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Xiong Z, Rouquier L, Huang X, Potier E, Bensidhoum M, Hoc T. Porosity and surface curvature effects on the permeability and wall shear stress of trabecular bone: Guidelines for biomimetic scaffolds for bone repair. Comput Biol Med 2024; 177:108630. [PMID: 38781643 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Scaffolds are an essential component of bone tissue engineering to provide support and create a physiological environment for cells. Biomimetic scaffolds are a promising approach to fulfill the requirements. Bone allografts are widely used scaffolds due to their mechanical and structural characteristics. The scaffold geometry is well known to be an important determinant of induced mechanical stimulation felt by the cells. However, the impact of allograft geometry on permeability and wall shear stress distribution is not well understood. This information is essential for designing biomimetic scaffolds that provide a suitable environment for cells to proliferate and differentiate. The present study investigates the effect of geometry on the permeability and wall shear stress of bone allografts at both macroscopic and microscopic scales. Our results concluded that the wall shear stress was strongly correlated with the porosity of the allograft. The level of wall shear stress at a local scale was also determined by the surface curvature characteristics. The results of this study can serve as a guideline for future biomimetic scaffold designs that provide a mechanical environment favorable for osteogenesis and bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Xiong
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, ENVA, B3OA, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Léa Rouquier
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, ENVA, B3OA, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Xingrong Huang
- Ecole Centrale de Pékin/School of General Engineering, Beihang University, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Esther Potier
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, ENVA, B3OA, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Morad Bensidhoum
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, ENVA, B3OA, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Hoc
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, ENVA, B3OA, 75010, Paris, France; Mechanical Department, MSGMGC, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 69134, Ecully, France.
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Liang B, Sadeghian Dehkord E, Van Hede D, Barzegari M, Verlée B, Pirson J, Nolens G, Lambert F, Geris L. Model-Based Design to Enhance Neotissue Formation in Additively Manufactured Calcium-Phosphate-Based Scaffolds. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:563. [PMID: 38132817 PMCID: PMC10744304 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14120563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In biomaterial-based bone tissue engineering, optimizing scaffold structure and composition remains an active field of research. Additive manufacturing has enabled the production of custom designs in a variety of materials. This study aims to improve the design of calcium-phosphate-based additively manufactured scaffolds, the material of choice in oral bone regeneration, by using a combination of in silico and in vitro tools. Computer models are increasingly used to assist in design optimization by providing a rational way of merging different requirements into a single design. The starting point for this study was an in-house developed in silico model describing the in vitro formation of neotissue, i.e., cells and the extracellular matrix they produced. The level set method was applied to simulate the interface between the neotissue and the void space inside the scaffold pores. In order to calibrate the model, a custom disk-shaped scaffold was produced with prismatic canals of different geometries (circle, hexagon, square, triangle) and inner diameters (0.5 mm, 0.7 mm, 1 mm, 2 mm). The disks were produced with three biomaterials (hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, and a blend of both). After seeding with skeletal progenitor cells and a cell culture for up to 21 days, the extent of neotissue growth in the disks' canals was analyzed using fluorescence microscopy. The results clearly demonstrated that in the presence of calcium-phosphate-based materials, the curvature-based growth principle was maintained. Bayesian optimization was used to determine the model parameters for the different biomaterials used. Subsequently, the calibrated model was used to predict neotissue growth in a 3D gyroid structure. The predicted results were in line with the experimentally obtained ones, demonstrating the potential of the calibrated model to be used as a tool in the design and optimization of 3D-printed calcium-phosphate-based biomaterials for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Liang
- Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA In Silico Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.L.); (E.S.D.)
| | - Ehsan Sadeghian Dehkord
- Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA In Silico Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.L.); (E.S.D.)
- Prometheus, The R&D Division for Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dorien Van Hede
- Department of Periodontology Oral Surgery and Implant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (D.V.H.); (F.L.)
- Dental Biomaterials Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Mojtaba Barzegari
- Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Bruno Verlée
- Department of Additive Manufacturing, Sirris Liège, 4100 Seraing, Belgium;
| | | | - Grégory Nolens
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium;
| | - France Lambert
- Department of Periodontology Oral Surgery and Implant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (D.V.H.); (F.L.)
- Dental Biomaterials Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA In Silico Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.L.); (E.S.D.)
