaging. Some CDs have an affinity for a particular cell type, organelle or chemical. This property allows the CDs to be used as sensors in a biological environment and can even provide quantitative information if the quenching or intensity of their fluorescence is dependent on the concentration of the analyte. In addition to fluorescent imaging, CDs can also be used for other applications including drug delivery, quality control, photodynamic therapy, and photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitri Pappas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
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22
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Kandasamy G, Maity D. Multifunctional theranostic nanoparticles for biomedical cancer treatments - A comprehensive review. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 127:112199. [PMID: 34225852 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Modern-day search for the novel agents (their preparation and consequent implementation) to effectively treat the cancer is mainly fuelled by the historical failure of the conventional treatment modalities. Apart from that, the complexities such as higher rate of cell mutations, variable tumor microenvironment, patient-specific disparities, and the evolving nature of cancers have made this search much stronger in the latest times. As a result of this, in about two decades, the theranostic nanoparticles (TNPs) - i.e., nanoparticles that integrate therapeutic and diagnostic characteristics - have been developed. The examples for TNPs include mesoporous silica nanoparticles, luminescence nanoparticles, carbon-based nanomaterials, metal nanoparticles, and magnetic nanoparticles. These TNPs have emerged as single and powerful cancer-treating multifunctional nanoplatforms, as they widely provide the necessary functionalities to overcome the previous/conventional limitations including lack of the site-specific delivery of anti-cancer drugs, and real-time continuous monitoring of the target cancer sites while performing therapeutic actions. This has been mainly possible due to the association of the as-developed TNPs with the already-available unique diagnostic (e.g., luminescence, photoacoustic, and magnetic resonance imaging) and therapeutic (e.g., photothermal, photodynamic, hyperthermia therapy) modalities in the biomedical field. In this review, we have discussed in detail about the recent developments on the aforementioned important TNPs without/with targeting ability (i.e., attaching them with ligands or tumor-specific antibodies) and also the strategies that are implemented to increase their tumor accumulation and to enhance their theranostic efficacies for effective biomedical cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganeshlenin Kandasamy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Dipak Maity
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India.
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23
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Functionalization of Metal and Carbon Nanoparticles with Potential in Cancer Theranostics. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113085. [PMID: 34064173 PMCID: PMC8196792 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer theranostics is a new concept of medical approach that attempts to combine in a unique nanoplatform diagnosis, monitoring and therapy so as to provide eradication of a solid tumor in a non-invasive fashion. There are many available solutions to tackle cancer using theranostic agents such as photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) under the guidance of imaging techniques (e.g., magnetic resonance-MRI, photoacoustic-PA or computed tomography-CT imaging). Additionally, there are several potential theranostic nanoplatforms able to combine diagnosis and therapy at once, such as gold nanoparticles (GNPs), graphene oxide (GO), superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and carbon nanodots (CDs). Currently, surface functionalization of these nanoplatforms is an extremely useful protocol for effectively tuning their structures, interface features and physicochemical properties. This approach is much more reliable and amenable to fine adjustment, reaching both physicochemical and regulatory requirements as a function of the specific field of application. Here, we summarize and compare the most promising metal- and carbon-based theranostic tools reported as potential candidates in precision cancer theranostics. We focused our review on the latest developments in surface functionalization strategies for these nanosystems, or hybrid nanocomposites consisting of their combination, and discuss their main characteristics and potential applications in precision cancer medicine.
