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Shafiq A, Adnan M, Hussain R, Irshad Z, Farooq U, Muhammad S. Molecular Engineering of Anthracene Core-Based Hole-Transporting Materials for Organic and Perovskite Photovoltaics. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:35937-35955. [PMID: 37810664 PMCID: PMC10551914 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Anthracene core-based hole-transporting material containing TIPs (triisopropylsilylacetylene) has been spotlighted as potential donors for perovskite solar cells (SCs) due to their appropriate energy levels, efficient hole transport capacity, high stability, and high power conversion efficiency. Herein, we have efficiently designed seven new highly conjugated A-B-D-C-D molecules (AS1-AS7) containing an anthracene core. We used end-capped modifications of donor units with acceptor units on one side and then theoretically characterized them for their appropriate use for SC applications. Modern quantum chemistry techniques have theoretically described the R (reference molecule) and developed (AS1-AS7) molecules. Moreover, the proposed (AS1-AS7) molecules are explored with density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) employing B3LYP/6-31G(d,p), and numerous parameters like photovoltaic, optical and electronic characteristics, frontier molecular orbital, excitation, binding and reorganization (λe and λh) energies, open circuit voltage, light harvesting efficiency, transition density matrix, fill factor, and the density of states have been studied. End-capped modification causes a smaller band gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), higher UV-vis absorption maxima, tuned energy levels, lower binding and reorganizational (λe and λh) energies, and larger Voc values in proposed (AS1-AS7) molecules than R. AS5 has a remarkable absorption maximum of 495.94 nm and a narrow optimal energy gap (Eg) of 1.46 eV. Furthermore, a complex study of AS5:PC61BM has revealed extraordinary charge shifting at the HOMO (AS5)-LUMO (PC61BM) interface. Our results suggested that newly developed anthracene core-based compounds (AS1-AS7) would be effective candidates with excellent photovoltaic and optoelectronic properties and could be employed in future organic and perovskite SC applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaida Shafiq
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Okara, Okara 56300, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adnan
- Graduate
School of Energy Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Riaz Hussain
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Okara, Okara 56300, Pakistan
| | - Zobia Irshad
- Graduate
School of Energy Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Umar Farooq
- School
of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Shabbir Muhammad
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid
University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Jegorovė A, Xia J, Steponaitis M, Daskeviciene M, Jankauskas V, Gruodis A, Kamarauskas E, Malinauskas T, Rakstys K, Alamry KA, Getautis V, Nazeeruddin MK. Branched Fluorenylidene Derivatives with Low Ionization Potentials as Hole-Transporting Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:5914-5923. [PMID: 37576588 PMCID: PMC10413965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
A group of small-molecule hole-transporting materials (HTMs) that are based on fluorenylidene fragments were synthesized and tested in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The investigated compounds were synthesized by a facile two-step synthesis, and their properties were measured using thermoanalytical, optoelectronic, and photovoltaic methods. The champion PSC device that was doped with lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) reached a power conversion efficiency of 22.83%. The longevity of the PSC device with the best performing HTM, V1387, was evaluated in different conditions and compared to that of 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (spiro-MeOTAD), showing improved stability. This work provides an alternative HTM strategy for fabricating efficient and stable PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aistė Jegorovė
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University
of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, 50254 Lithuania
| | - Jianxing Xia
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École
Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
| | - Matas Steponaitis
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University
of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, 50254 Lithuania
| | - Maryte Daskeviciene
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University
of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, 50254 Lithuania
| | - Vygintas Jankauskas
- Institute
of Chemical Physics, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 3, Vilnius, 10257 Lithuania
| | - Alytis Gruodis
- Institute
of Chemical Physics, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 3, Vilnius, 10257 Lithuania
| | - Egidijus Kamarauskas
- Institute
of Chemical Physics, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 3, Vilnius, 10257 Lithuania
| | - Tadas Malinauskas
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University
of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, 50254 Lithuania
| | - Kasparas Rakstys
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University
of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, 50254 Lithuania
| | - Khalid A. Alamry
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz
University, P.O. Box 80203, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Vytautas Getautis
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University
of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, 50254 Lithuania
| | - Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École
Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
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3
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Daskeviciute‐Geguziene S, Zhang Y, Rakstys K, Kreiza G, Khan SB, Kanda H, Paek S, Daskeviciene M, Kamarauskas E, Jankauskas V, Asiri AM, Getautis V, Nazeeruddin MK. Green‐Chemistry‐Inspired Synthesis of Cyclobutane‐Based Hole‐Selective Materials for Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1951 Sion Switzerland
| | - Kasparas Rakstys
- Department of Organic Chemistry Kaunas University of Technology Radvilenu pl. 19 Kaunas 50254 Lithuania
| | - Gediminas Kreiza
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology Vilnius University Saulėtekio al. 3 10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Sher Bahadar Khan
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) King Abdulaziz University P.O. Box 80203 21589 Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Hiroyuki Kanda
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1951 Sion Switzerland
| | - Sanghyun Paek
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Engineering Sangmyung University Seoul 03016 Republic of Korea
| | - Maryte Daskeviciene
- Department of Organic Chemistry Kaunas University of Technology Radvilenu pl. 19 Kaunas 50254 Lithuania
| | - Egidijus Kamarauskas
- Institute of Chemical Physics Vilnius University Saulėtekio al. 3 10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Vygintas Jankauskas
- Institute of Chemical Physics Vilnius University Saulėtekio al. 3 10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Abdullah M. Asiri
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) King Abdulaziz University P.O. Box 80203 21589 Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Vytautas Getautis
- Department of Organic Chemistry Kaunas University of Technology Radvilenu pl. 19 Kaunas 50254 Lithuania
| | - Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1951 Sion Switzerland
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4
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Daskeviciute-Geguziene S, Zhang Y, Rakstys K, Kreiza G, Khan SB, Kanda H, Paek S, Daskeviciene M, Kamarauskas E, Jankauskas V, Asiri AM, Getautis V, Nazeeruddin MK. Green-Chemistry-Inspired Synthesis of Cyclobutane-Based Hole-Selective Materials for Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202113207. [PMID: 34918438 PMCID: PMC9299821 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as potential competitors to silicon‐based solar cells with an unprecedented increase in power conversion efficiency (PCE), nearing the breakthrough point toward commercialization. However, for hole‐transporting materials, it is generally acknowledged that complex structures often create issues such as increased costs and hazardous substances in the synthetic schemes, when translated from the laboratory to manufacture on a large scale. Here, we present cyclobutane‐based hole‐selective materials synthesized using simple and green‐chemistry inspired protocols in order to reduce costs and adverse environmental impact. A series of novel semiconductors with molecularly engineered side arms were successfully applied in perovskite solar cells. V1366‐based PSCs feature impressive efficiency of 21 %, along with long‐term operational stability under atmospheric environment. Most importantly, we also fabricated perovskite solar modules exhibiting a record efficiency over 19 % with an active area of 30.24 cm2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1951, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Kasparas Rakstys
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, 50254, Lithuania
| | - Gediminas Kreiza
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 3, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sher Bahadar Khan
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hiroyuki Kanda
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1951, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Sanghyun Paek
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Engineering, Sangmyung University, Seoul, 03016, Republic of Korea
| | - Maryte Daskeviciene
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, 50254, Lithuania
| | - Egidijus Kamarauskas
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 3, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vygintas Jankauskas
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 3, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Abdullah M Asiri
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vytautas Getautis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, 50254, Lithuania
| | - Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1951, Sion, Switzerland
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Abstract
Recently, perovskite solar cells have been in the spotlight due to several of their advantages. Among the components of PSCs, hole transporting materials (HTMs) re the most important factors for achieving high performance and a stable device. Here, we introduce a new D–π–D type hole transporting material incorporating Tips-anthracene as a π–conjugation part and dimethoxy-triphenylamine as a donor part (which can be easily synthesized using commercially available materials). Through the measurement of various optical properties, the new HTM not only has an appropriate energy level but also has excellent hole transport capability. The device with PEH-16 has a photovoltaic conversion efficiency of 17.1% under standard one sun illumination with negligible hysteresis, which can be compared to a device using Spiro_OMeTAD under the same conditions. Ambient stability for 1200 h shown that 98% of PEH-16 device from the initial PCE was retained, indicating that the devices had good long-term stability.
