1
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Budiman YP, Perutz RN, Steel PG, Radius U, Marder TB. Applications of Transition Metal-Catalyzed ortho-Fluorine-Directed C-H Functionalization of (Poly)fluoroarenes in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4822-4862. [PMID: 38564710 PMCID: PMC11046440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of organic compounds efficiently via fewer steps but in higher yields is desirable as this reduces energy and reagent use, waste production, and thus environmental impact as well as cost. The reactivity of C-H bonds ortho to fluorine substituents in (poly)fluoroarenes with metal centers is enhanced relative to meta and para positions. Thus, direct C-H functionalization of (poly)fluoroarenes without prefunctionalization is becoming a significant area of research in organic chemistry. Novel and selective methodologies to functionalize (poly)fluorinated arenes by taking advantage of the reactivity of C-H bonds ortho to C-F bonds are continuously being developed. This review summarizes the reasons for the enhanced reactivity and the consequent developments in the synthesis of valuable (poly)fluoroarene-containing organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudha P. Budiman
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, 45363 Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Robin N. Perutz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Patrick G. Steel
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Durham, Science
Laboratories, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute
for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Todd B. Marder
- Institute
for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute
for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg Germany
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2
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Jin Y, Ramadoss B, Asako S, Ilies L. Noncovalent interaction with a spirobipyridine ligand enables efficient iridium-catalyzed C-H activation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2886. [PMID: 38632241 PMCID: PMC11024094 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46893-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Exploitation of noncovalent interactions for recognition of an organic substrate has received much attention for the design of metal catalysts in organic synthesis. The CH-π interaction is especially of interest for molecular recognition because both the C-H bonds and the π electrons are fundamental properties of organic molecules. However, because of their weak nature, these interactions have been less utilized for the control of organic reactions. We show here that the CH-π interaction can be used to kinetically accelerate catalytic C-H activation of arenes by directly recognizing the π-electrons of the arene substrates with a spirobipyridine ligand. Computation and a ligand kinetic isotope effect study provide evidence for the CH-π interaction between the ligand backbone and the arene substrate. The rational exploitation of weak noncovalent interactions between the ligand and the substrate will open new avenues for ligand design in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushu Jin
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Sobi Asako
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Laurean Ilies
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
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3
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Li CY, Zhang Z, Yan X. Ir-Catalyzed Ortho-Selective C-H Borylation of Difluoromethyl Arenes. Org Lett 2023; 25:7278-7282. [PMID: 37782225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The difluoromethyl group (CF2H) has received great attention due to its distinct properties in recent years. Herein, we report a new strategy for postmodification of difluoromethyl compounds. Ortho-selective C-H borylation of difluoromethyl arenes is achieved by a cyclometalated mesoionic carbene-Ir complex. The regioselectivity is controlled by a hydrogen bond between CF2H and the boryl group via the outer-sphere direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Zengyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
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4
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Yu IF, Wilson JW, Hartwig JF. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Silylation and Borylation of C-H Bonds for the Synthesis and Functionalization of Complex Molecules. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11619-11663. [PMID: 37751601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization of C-H bonds in organic molecules containing functional groups has been one of the holy grails of catalysis. One synthetically important approach to the diverse functionalization of C-H bonds is the catalytic silylation or borylation of C-H bonds, which enables a broad array of downstream transformations to afford diverse structures. Advances in both undirected and directed methods for the transition-metal-catalyzed silylation and borylation of C-H bonds have led to their rapid adoption in early-, mid-, and late-stage of the synthesis of complex molecules. In this Review, we review the application of the transition-metal-catalyzed silylation and borylation of C-H bonds to the synthesis of bioactive molecules, organic materials, and ligands. Overall, we aim to provide a picture of the state of art of the silylation and borylation of C-H bonds as applied to the synthesis and modification of diverse architectures that will spur further application and development of these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac F Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jake W Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John F Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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5
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Iwamoto T, Sotome Y, Ishii Y. Binuclear Complexes Supported by a Tetrapyridyl Ligand with a Bending Anthraquinodimethane Linker. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2023; 3:305-311. [PMID: 37810407 PMCID: PMC10557120 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.3c00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
