1
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Su J, Guo Y, Li C, Song Q. Difluorocarbene-induced [1,2]- and [2,3]-Stevens rearrangement of tertiary amines. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4794. [PMID: 38839757 PMCID: PMC11153565 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The [1,2]- and [2,3]-Stevens rearrangements are one of the most fascinating chemical bond reorganization strategies in organic chemistry, and they have been demonstrated in a wide range of applications, representing a fundamental reaction tactic for the synthesis of nitrogen compounds in chemical community. However, their applicabilities are limited by the scarcity of efficient, general, and straightforward methods for generating ammonium ylides. Herein, we report a general difluorocarbene-induced tertiary amine-involved [1,2]- and [2,3]-Stevens rearrangements stemmed from in situ generated difluoromethyl ammonium ylides, which allows for the rearrangements of versatile tertiary amines bearing either allyl, benzyl, or propargyl groups, resulting in the corresponding products in one reaction under the same reaction conditions with a general way. Broad substrate scope, simple operation, mild reaction conditions and late-stage modification of natural products highlight the advantages of this strategy, meanwhile, this general rearrangement reaction is believed to bring opportunities for the transformations of nitrogen ylides and the assembly of valuable tertiary amines and amino acids. This will further enrich the reaction repertoire of difluorocarbene species, facilitate the development of reactions involving difluoromethyl ammonium salts, and provide an avenue for the development of this type of rearrangement reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianke Su
- Institute of Next Generation Matter Transformation, College of Material Sciences Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Institute of Next Generation Matter Transformation, College of Material Sciences Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Chengbo Li
- Institute of Next Generation Matter Transformation, College of Material Sciences Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Qiuling Song
- Institute of Next Generation Matter Transformation, College of Material Sciences Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery, Fujian Province University, College of Chemistry at Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
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2
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Ning Y, Chen H, Ning Y, Zhang J, Bi X. Rhodium-Catalyzed One-Carbon Ring Expansion of Aziridines with Vinyl-N-triftosylhydrazones for the Synthesis of 2-Vinyl Azetidines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318072. [PMID: 38282137 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Azetidines, being four-membered N-heterocycles, possess significant potential in contemporary medicinal chemistry owing to their favorable pharmacokinetic properties. Regrettably, the incorporation of functionalized azetidines into pharmaceutical lead structures has been impeded by the absence of efficient synthetic methods for their synthesis. In this study, a Rh-catalyzed one-carbon ring expansion of aziridines with vinyl-N-triftosylhydrazones is presented, which facilitates the synthesis of high value-added 2-alkenyl azetidine products. This research represents the first example of ring expansion of aziridines enabled by vinyl carbenes. Additionally, a one-pot two-step protocol, initiated from cinnamaldehyde, was successfully achieved, offering a step-economical and facile approach for the synthesis of these compounds. The pivotal aspect of this successful transformation lies in the in situ formation of an alkenyl aziridinium ylide intermediate. Experimental investigations, coupled with computational studies, suggest that a diradical pathway is involved in the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongquan Ning
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| | - Hongzhu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| | - Yongyue Ning
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| | - Xihe Bi
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
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3
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Dequina HJ, Jones CL, Schomaker JM. Recent updates and future perspectives in aziridine synthesis and reactivity. Chem 2023; 9:1658-1701. [PMID: 37681216 PMCID: PMC10482075 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
In this review, selected recent advances in the preparation and reactivity of aziridines using modern synthetic approaches are highlighted, while comparing these new strategies with more classical approaches. This critical analysis is designed to help identify current gaps in the field and is showcasing new and exciting opportunities to move the chemistry of aziridines forward in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary J. Dequina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 N. University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Corey L. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 N. University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Schomaker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 N. University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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4
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Pan B, Sun HT, Zhang SS, Wang S, Yang YQ, Xu GZ, Su XB. Solvent-Controlled Regioselective Reaction of 2-Methyleneaziridines with Acrylic/Propargylic Acids: Synthesis of Carboxylate Aziridine/Acetone Esters. Org Lett 2022; 24:7492-7496. [PMID: 36215416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a convenient solvent-controlled regioselective esterification to access two types of carboxylate esters without any additive or non-green activation strategy. In this transformation, 2-methyleneaziridines served as an ester reagent, providing two alternative electrophilic carbon centers. Notably, this protocol is suitable for some structure-complicated clinical molecules with a carboxylic acid group, presenting remarkable application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Pan
- Shandong Peninsula Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Brine Utilization, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang 262700, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Tian Sun
- Shandong Peninsula Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Brine Utilization, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang 262700, P. R. China
| | - Shan-Shan Zhang
- Shandong Peninsula Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Brine Utilization, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang 262700, P. R. China
| | - Shang Wang