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24
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Mauro N, Utzeri MA, Drago SE, Nicosia A, Costa S, Cavallaro G, Giammona G. Hyaluronic acid dressing of hydrophobic carbon nanodots: A self-assembling strategy of hybrid nanocomposites with theranostic potential. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 267:118213. [PMID: 34119168 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We propose a rational design of hyaluronic acid-dressed red-emissive carbon dots (CDs), with a well-structured hydrophobic core capable of locally delivering high amount doxorubicin (Doxo) (> 9% w/w) and heat (hyperthermia) in a light stimuli sensitive fashion. We combined in a unique micelle-like superstructure the peculiar optical properties of CDs (NIR photothermal conversion and red fluorescence) with the ability of hyaluronic acid (HA) shell of stabilizing nanomedicines in aqueous environment and recognizing cancer cells overexpressing CD44 receptors on their membranes, thus giving rise to smart theranostic agents useful in cancer imaging and NIR-triggered chemo-phototherapy of solid tumors. Hydrophobic CDs, named HCDs, were used as functional beads to self-assemble amphiphilic HA derivatives carrying polylactic acid side chains (HA-g-PLA), yielding to light-sensitive and biodegradable core-shell superstructures. We explored the biocompatibility and synergistic effects of chemo-phototherapy combination, together with fluorescence imaging, showing the huge potential of the proposed engineering strategy in improving efficacy. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Mauro
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Mara Andrea Utzeri
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Emanuele Drago
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Aldo Nicosia
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation-National Research Council (IRIB-CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Costa
- Department of "Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche" (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gennara Cavallaro
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Giammona
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; Institute of Biophysics at Palermo, Italian National Research Council, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
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25
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Barium charge transferred doped carbon dots with ultra-high quantum yield photoluminescence of 99.6% and applications. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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26
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Dong B, Li H, Sun J, Li Y, Mari GM, Yu X, Yu W, Wen K, Shen J, Wang Z. Magnetic assisted fluorescence immunoassay for sensitive chloramphenicol detection using carbon dots@CaCO 3 nanocomposites. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123942. [PMID: 33254829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Analytical methods with high sensitivities and short assay times are urgently required for the screening of "zero tolerance" hazardous substances in food. Herein, we propose a fluorescent immunoassay for the highly sensitive and rapid analysis of chloramphenicol (CAP) based on carbon dots (CDs)-encapsulated CaCO3 nanospheres and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The fluorescent immunoprobes were prepared by coupling the anti-CAP antibodies to carboxymethyl cellulose-functional CDs@CaCO3 nanospheres. Chitosan-modified MNPs with "core-shell" structures were prepared and then conjugated to the CAP hapten, acting as the nano-carrier and interface for the immunoreaction. With the assistance of MNPs, the established fluorescent immunoassay achieved the sensitive detection of CAP in chicken with a limit of detection of 0.03 μg kg-1 and recoveries ranging from 83.7%-105.0%. The analysis results of the fluorescent immunoassay were evaluated by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, having a correlation coefficient of 0.981. Our work provides a rapid, facile, and reliable strategy for the highly sensitive analysis of food contaminants based on "green" fluorescent nanoprobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolei Dong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongfang Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiefang Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability for Food Poisoning, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, 100013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ghulam Mujtaba Mari
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuezhi Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Liu J, Li R, Yang B. Carbon Dots: A New Type of Carbon-Based Nanomaterial with Wide Applications. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:2179-2195. [PMID: 33376780 PMCID: PMC7760469 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs), as a new type of carbon-based nanomaterial, have attracted broad research interest for years, because of their diverse physicochemical properties and favorable attributes like good biocompatibility, unique optical properties, low cost, ecofriendliness, abundant functional groups (e.g., amino, hydroxyl, carboxyl), high stability, and electron mobility. In this Outlook, we comprehensively summarize the classification of CDs based on the analysis of their formation mechanism, micro-/nanostructure and property features, and describe their synthetic methods and optical properties including strong absorption, photoluminescence, and phosphorescence. Furthermore, the recent significant advances in diverse applications, including optical (sensor, anticounterfeiting), energy (light-emitting diodes, catalysis, photovoltaics, supercapacitors), and promising biomedicine, are systematically highlighted. Finally, we envisage the key issues to be challenged, future research directions, and perspectives to show a full picture of CDs-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular
Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular
Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Bai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular
Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
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28
