Preparation of Sulfonated Polytriazoles with a Phosphaphenanthrene Unit via Click Polymerization: Fabrication of Membranes and Properties Thereof

Fabrication of a High Proton-Conducting Sulfonated Fe-Metal Organic Framework-Polytriazole Composite Membranes: Study of Proton Exchange Membrane Properties

A series of hybrid composite membranes including polymer-metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), are synthesized using sulfonated Fe-MOF and sulfonated polytriazole (PTSF). After being post-modified by 1,3-propane sultone, the obtained Fe-S MOF is incorporated into the polytriazole polymer matrix through the solution blending method. Additionally, a series of polytriazole with a degree of sulfonation of 60 is prepared, with the percentage of the Fe-S MOF ranging from 3 to 9 weight percent. A comparison is made between the properties of these hybrid membranes and those of the pristine membranes. The hybrid membranes demonstrate a high degree of solubility in every solvent that is employed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirm that the MOF is distributed uniformly throughout the polymer matrix. Moreover, well-separated morphologies are confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The prepared hybrid membranes demonstrate enhanced proton conductivities, water absorption, and swelling, all of which are accomplished without influencing the oxidative stability values.

Role of bacterial quorum sensing and quenching mechanism in the efficient operation of microbial electrochemical technologies: A state-of-the-art review

Microbial electrochemical technologies (METs) are a group of innovative technologies that produce valuables like bioelectricity and biofuels with the simultaneous treatment of wastewater from microorganisms known as electroactive microorganisms. The electroactive microorganisms are capable of transferring electrons to the anode of a MET through various metabolic pathways such as direct (via cytochrome or pili) or indirect (through transporters) transfer. Though this technology is promising, the inferior yield of valuables and the high cost of reactor fabrication are presently impeding the large-scale application of this technology. Therefore, to overcome these major bottlenecks, a lot of research has been dedicated to the application of bacterial signalling, for instance, quorum sensing (QS) and quorum quenching (QQ) mechanisms in METs to improve its efficacy in order to achieve a higher power density and to make it more cost-effective. The QS circuit in bacteria produces auto-inducer signal molecules, which enhances the biofilm-forming ability and regulates the bacterial attachment on the electrode of METs. On the other hand, the QQ circuit can effectively function as an antifouling agent for the membranes used in METs and microbial membrane bioreactors, which is imperative for their stable long-term operation. This state-of-the-art review thus distinctly describes in detail the interaction between the QQ and QS systems in bacteria employed in METs to generate value-added by-products, antifouling strategies, and the recent applications of the signalling mechanisms in METs to improve their yield. Further, the article also throws some light on the recent advancements and the challenges faced while incorporating QS and QQ mechanisms in various types of METs. Thus, this review article will help budding researchers in upscaling METs with the integration of the QS signalling mechanism in METs.