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Luizys P, Xia J, Daskeviciene M, Kantminiene K, Kasparavicius E, Kanda H, Zhang Y, Jankauskas V, Rakstys K, Getautis V, Nazeeruddin MK. Branched Methoxydiphenylamine-Substituted Carbazole Derivatives for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells: Bigger Is Not Always Better. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021; 33:7017-7027. [PMID: 34552307 PMCID: PMC8444345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c02114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A set of novel branched molecules bearing a different number of 3,6-bis(4,4'-dimethoxydiphenylamino)carbazole-based (Cz-OMeDPA) periphery arms linked together by aliphatic chains have been developed, and their performance has been tested in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Electrical and photovoltaic properties have been evaluated with respect to the number of Cz-OMeDPA moieties and the nature of the linking aliphatic chain. The isolated compounds possess sufficient thermal stability and are amorphous having high glass-transition temperatures (>120 °C) minimizing the risk of direct layer crystallization. The highest hole-drift mobility of μ0 = 3.1 × 10-5 cm2 V-1 s-1 is comparable to that of the reference standard spiro-OMeTAD (4.1 × 10-5 cm2 V-1 s-1) under identical conditions. Finally, PSCs employing two new HTMs (2Cz-OMeDPA and 3Cz-OMeDPA-OH) bearing two and three substituted carbazole chromophores, linked by an aliphatic chain, show a performance of around 20%, which is on par with devices using spiro-OMeTAD and demonstrates slightly enhanced device stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Povilas Luizys
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University
of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas 50254, Lithuania
| | - Jianxing Xia
- Group
for Molecular Engineering of Functional Material, Institute of Chemical
Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Maryte Daskeviciene
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University
of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas 50254, Lithuania
| | - Kristina Kantminiene
- Department
of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Kaunas
University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas 50254, Lithuania
| | - Ernestas Kasparavicius
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University
of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas 50254, Lithuania
| | - Hiroyuki Kanda
- Group
for Molecular Engineering of Functional Material, Institute of Chemical
Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Yi Zhang
- Group
for Molecular Engineering of Functional Material, Institute of Chemical
Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Vygintas Jankauskas
- Institute
of Chemical Physics Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 3, Vilnius 10257, Lithuania
| | - Kasparas Rakstys
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University
of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas 50254, Lithuania
| | - Vytautas Getautis
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University
of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas 50254, Lithuania
| | - Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
- Group
for Molecular Engineering of Functional Material, Institute of Chemical
Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
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Altinolcek N, Battal A, Vardalli CN, Tavasli M, Yu HA, Peveler WJ, Skabara PJ. Carbazole-based D-π-A molecules: Determining the photophysical properties and comparing ICT effects of π-spacer and acceptor groups. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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8
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Chen JH, Lee KM, Ting CC, Liu CY. Step-saving synthesis of star-shaped hole-transporting materials with carbazole or phenothiazine cores via optimized C-H/C-Br coupling reactions. RSC Adv 2021; 11:8879-8885. [PMID: 35423386 PMCID: PMC8695233 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10190g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In most research papers, synthesis of organic hole-transporting materials relies on a key-reaction: Stille cross-couplings. This requires tedious prefunctionalizations including the preparation and treatment of unstable organolithium and toxicity-concern organotin reagents. In contrast to traditional multistep synthesis, this work describes that a series of star-shaped small molecules with a carbazole or phenothiazine core can be efficiently synthesized through a shortcut using optimized direct C–H/C–Br cross-couplings as the key step, thus avoiding dealing with the highly reactive organolithium or the toxic organotin species. Device fabrication of perovskite solar cells employing these molecules (6–13) as hole-transporting layers exhibit promising power conversion efficiencies of up to 17.57%. Carbazole or phenothiazine core-based hole-transport materials are facilely accessed by an optimized synthesis-shortcut. Perovskite solar cell devices with 6–13 demonstrate PCEs of up to 17.57%.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Heng Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University Jhongli District Taoyuan 320 Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Kun-Mu Lee
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Taoyuan 333 Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Chang-Chieh Ting
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University Jhongli District Taoyuan 320 Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Ching-Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University Jhongli District Taoyuan 320 Taiwan Republic of China
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Shibayama N, Maekawa H, Nakamura Y, Haruyama Y, Niibe M, Ito S. Control of Molecular Orientation of Spiro-OMeTAD on Substrates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:50187-50191. [PMID: 33084297 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
2,2',7,7'-Tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamino)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD) is utilized as a p-type semiconductor layer in perovskite solar cells and solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells. Spiro-OMeTAD has been known to have a spiro center, leading to a random orientation. Although the molecular orientation of organic semiconductor materials influences the conductivity, which is directly related to semiconductor device characteristics, the molecular orientation of spiro-OMeTAD has not been fully discussed. In this study, we prepared spiro-OMeTAD layers on various substrates and investigated their orientation by grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS). Additionally, we demonstrated that the molecular orientation of spiro-OMeTAD could be controlled by changing their surface energies by changing the substrate materials. Consequently, we could improve the electrical conductivity by improving its molecular orientation. The results of this study provide a guideline for the preparation of organic semiconductor material layers using the wet-coating method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Shibayama
- Department of Materials and Synchrotron Radiation Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji 671-2280, Japan
- Department of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Megro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Maekawa
- Department of Materials and Synchrotron Radiation Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji 671-2280, Japan
| | - Yuiga Nakamura
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo-gun 679-5198, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Haruyama
- Department of Materials and Synchrotron Radiation Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji 671-2280, Japan
- Laboratory of Advanced Science and Technology for Industry, University of Hyogo, Ako, Hyogo 678-1205, Japan
| | - Masahito Niibe
- Department of Materials and Synchrotron Radiation Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji 671-2280, Japan
- Laboratory of Advanced Science and Technology for Industry, University of Hyogo, Ako, Hyogo 678-1205, Japan
| | - Seigo Ito
- Department of Materials and Synchrotron Radiation Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji 671-2280, Japan
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