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Li H, Li X, Jain P, Peng H, Rahimi K, Singh S, Pich A. Dual-Degradable Biohybrid Microgels by Direct Cross-Linking of Chitosan and Dextran Using Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:4933-4944. [PMID: 33210916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, biocompatible and degradable biohybrid microgels based on chitosan and dextran were synthesized for drug delivery applications. Two kinds of bio-based building blocks, alkyne-modified chitosan and azide-modified dextran, were used to fabricate microgels via single-step cross-linking in water-in-oil emulsions. The cross-linking was initiated in the presence of copper(II) without the use of any extra cross-linkers. A series of pH-responsive and degradable microgels were successfully synthesized by varying the degree of cross-links. The microgels were characterized using 1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy which proved the successful cross-linking of alkyne-modified chitosan and azide-modified dextran by copper(II)-mediated click reaction. The obtained microgels exhibit polyampholyte character and can carry positive or negative charges in aqueous solutions at different pH values. Biodegradability of microgels was shown at pH 9 or in the presence of Dextranase due to the hydrolysis of carbonate esters in the microgels or 1,6-α-glucosidic linkages in dextran structure, respectively. Furthermore, the microgels could encapsulate vancomycin hydrochloride (VM), an antibiotic, with a high loading of approximately 93.67% via electrostatic interactions. The payload could be released in the presence of Dextranase or under an alkaline environment, making the microgels potential candidates for drug delivery, such as colon-specific drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helin Li
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Xin Li
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Puja Jain
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Huan Peng
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Khosrow Rahimi
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Smriti Singh
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany.,Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
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29
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Mauro N, Utzeri MA, Buscarino G, Sciortino A, Messina F, Cavallaro G, Giammona G. Pressure-Dependent Tuning of Photoluminescence and Size Distribution of Carbon Nanodots for Theranostic Anticancer Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E4899. [PMID: 33142826 PMCID: PMC7662895 DOI: 10.3390/ma13214899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanodots (CDs) have recently attracted attention in the field of nanomedicine because of the biocompatibility, cost-effective nature, high specific surface, good near infrared (NIR) photothermal conversion into heat and tunable fluorescence properties, which have paved the way toward incorporating use of CDs into innovative anticancer theranostic platforms. However, a reliable synthesis of CDs with established and controlled physiochemical proprieties is precluded owing to the lack of full manipulation of thermodynamic parameters during the synthesis, thus limiting their use in real world medical applications. Herein, we developed a robust solvothermal protocol which allow fine controlling of temperature and pressure in order to obtain CDs with tunable properties. We obtained different CDs by modulating the operating pressure (from 8 to 18.5 bar) during the solvothermal decomposition of urea and citric acid in N,N-dimethylformamide at fixed composition. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to assess the role of pressure in influencing size, optical and surface properties of the obtained CDs. While preliminary biological and anticancer performance of CDs was established on the MDA-MB-231 cell line, used as triple negative breast cancer model. Our results indicate that pressure impinge on the formation of carbon nanoparticles under solvothermal conditions and impart desired optical, size distribution, surface functionalization and anticancer properties in a facile way. However, we have highlighted that a strategic surface engineering of these CDs is needed to limit the adsorption of corona proteins and also to increase the average surface diameter, avoiding a rapid renal clearance and improving their therapeutic efficacy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Mauro
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.A.U.); (G.C.); (G.G.)
- Fondazione Umberto Veronesi, Piazza Velasca 5, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Mara Andrea Utzeri
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.A.U.); (G.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Gianpiero Buscarino
- Department of Physics and Chemistry “E. Segrè”, University of Palermo, via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (G.B.); (A.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Alice Sciortino
- Department of Physics and Chemistry “E. Segrè”, University of Palermo, via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (G.B.); (A.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Fabrizio Messina
- Department of Physics and Chemistry “E. Segrè”, University of Palermo, via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (G.B.); (A.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Gennara Cavallaro
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.A.U.); (G.C.); (G.G.)
- Institute of Biophysics at Palermo, Italian National Research Council, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Giammona
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.A.U.); (G.C.); (G.G.)
- Institute of Biophysics at Palermo, Italian National Research Council, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
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30
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Xu Y, Li P, Cheng D, Wu C, Lu Q, Yang W, Zhu X, Yin P, Liu M, Li H, Zhang Y. Group IV nanodots: synthesis, surface engineering and application in bioimaging and biotherapy. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:10290-10308. [PMID: 33103712 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01881c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Group IV nanodots (NDs) mainly including carbon (C), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge) have aroused much attention as one type of important nanomaterials that are widely studied in optoelectronics, semiconductors, sensors and biomedicine-related fields owing to the low cost of synthesis, good stability, excellent biocompatibility, and some attractive newly emerged properties. In this review, the synthesis, surface engineering and application in bioimaging and biotherapy of group IV NDs are summarized and discussed. The recent progress in the rational synthesis and functionalization, specific therapy-related properties, together with in vivo and in vitro bioimaging are highlighted. Their new applications in biotherapy such as photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) are illustrated with respect to C, Si and Ge NDs. The current challenges and future applications of these emerging materials in bioimaging and biotherapy are presented. This review provides readers with a distinct perspective of the group IV NDs nanomaterials for synthesis and surface engineering, and newly emerging properties related to applications in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Peipei Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Dan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Cuiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Qiujun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Weipeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Xiaohua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Peng Yin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Meiling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Haitao Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Youyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