A tetrapyridyl ligand with a bending anthraquinodimethane linker has been synthesized, and its complexation with coinage metals has been examined. The treatment of the ligand with Ag(I) and Au(I) cations afforded binuclear complexes, wherein the two metal centers were in close proximity to the inside space of the ligand. X-ray analyses corroborated with theoretical calculations indicated that the ligand has reasonable flexibility toward a bending deformation of the linker moiety to provide a ligand pocket suitable for the proximal binuclear complexes, even though such deformations accompany a non-negligible amount of energetic cost. On the other hand, treatment with 2 equiv of Cu(I) salt afforded a binuclear complex, in which both copper atoms were coordinated at the periphery of the ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Iwamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo
University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Yuta Sotome
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo
University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Youichi Ishii
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo
University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
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6
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Veth L, Grab HA, Dydio P. Recent Trends in Group 9 Catalyzed C–H Borylation Reactions: Different Strategies To Control Site-, Regio-, and Stereoselectivity. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1711-5889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractOrganoboron compounds continue contributing substantially to advances in organic chemistry with their increasing role as both synthetic intermediates and target compounds for medicinal chemistry. Particularly attractive methods for their synthesis are based on the direct borylation of C–H bonds of available starting materials since no additional pre-functionalization steps are required. However, due to the high abundance of C–H bonds with similar reactivity in organic molecules, synthetically useful C–H borylation protocols demand sophisticated strategies to achieve high regio- and stereoselectivity. For this purpose, selective transition-metal-based catalysts have been developed, with group 9 centered catalysts being among the most commonly utilized. Recently, a multitude of diverse strategies has been developed to push the boundaries of C–H borylation reactions with respect to their regio- and enantioselectivity. Herein, we provide an overview of approaches for the C–H borylation of arenes, alkenes, and alkanes based on group 9 centered catalysts with a focus on the recent literature. Lastly, an outlook is given to assess the future potential of the field.1 Introduction1.1 Mechanistic Considerations1.2 Selectivity Issues in C–H Borylation1.3 Different Modes of Action Employing Directing Group Strategies in C–H Borylation1.4 Scope and Aim of this Short Review2 Trends in C–H Borylation Reactions2.1 Photoinduced Catalysis2.2 Transfer C–H Borylation2.3 Lewis Acid Mediated C–H Borylation2.4 Directed Metalation2.5 Miscellaneous C–H Borylation Reactions2.6 Electrostatic Interactions2.7 Hydrogen Bonding3 Conclusion and Outlook
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7
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Hickey A, Merz J, Al Mamari HH, Friedrich A, Marder TB, McGlacken GP. Iridium-Catalyzed Borylation of 6-Fluoroquinolines: Access to 6-Fluoroquinolones. J Org Chem 2022; 87:9977-9987. [PMID: 35839386 PMCID: PMC9368603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The Ir-catalyzed C–H borylation of fluoroquinolines
has
been realized. The quinoline boronic ester formed undergoes a range
of
important transformations of relevance to medicinal chemistry. Judicious
choice of the substituent at C4 on the quinoline facilitated the unmasking
of a fluoroquinolone—the core structure of many antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aobha Hickey
- School of Chemistry & Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Julia Merz
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hamad H Al Mamari
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 36, Al Khoudh 123 Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Alexandra Friedrich
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Todd B Marder
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gerard P McGlacken
- School of Chemistry & Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland.,Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
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8
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Komuro T, Mochizuki D, Hashimoto H, Tobita H. Iridium and rhodium complexes bearing a silyl-bipyridine pincer ligand: synthesis, structures and catalytic activity for C-H borylation of arenes. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:9983-9987. [PMID: 35735002 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01227h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Unsaturated 16-electron iridium and rhodium complexes bearing a silyl-bipyridine-based SiNN-pincer ligand (BpySiNN) were synthesised and characterised by X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. The iridium-BpySiNN complex facilitated the catalytic C(sp2)-H borylation of arenes to give arylboronate esters in high yields (≥93%) under mild conditions (∼40 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Komuro
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Daiki Mochizuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Hisako Hashimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Tobita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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9