- Prometheus, The R&D Division for Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
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Singh S, Yadav SK, Meena VK, Vashisth P, Kalyanasundaram D. Orthopedic Scaffolds: Evaluation of Structural Strength and Permeability of Fluid Flow via an Open Cell Neovius Structure for Bone Tissue Engineering. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:5900-5911. [PMID: 37702616 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
The ability of bone to regenerate itself through mechanobiological responses is its dynamic property. Mechanical cues from a neighboring environment produce the structural strain to promote blood flow and bone marrow mobility that in turn aids the bone regeneration process. Occurrences of these phenomena are crucial for the success of metallic scaffolds implanted in the host bone tissue. Thus, permeability and fluid flow-induced wall shear stress (WSS) are two parameters that directly influence cell bioactivities inside a scaffold and are crucial for effective bone tissue regeneration. Given that the scaffolds shall be implanted in the body, permeability assessment was carried out using non-Newtonian fluid. In this work, the triply periodic minimal surface scaffolds with Neovius architectures were fabricated by using selective laser melting technology. The estimation of fluid flow was carried out using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis with a non-Newtonian blood fluid model. Further, the structural strength of various open cell Neovius lattices was evaluated using a static compression test, and in vitro cell culture using Alamar blue assay was evaluated. Results revealed that the values of intrinsic blood flow permeability of the three-dimensional (3D)-printed open cell porous scaffold with Neovius architecture were of the same order of magnitude as those of human bone, ranging from 0.0025 × 10-9 to 0.0152 × 10-9 m2. The structural elastic modulus and compressive strength of NOCL40, NOCL50, and NOCL60 lattices range from 3.27 to 3.71 GPa and 194 to 205 MPa, respectively. All of the values are comparable to the human bone, thus making these lattices a suitable alternative for orthopedic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Singh
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Yadav
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Meena
- Central Scientific Instruments Organization, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Priya Vashisth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Dinesh Kalyanasundaram
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
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Altunbek M, Afghah SF, Fallah A, Acar AA, Koc B. Design and 3D Printing of Personalized Hybrid and Gradient Structures for Critical Size Bone Defects. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:1873-1885. [PMID: 37071829 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Treating critical-size bone defects with autografts, allografts, or standardized implants is challenging since the healing of the defect area necessitates patient-specific grafts with mechanically and physiologically relevant structures. Three-dimensional (3D) printing using computer-aided design (CAD) is a promising approach for bone tissue engineering applications by producing constructs with customized designs and biomechanical compositions. In this study, we propose 3D printing of personalized and implantable hybrid active scaffolds with a unique architecture and biomaterial composition for critical-size bone defects. The proposed 3D hybrid construct was designed to have a gradient cell-laden poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel, which was surrounded by a porous polycaprolactone (PCL) cage structure to recapitulate the anatomical structure of the defective area. The optimized PCL cage design not only provides improved mechanical properties but also allows the diffusion of nutrients and medium through the scaffold. Three different designs including zigzag, zigzag/spiral, and zigzag/spiral with shifting the zigzag layers were evaluated to find an optimal architecture from a mechanical point of view and permeability that can provide the necessary mechanical strength and oxygen/nutrient diffusion, respectively. Mechanical properties were investigated experimentally and analytically using finite element analysis (FEA), and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was used to determine the permeability of the structures. A hybrid scaffold was fabricated via 3D printing of the PCL cage structure and a PEG-based bioink comprising a varying number of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs). The gradient bioink was deposited inside the PCL cage through a microcapillary extrusion to generate a mineralized gradient structure. The zigzag/spiral design for the PCL cage was found to be mechanically strong with sufficient and optimum nutrient/gas axial and radial diffusion while the PEG-based hydrogel provided a biocompatible environment for hBMSC viability, differentiation, and mineralization. This study promises the production of personalized constructs for critical-size bone defects by printing different biomaterials and gradient cells with a hybrid design depending on the need for a donor site for implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mine Altunbek
- Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Seyedeh Ferdows Afghah
- Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Ali Fallah
- Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34906, Turkey
| | - Anil Ahmet Acar
- Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Bahattin Koc
- Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34906, Turkey
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Li Z, Zhao R, Chen X, Jiao Y, Chen Z. Design Approach for Tuning the Hybrid Region of 3D-Printed Heterogeneous Structures: Modulating Mechanics and Energy Absorption Capacity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:7686-7699. [PMID: 36723979 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The functional hierarchical structures of the triply periodic minimal surface are receiving much attention in tissue engineering applications due to their lightweight and multifunctionality. However, current functionally graded structure design methods are not friendly to heterogeneous structures containing different orientations and different unit types and often face the problems of insufficient connection in the hybrid regions and low local stiffness. In this paper, an improved gradient structure design method was proposed, which solves the problem of insufficient connection between substructures by constructing hybrid region transition functions. Three improved heterogeneous structures were constructed using Primitive and Gyroid lattices and compared with the unimproved heterogeneous structure. Their mechanical properties, deformation mechanism, and energy absorption capacity were examined by finite element analysis and experiments. The results showed that the proposed design method can effectively solve the problems of insufficient connection and poor bearing capacity in the hybrid region between substructures. This method can not only ensure the full connection of the hybrid regions but also flexibly adjust the mechanical properties and energy absorption capacity as well as effectively expand the application range of the energy absorption. Overall, these findings provide valuable guidelines for designing gradient structures with disordered and hybrid features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitong Li
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang150000, China
| | - Runchao Zhao
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang150000, China
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, SaskatoonS7N5A9, Canada
| | - Yinghou Jiao
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang150000, China
| | - Zhaobo Chen
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang150000, China
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