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31
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Carbon Nanodots for On Demand Chemophotothermal Therapy Combination to Elicit Necroptosis: Overcoming Apoptosis Resistance in Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113114. [PMID: 33113761 PMCID: PMC7692354 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Carbon nanodots (CDs) are considered a versatile family of fluorescent, near infrared (NIR) active, and bioeliminable nanoparticles. Accordingly, the CDs application in photothermal therapy and theranostics increased. Problems limiting their use arise from the heterogeneity of most CDs and the lack of exhaustive information on their nanotoxicity at cellular and molecular levels. The lack of these data is often quite dramatic and causes substantial loss of translational value. To overcome this, we developed biocompatible homogenous CDs with a well-known structure as well as efficient red fluorescence and NIR photothermal conversion. The controlled photothermal effect and the on-demand release of the irinotecan successfully kill breast cancer cell lines in absence of relevant cell stress after internalization. We believe that these results provide insights to advance the field with significant impact, paving the way for the design of effective and safe nanomedicines for precision photothermal cancer therapies. Abstract Background: Engineered luminescent carbon nanodots (CDs) are appealing nanomaterials for cancer image-guided photothermal therapy combining near infrared (NIR)–triggered hyperthermia, imaging, and drug delivery in a single platform for efficient killing of cancer cells. This approach would allow eliciting synergistic regulated cell death (RCD) routes such as necroptosis, targeting breast cancer cells refractory to apoptosis, thus overcoming drug resistance. Methods: We report the preparation of CDs bearing biotin as a targeting agent (CDs-PEG-BT), which are able to load high amounts of irinotecan (23.7%) to be released in a pulsed on-demand fashion. CDs-PEG-BT have narrow size distribution, stable red luminescence, and high photothermal conversion in the NIR region, allowing imaging of MDA-MB231 and MCF-7 cancer cells and killing them by photothermal and chemotherapeutic insults. Results: Cellular uptake, viability profiles, and RCD gene expression analyses provided insights about the observed biocompatibility of CDs-PEG-BT, indicating that necroptosis can be induced on-demand after the photothermal activation. Besides, photothermal activation of drug-loaded CDs-PEG-BT implies both necroptosis and apoptosis by the TNFα and RIPK1 pathway. Conclusions: The controlled activation of necroptosis and apoptosis by combining phototherapy and on-demand release of irinotecan is the hallmark of efficient anticancer response in refractory breast cancer cell lines in view of precision medicine applications.
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32
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Mauro N, Utzeri MA, Drago SE, Buscarino G, Cavallaro G, Giammona G. Carbon Nanodots as Functional Excipient to Develop Highly Stable and Smart PLGA Nanoparticles Useful in Cancer Theranostics. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1012. [PMID: 33113976 PMCID: PMC7690707 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Theranostic systems have attracted considerable attention for their multifunctional approach to cancer. Among these, carbon nanodots (CDs) emerged as luminescent nanomaterials due to their exceptional chemical properties, synthetic ease, biocompatibility, and for their photothermal and fluorescent properties useful in cancer photothermal therapy. However, premature renal excretion due to the small size of these particles limits their biomedical application. To overcome these limitations, here, hybrid poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA-CDs) nanoparticles with suitable size distribution and stability have been developed. CDs were decisive in the preparation of polymeric nanoparticles, not only conferring them photothermal and fluorescent properties, needed in theranostics, but also having a strategic role in the stabilization of the system in aqueous media. In fact, CDs provide stable PLGA-based nanoparticles in aqueous media and sufficient cryoprotection in combination with 1% PVP. While PLGA nanoparticles required at least 5% of sucrose. Comparing nanosystems with different CDs content, it is also evident how these positively impinge on the loading and release of the drug, favoring high drug loading (~4.5%) and a sustained drug release over 48 h. The therapeutic and imaging potentials were finally confirmed through in vitro studies on a breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) using fluorescence imaging and the MTS cell viability assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Mauro
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.A.U.); (S.E.D.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (G.G.)
- Fondazione Umberto Veronesi, Piazza Velasca 5, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Mara Andrea Utzeri
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.A.U.); (S.E.D.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Salvatore Emanuele Drago
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.A.U.); (S.E.D.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Gianpiero Buscarino
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.A.U.); (S.E.D.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (G.G.)
- Department of Physics and Chemistry (DiFC), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gennara Cavallaro
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.A.U.); (S.E.D.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (G.G.)
- Institute of Biophysics at Palermo, Italian National Research Council, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Giammona
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.A.U.); (S.E.D.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (G.G.)