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Remarkably flexible 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridines and their group 8–10 transition metal complexes – Chemistry and applications. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Pabst TP, Chirik PJ. Development of Cobalt Catalysts for the meta-Selective C(sp 2)–H Borylation of Fluorinated Arenes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6465-6474. [PMID: 35369695 PMCID: PMC9010962 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cobalt precatalysts for the meta-selective borylation of fluorinated arenes are described. Initial screening and stoichiometric reactivity studies culminated in the preparation of a cobalt alkyl precatalyst supported by the sterically protected terpyridine (5,5″-Me2ArTpy = 4'-(4-N,N'-dimethylaminophenyl)-5,5″-dimethyl-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine). Under the optimized conditions, borylation with this precatalyst afforded up to 16 turnovers and near-exclusive meta regioselectivity with a range of substituted fluoroarenes in cyclopentyl methyl ether solvent at room temperature. Deuterium kinetic isotope effects of 2.9(2) at 23 °C support a turnover-limiting and selectivity-determining C(sp2)-H activation step, and stoichiometric C-H activation experiments provided insights into the identity of the C-H activating intermediate in catalysis. Analysis of the relevant Co-C and C-H bond thermodynamics support that the thermodynamics of C-H activation favor ortho-to-fluorine selectivity, providing additional, indirect support for kinetic control of C-H activation as the origin of meta selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler P. Pabst
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Paul J. Chirik
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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11
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Ramadoss B, Jin Y, Asako S, Ilies L. Remote steric control for undirected meta-selective C-H activation of arenes. Science 2022; 375:658-663. [PMID: 35143323 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm7599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Regioselective functionalization of arenes remains a challenging problem in organic synthesis. Steric interactions are often used to block sites adjacent to a given substituent, but they do not distinguish the remaining remote sites. We report a strategy based on remote steric control, whereby a roof-like ligand protects the distant para site in addition to the ortho sites, and thereby enables selective activation of meta carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds in the absence of ortho or para substituents. We demonstrate this concept for iridium-catalyzed meta-selective borylation of various monosubstituted arenes, including complex drug molecules. This strategy has the potential to expand the toolbox of C-H bond functionalization to previously nondifferentiable reaction sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boobalan Ramadoss
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yushu Jin
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Sobi Asako
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Laurean Ilies
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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12
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Kamitani M. Chemically robust and readily available quinoline-based PNN iron complexes: application in C-H borylation of arenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:13246-13258. [PMID: 34812447 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04877e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron catalysts have been used for over a century to produce ammonia industrially. However, the use of iron catalysts generally remained quite limited until relatively recently, when the abundance and low toxicity of iron spurred the development of a variety of iron catalysts. Despite the fact that iron catalysts are being developed as alternatives to precious metal catalysts, their reactivities and stabilities are quite different because of their unique electronic structures. In this context, our group previously developed a new family of quinoline-based PNN pincer-type ligands for low- to mid-valent iron catalysts. These chemically robust PNN ligands provide air- and moisture-tolerant iron complexes, which exhibit excellent catalytic performances in the C-H borylation of arenes. This feature article summarises our recent work on PNN iron complexes, including their conception and design, as well as related reports on iron pincer complexes and iron-catalysed C-H borylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kamitani
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitazato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan.
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13
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Zakis JM, Smejkal T, Wencel-Delord J. Cyclometallated complexes as catalysts for C-H activation and functionalization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:483-490. [PMID: 34735563 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05195d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel catalysts for C-H activation reactions with increased reactivity and improved selectivities has been attracting significant interest over the last two decades. More recently, promising results have been developed using tridentate pincer ligands, which form a stable C-M bond. Furthermore, based on mechanistic studies, the unique catalytic role of some metallacyclic intermediate species has been revealed. These experimental observations have subsequently translated into the rational design of advanced C-H activation catalysts in both Ru- and Ir-based systems. Recent breakthroughs in the field of C-H activation catalysed by metallacyclic intermediates are thus discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Mikelis Zakis
- Process Chemistry Research, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, Stein AG 4332, Switzerland. .,Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (UMR CNRS 7042), Université de Strasbourg/Université de Haute-Alsace, ECPM, Strasbourg 67087, France.
| | - Tomas Smejkal
- Process Chemistry Research, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, Stein AG 4332, Switzerland.
| | - Joanna Wencel-Delord
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (UMR CNRS 7042), Université de Strasbourg/Université de Haute-Alsace, ECPM, Strasbourg 67087, France.
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