- Shandong Peninsula Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Brine Utilization, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang 262700, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Qi Yang
- Shandong Peninsula Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Brine Utilization, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang 262700, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Zhao Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Bin Su
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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5
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Dequina HJ, Eshon J, Schmid SC, Raskopf WT, Sanders KM, Fernández I, Schomaker JM. Re-Evaluation of Product Outcomes in the Rh-Catalyzed Ring Expansion of Aziridines with N-Sulfonyl-1,2,3-Triazoles. J Org Chem 2022; 87:10902-10907. [PMID: 35947772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
N-heterocycles are prevalent in pharmaceuticals and natural products, but traditional methods often do not introduce significant stereochemical complexity into the ring. We previously reported a Rh-catalyzed ring expansion of aziridines and N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles to furnish dehydropiperazines with excellent diastereocontrol. However, later studies employing ketone-containing carbene precursors showed that [3,9]-bicyclic aziridine formation competes with production of the desired heterocyclic scaffolds. In light of these surprising results, our initial findings were re-examined both experimentally and computationally to reveal how noncovalent interactions and restricted bond rotation in the aziridinium ylide intermediate promote this unexpected reaction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary J Dequina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Josephine Eshon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Steven C Schmid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - William T Raskopf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kyana M Sanders
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avazanda (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Jennifer M Schomaker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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6
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Miller DC, Lal RG, Marchetti LA, Arnold FH. Biocatalytic One-Carbon Ring Expansion of Aziridines to Azetidines via a Highly Enantioselective [1,2]-Stevens Rearrangement. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4739-4745. [PMID: 35258294 PMCID: PMC9022672 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We report enantioselective one-carbon ring expansion of aziridines to make azetidines as a new-to-nature activity of engineered "carbene transferase" enzymes. A laboratory-evolved variant of cytochrome P450BM3, P411-AzetS, not only exerts unparalleled stereocontrol (99:1 er) over a [1,2]-Stevens rearrangement but also overrides the inherent reactivity of aziridinium ylides, cheletropic extrusion of olefins, to perform a [1,2]-Stevens rearrangement. By controlling the fate of the highly reactive aziridinium ylide intermediates, these evolvable biocatalysts promote a transformation which cannot currently be performed using other catalyst classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Miller
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Ravi G. Lal
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Luca A. Marchetti
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Present Address: Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frances H. Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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7
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Zhang F, Sang X, Zhou Y, Cao W, Feng X. Enantioselective Synthesis of Azetidines through [3 + 1]-Cycloaddition of Donor-Acceptor Aziridines with Isocyanides. Org Lett 2022; 24:1513-1517. [PMID: 35147442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The enantioselective [3 + 1]-cycloaddition of racemic donor-acceptor (D-A) aziridines with isocyanides was first realized under mild reaction conditions using a chiral N,N'-dioxide/MgII complex as catalyst, providing a facile route to enantioenriched exo-imido azetidines with good to excellent yield (up to 99%) and enantioselectivity (up to 94% ee). An obvious chiral amplification effect was observed in this system, and an explanation was elucidated based on the experimental investigation and X-ray crystal structure of the enantiomerically pure catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengcai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xinpeng Sang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yuqiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Weidi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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8
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Nicastri KA, Zappia SA, Pratt JC, Duncan JM, Guzei IA, Fernández I, Schomaker JM. Tunable Aziridinium Ylide Reactivity: Non-covalent Interactions Enable Divergent Product Outcomes. ACS Catal 2022; 12:1572-1580. [PMID: 35291380 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Methods for rapid preparation of densely functionalized and stereochemically complex N-heterocyclic scaffolds are in demand for exploring potential bioactive chemical space. This work describes experimental and computational studies to better understand the features of aziridinium ylides as intermediates for the synthesis of highly substituted dehydromorpholines. The development of this chemistry has enabled the extension of aziridinium ylide chemistry to the concomitant formation of both a C-N and a C-O bond in a manner that preserves the stereochemical information embedded in the substrate. Additionally, we have uncovered several key insights that describe the importance of steric effects, rotational barriers around the C-N bond of the aziridinium ylide, and non-covalent interactions (NCIs) on the ultimate reaction outcome. These critical insights will assist in the further development of this chemistry to generate N-heterocycles that will further expand complex amine chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate A. Nicastri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Soren A. Zappia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jared C. Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Julia M. Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ilia A. Guzei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Jennifer M. Schomaker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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9