- Institute of Biophysics at Palermo, Italian National Research Council, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
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Mauro N, Fiorica C, Giuffrè M, Calà C, Maida CM, Giammona G. A self-sterilizing fluorescent nanocomposite as versatile material with broad-spectrum antibiofilm features. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 117:111308. [PMID: 32919669 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hematogenous spread of infections from colonized central intravenous catheters or central lines is a long-recognized problem with infection rates of 2 and 6.8 per 1000 days, respectively. Besides, removal of severe microbial colonization of implanted biomaterials is still a challenge and usually requires invasive operations. Hence, on demand self-sterilizing materials are required to avoid explant of colonized biomaterials and improve patient compliance. Moreover, photoluminescence is needed to make trackable biomaterials, which can be easily monitored upon implanting them in the body. Here, we propose the incorporation of near infrared (NIR) sensitive red-emitting carbon nanodot (CDs) into a polymeric matrix to give rise to innovative biomaterials with self-tracking and photothermal antimicrobial abilities. We obtain a material which can be processed to obtain medical devices using different techniques, among which, for instance, electrospinning. Herein, a proof-of-concept preparation of electrospun scaffolds is reported as it is highly desired in biomedical applications. Beside to confer imaging properties to the scaffold, that would allow an easy control over the in vivo positioning of implanted biomaterials as well as its degradation state and grade of integration with the surrounding native tissues, thanks to the capability to convert NIR light into local heat CDs can be exploited to exert broad-spectrum antimicrobial effect toward several pathogens. The rise in temperature can be easily modulated by controlling the irradiation time to achieve both an in vitro self-sterilization of the device and eventually in vivo destabilization of the microbial colonization. This innovative biomaterial could successfully inhibit biofilm formation and might be used as a powerful tool to treat antibiotic-resistant nature of biofilm-related infections in implanted medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Mauro
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of "Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche" (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 32 90123 Palermo, Italy; Fondazione Umberto Veronesi, Piazza Velasca 5, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Calogero Fiorica
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of "Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche" (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 32 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Mario Giuffrè
- Department of Scienze per la Promozione della Salute e Materno Infantile - G. d'Alessandro, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Cinzia Calà
- Department of Scienze per la Promozione della Salute e Materno Infantile - G. d'Alessandro, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Carmelo Massimo Maida
- Department of Scienze per la Promozione della Salute e Materno Infantile - G. d'Alessandro, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Gaetano Giammona
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of "Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche" (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 32 90123 Palermo, Italy
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Stimuli-responsive nano-assemblies for remotely controlled drug delivery. J Control Release 2020; 322:566-592. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Production and physicochemical characterization of a new amine derivative of gellan gum and rheological study of derived hydrogels. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 236:116033. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abdel Fattah AR, Ranga A. Nanoparticles as Versatile Tools for Mechanotransduction in Tissues and Organoids. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:240. [PMID: 32363177 PMCID: PMC7180186 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids are 3D multicellular constructs that rely on self-organized cell differentiation, patterning and morphogenesis to recapitulate key features of the form and function of tissues and organs of interest. Dynamic changes in these systems are orchestrated by biochemical and mechanical microenvironments, which can be engineered and manipulated to probe their role in developmental and disease mechanisms. In particular, the in vitro investigation of mechanical cues has been the focus of recent research, where mechanical manipulations imparting local as well as large-scale mechanical stresses aim to mimic in vivo tissue deformations which occur through proliferation, folding, invagination, and elongation. However, current in vitro approaches largely impose homogeneous mechanical changes via a host matrix and lack the required positional and directional specificity to mimic the diversity of in vivo scenarios. Thus, while organoids exhibit limited aspects of in vivo morphogenetic events, how local forces are coordinated to enable large-scale changes in tissue architecture remains a difficult question to address using current techniques. Nanoparticles, through their efficient internalization by cells and dispersion through extracellular matrices, have the ability to provide local or global, as well as passive or active modulation of mechanical stresses on organoids and tissues. In this review, we explore how nanoparticles can be used to manipulate matrix and tissue mechanics, and highlight their potential as tools for fate regulation through mechanotransduction in multicellular model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Rahman Abdel Fattah
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Morphogenesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adrian Ranga
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Morphogenesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Roscigno G, Cirella A, Affinito A, Quintavalle C, Scognamiglio I, Palma F, Ingenito F, Nuzzo S, De Micco F, Cuccuru A, Thomas R, Condorelli G. miR-216a Acts as a Negative Regulator of Breast Cancer by Modulating Stemness Properties and Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072313. [PMID: 32230799 PMCID: PMC7178064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy in females in terms of both incidence and mortality. Underlying the high mortality rate is the presence of cancer stem cells, which divide indefinitely and are resistant to conventional chemotherapies, so causing tumor relapse. In the present study, we identify miR-216a-5p as a downregulated microRNA in breast cancer stem cells vs. the differentiated counterpart. We demonstrate that overexpression of miR-216a-5p impairs stemness markers, mammosphere formation, ALDH activity, and the level of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which plays a significant role in breast cancer progression and metastasis by leading to the release of pro-inflammatory molecules, such as interleukin 6 (IL-6). Indeed, miR-216a regulates the crosstalk between cancer cells and the cells of the microenvironment, in particular cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), through regulation of the TLR4/IL6 pathway. Thus, miR-216a has an important role in the regulation of stem phenotype, decreasing stem-like properties and affecting the cross-talk between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Roscigno
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, “Federico II” University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.R.); (A.C.); (I.S.)
| | - Assunta Cirella
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, “Federico II” University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.R.); (A.C.); (I.S.)
| | - Alessandra Affinito
- Percuros BV, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands; (A.A.); (C.Q.); (F.P.); (F.I.)
| | - Cristina Quintavalle
- Percuros BV, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands; (A.A.); (C.Q.); (F.P.); (F.I.)
- IEOS (Istituto per l’Endocrinologia e l’Oncologia Sperimentale “G. Salvatore”), CNR (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche), 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Iolanda Scognamiglio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, “Federico II” University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.R.); (A.C.); (I.S.)
| | - Francesco Palma
- Percuros BV, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands; (A.A.); (C.Q.); (F.P.); (F.I.)
| | - Francesco Ingenito
- Percuros BV, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands; (A.A.); (C.Q.); (F.P.); (F.I.)
| | - Silvia Nuzzo
- IRCCS SDN (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, SYNLAB istituto di Diagnostica Nucleare), 80143 Naples, Italy;
| | - Francesca De Micco
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro, 80122 Naples, Italy; (F.D.M.); (A.C.); (R.T.)
| | - Antonio Cuccuru
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro, 80122 Naples, Italy; (F.D.M.); (A.C.); (R.T.)
| | - Renato Thomas
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro, 80122 Naples, Italy; (F.D.M.); (A.C.); (R.T.)
| | - Gerolama Condorelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, “Federico II” University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.R.); (A.C.); (I.S.)
- IEOS (Istituto per l’Endocrinologia e l’Oncologia Sperimentale “G. Salvatore”), CNR (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche), 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0815452821; Fax: +39-0817-704-795
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Craparo EF, Drago SE, Mauro N, Giammona G, Cavallaro G. Design of New Polyaspartamide Copolymers for siRNA Delivery in Antiasthmatic Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E89. [PMID: 31979001 PMCID: PMC7076449 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, a novel protonable copolymer was realized for the production of polyplexes with a siRNA (inhibitor of STAT6 expression in asthma), with the aim of a pulmonary administration. The polycation was synthesized by derivatization of α,β-poly(N-2-hydroxyethyl)d,l-aspartamide (PHEA) with 1,2-Bis(3-aminopropylamino)ethane (bAPAE) in proper conditions to obtain a PHEA-g-bAPAE graft copolymer with a derivatization degree in amine (DDbAPAE%) equal to 35 mol%. The copolymer showed a proper buffering behavior, i.e., ranging between pH 5 and 7.4, to potentially give the endosomal escape of the obtained polycations. In effect, an in vitro experiment demonstrated the effect on biological membranes of the copolymer on bronchial epithelial cells (16-HBE) strongly dependent on the pH of the medium, i.e., higher at pH 5. bAPAE-based copolymers were further obtained with an increasing pegylation degree, i.e., equal to 1.9, 2.7, and 4.4 mol%, respectively. All the obtained copolymers were able to complex siRNA at a N/P ratio that decreases as the pegylation degree increases. At the same time, the tendency of polyplexes to aggregate and the capability to interact with mucin also decreases as the pegylation in the copolymer increases. Gene silencing experiments on 16-HBE showed that these copolymers have a significant role in improving the intracellular transport of naked siRNA, where the presence of PEG does not seem to hinder the cellular uptake of polyplexes. The latter obtained at polymer/siRNA weight ratio (R) equal to 10 with PHEA-g-PEG(C)-g-bAPAE also seems to be not susceptible to the presence of mucin, avoiding the polyanionic exchange of complexed siRNA, thus showing adequate behavior to be used as an effective vector for siRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Fabiola Craparo
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (E.F.C.); (S.E.D.); (N.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Salvatore Emanuele Drago
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (E.F.C.); (S.E.D.); (N.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Nicolò Mauro
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (E.F.C.); (S.E.D.); (N.M.); (G.G.)
- Fondazione Umberto Veronesi, Piazza Velasca 5, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Gaetano Giammona
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (E.F.C.); (S.E.D.); (N.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Gennara Cavallaro
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (E.F.C.); (S.E.D.); (N.M.); (G.G.)
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Xu Y, Zhao J, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Huang M, Wang S, Xie P. Preparation of electrospray ALG/PDA-PVP nanocomposites and their application in cancer therapy. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:132-141. [PMID: 31774105 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01584a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, sodium alginate (ALG)/poly dopamine (PDA)-polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) nanocomposites was synthesized via a one-step electrostatic spraying method. The spinning solution of ALG and dopamine was electrostatically sprayed into an alkaline solution of PVP, calcium chloride and tris buffer (pH = 8.5), in which the gelation of ALG and the polymerization of dopamine could be simultaneously triggered. PDA hence produced possesses a high photothermal conversion efficiency, while the PVP that was facilely conjugated onto the surface of nanocomposites improves the colloidal stability and compatibility of the material. Moreover, the ALG renders the nanocomposite excellent drug (doxorubicine, DOX) loading capacity. Promisingly, the temperature increment during the PTT process could promote the DOX release, thus enhancing its therapeutic effect. The in vitro/in vivo biosafety and tumor treatment experiments further corroborate that the ALG/PDA-PVP nanocomposites have remarkable biocompatibility and synergism for tumor hyperthermia and chemotherapy. Consequently, such a one-step electrospray strategy provides a new way for designing nanomaterials and is expected to significantly promote the development of organic photothermal therapeutic agents with excellent bio-compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjie Xu
- College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 334 Jungong Road, Shanghai, P. R. China.
| | - Jiulong Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gongli Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China. and Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhilun Zhang
- College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 334 Jungong Road, Shanghai, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 334 Jungong Road, Shanghai, P. R. China.
| | - Mingxian Huang
- College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 334 Jungong Road, Shanghai, P. R. China.
| | - Shige Wang
- College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 334 Jungong Road, Shanghai, P. R. China.
| | - Pei Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gongli Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China. and Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Bidram E, Esmaeili Y, Ranji-Burachaloo H, Al-Zaubai N, Zarrabi A, Stewart A, Dunstan DE. A concise review on cancer treatment methods and delivery systems. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Wang H, Yang H, Zhao L. A Facile Synthesis of Core-Shell SiO 2@Cu-LBMS Nano-Microspheres for Drug Sustained Release Systems. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12233978. [PMID: 31801258 PMCID: PMC6926544 DOI: 10.3390/ma12233978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A well-dispersed SiO2@Layered hydroxide cupric benzoate (SiO2@Cu-LBMS) with a hierarchical structure have been synthesized by a facile method. The layered hydroxide cupric benzoate with a structure of layered basic metal salt (Cu-LBMS) was directly deposited on the surface of silica spheres without any blinder. The morphology of the SiO2@Cu-LBMS nano-microsphere was observed by SEM, and the reaction conditions was also discussed. In addition, the XRD patterns and FTIR spectra provide consistent evidence to the formation of SiO2@Cu-LBMS nano-microspheres. The release behavior and drug loading capability of SiO2@Cu-LBMS microspheres were also investigated by using ibuprofen, aspirin and salicylic acid as model drugs. The results indicated that the drug loading capability of SiO2@Cu-LBMS nano-microspheres was much larger than layered hydroxide cupric benzoate, and the releasing time was significantly prolonged than layered hydroxide cupric benzoate and their physical mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China; (H.W.); (L.Z.)
| | - Haifeng Yang
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics Technology, Medical Micro-nano Materials Research Center, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721016, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Lifang Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China; (H.W.); (L.Z.)
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Lehmacher R, Feldmann C. Polyol-Mediated Synthesis of Nitrogen-Containing Carbon-Dots from Tetracyanobenzene with Intense Red Fluorescence. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1470. [PMID: 31623205 PMCID: PMC6835685 DOI: 10.3390/nano9101470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing C-dots were prepared by heating (160 °C, 1 h) 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene (TCB) in polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400). The as-prepared monocrystalline C-dots were 2-4 nm in diameter and contained 24.4 wt. % of nitrogen. They showed intense fluorescence under excitation at 400-500 nm as well as under excitation at 600-700 nm. In addition to an excitation-wavelength-depending emission at 400 to 650 nm, the emission spectra exhibited a strong emission peaking at 715 nm, whose position was independent from the wavelength of excitation. For this deep-red emission a remarkable quantum yield of 69% was detected. The synthesis of nitrogen-containing C-dotswas completely performed in the liquid phase. Moreover, the C-dots could be directly dispersed in water. The resulting aqueous suspensions of PEG400-stabilized nitrogen-containing C-dots also showed intense red emission that was visible to the naked eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Lehmacher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Claus Feldmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Xu X, Zeng Z, Huang Z, Sun Y, Huang Y, Chen J, Ye J, Yang H, Yang C, Zhao C. Near-infrared light-triggered degradable hyaluronic acid hydrogel for on-demand drug release and combined chemo-photodynamic therapy. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 229:115394. [PMID: 31826406 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an injectable and near-infrared (NIR) light-triggered ROS-degradable hyaluronic acid hydrogel platform was developed as localized delivery vehicle for photosensitizer protophorphyrin IX (PpIX) and anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX), to achieve superior combined chemo-photodynamic therapy with light-tunable on-demand drug release. The in situ-forming hydrogel fabricated readily via the formation of dynamic covalent acylhydrazone bonds could efficiently prevent severe self-quenching effect of water-insoluble PpIX due to the covalent binding, leading to localized enhanced photodynamic therapy (PDT). Moreover, the extensive ROS generated by the hydrogel under NIR light irradiation could not only realize efficient PDT effect, but also cleave the ROS-cleavable small molecule crosslinker, inducing the desirable degradation of hydrogel and subsequent on-demand DOX release for cascaded chemotherapy. The developed versatile hyaluronic acid hydrogels have tunable properties, excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability and exhibit outstanding therapeutic effects in both in vitro cellular experiments and in vivo antitumor studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Zishan Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Zeqian Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yangwen Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yanjuan Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Junxian Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Haolan Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Chanzhen Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Chunshun Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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Folic acid-functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets via plasma etching as a platform to combine NIR anticancer phototherapy and targeted drug delivery. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 107:110201. [PMID: 31761243 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PEGylated graphene oxide (GO) has shown potential as NIR converting agent to produce local heat useful in breast cancer therapy, since its suitable photothermal conversion, high stability in physiological fluids, biocompatibility and huge specific surface. GO is an appealing nanomaterial for potential clinical applications combining drug delivery and photothermal therapy in a single nano-device capable of specifically targeting breast cancer cells. However, native GO sheets have large dimensions (0.5-5 μm) such that tumor accumulation after a systemic administration is usually precluded. Herein, we report a step-by-step synthesis of folic acid-functionalized PEGylated GO, henceforth named GO-PEG-Fol, with small size and narrow size distribution (∼30 ± 5 nm), and the ability of efficiently converting NIR light into heat. GO-PEG-Fol consists of a nano-GO sheet, obtained by fragmentation of GO by means of non-equilibrium plasma etching, fully functionalized with folic acid-terminated PEG2000 chains through amidic coupling and azide-alkyne click cycloaddition, which we showed as active targeting agents to selectively recognize breast cancer cells such as MCF7 and MDA-MB-231. The GO-PEG-Fol incorporated a high amount of doxorubicin hydrochloride (Doxo) (>33%) and behaves as NIR-light-activated heater capable of triggering sudden Doxo delivery inside cancer cells and localized hyperthermia, thus provoking efficient breast cancer death. The cytotoxic effect was found to be selective for breast cancer cells, being the IC50 up to 12 times lower than that observed for healthy fibroblasts. This work established plasma etching as a cost-effective strategy to get functionalized nano-GO with a smart combination of properties such as small size, good photothermal efficiency and targeted cytotoxic effect, which make it a promising candidate as photothermal agent for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Hua XW, Bao YW, Zeng J, Wu FG. Nucleolus-Targeted Red Emissive Carbon Dots with Polarity-Sensitive and Excitation-Independent Fluorescence Emission: High-Resolution Cell Imaging and in Vivo Tracking. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:32647-32658. [PMID: 31381288 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Red-emitting carbon dots (CDs) have attracted tremendous attention due to their wide applications in areas including imaging, sensing, drug delivery, and cancer therapy. However, it is still highly challenging for red-emitting CDs to simultaneously achieve high quantum yields (QYs), nucleus targeting, and super-resolution fluorescence imaging (especially the stimulated emission depletion (STED) imaging). Here, it is found that the addition of varied metal ions during the hydrothermal treatment of p-phenylenediamine (pPDA) leads to the formation of fluorescent CDs with emission wavelengths up to 700 nm. Strikingly, although metal ions play a crucial role in the synthesis of CDs with varied QYs, they are absent in the formed CDs, that is, the obtained CDs are metal-free, and the metal ions play a role similar to a "catalyst" during the CD formation. Besides, using pPDA and nickel ions (Ni2+) as raw materials, we prepare Ni-pPCDs which have the highest QY and exhibit various excellent fluorescence properties including excitation-independent emission (at ∼605 nm), good photostability, polarity sensitivity, and ribonucleic acid responsiveness. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that Ni-pPCDs are highly biocompatible and can realize real-time, wash-free, and high-resolution imaging of cell nuclei and high-contrast imaging of tumor-bearing mice and zebrafish. In summary, the present work may hold great promise in the synthesis and applications of red emissive CDs.
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