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Tantillo DJ, Laconsay CJ. Melding of Experiment and Theory Illuminates Mechanisms of Metal-Catalyzed Rearrangements: Computational Approaches and Caveats. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1720451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis review summarizes approaches and caveats in computational modeling of transition-metal-catalyzed sigmatropic rearrangements involving carbene transfer. We highlight contemporary examples of combined synthetic and theoretical investigations that showcase the synergy achievable by integrating experiment and theory.1 Introduction2 Mechanistic Models3 Theoretical Approaches and Caveats3.1 Recommended Computational Tools3.2 Choice of Functional and Basis Set3.3 Conformations and Ligand-Binding Modes3.4 Solvation4 Synergy of Experiment and Theory – Case Studies4.1 Metal-Bound or Free Ylides?4.2 Conformations and Ligand-Binding Modes of Paddlewheel Complexes4.3 No Metal, Just Light4.4 How To ‘Cope’ with Nonstatistical Dynamic Effects5 Outlook
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10
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Zhang M, Li H, Zhao J, Li Y, Zhang Q. Copper-catalyzed [3 + 1] cyclization of cyclopropenes/diazo compounds and bromodifluoroacetamides: facile synthesis of α,α-difluoro-β-lactam derivatives. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11805-11809. [PMID: 34659719 PMCID: PMC8442724 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02930d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a novel copper-catalyzed cyclization of cyclopropenes/diazo compounds and bromodifluoroacetamides, efficiently synthesizing a series of α,α-difluoro-β-lactams in moderate to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions. This reaction represents the first example of [3 + 1] cyclization for the synthesis of β-lactams utilizing a metal carbene intermediate as the C1 synthon. A copper-catalyzed [3 + 1] cyclization of cyclopropenes and bromodifluoroacetamides/diazo compounds has been successfully developed, efficiently synthesizing a wide range of α,α-difluoro-β-lactams.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengru Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 China
| | - Hexin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 China
| | - Jinbo Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 China .,Department of Chemistry, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber Development and Application, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology Changchun 130012 China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 China .,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
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11
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Chen X, Huang Z, Xu J. Catalyst‐Free Electrophilic Ring Expansion of
N
‐Unprotected Aziridines with
α
‐Oxoketenes to Efficient Access 2‐Alkylidene‐1,3‐Oxazolidines. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingpeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengshuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
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12
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Synthetic Applications of Aziridinium Ions. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061774. [PMID: 33809951 PMCID: PMC8004105 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonactivated aziridine with an electron-donating group at the ring nitrogen should be activated to an aziridinium ion prior to being converted to cyclic and acyclic nitrogen-containing molecules. This review describes ways to generate aziridinium ions and their utilization for synthetic purposes. Specifically, the intra- and intermolecular formation of aziridinium ions with proper electrophiles are classified, and their regio- and stereoselective transformations with nucleophiles are described on the basis of recent developments.
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13
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Zhu DX, Xia H, Liu JG, Chung LW, Xu MH. Regiospecific and Enantioselective Arylvinylcarbene Insertion of a C–H Bond of Aniline Derivatives Enabled by a Rh(I)-Diene Catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:2608-2619. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Xing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu-chongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hui Xia
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Boulevard, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jian-Guo Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Boulevard, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lung Wa Chung
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Boulevard, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ming-Hua Xu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Boulevard, Shenzhen 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu-chongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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14
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Cabrera‐Trujillo JJ, Fernández I. Understanding the C−F Bond Activation Mediated by Frustrated Lewis Pairs: Crucial Role of Non‐covalent Interactions. Chemistry 2021; 27:3823-3831. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Juan Cabrera‐Trujillo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
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15
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Laconsay CJ, Tantillo DJ. Metal Bound or Free Ylides as Reaction Intermediates in Metal-Catalyzed [2,3]-Sigmatropic Rearrangements? It Depends. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Croix J. Laconsay
- Department of Chemistry, University of California−Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Dean J. Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California−Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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16
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Palchykov V, Dale PC, Robertson J. Nucleophilic vinylic substitution in bicyclic methyleneaziridines: S NV π or S NV σ? NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01458g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A stereoselective synthesis of the monodeuterated methyleneaziridine shown allowed the stereochemical course of formal SNV-mode ring-opening with copper-based organometallics to be assigned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalii Palchykov
- Research Institute of Chemistry and Geology
- Oles Honchar Dnipro National University
- Dnipro 49010
- Ukraine
| | - Peter C. Dale
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Oxford OX1 3TA
- UK
| | - Jeremy Robertson
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Oxford OX1 3TA
- UK
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17
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Additions of N, O, and S heteroatoms to metal-supported carbenes: Mechanism and synthetic applications in modern organic chemistry. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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18
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Pan B, Li F, Zhao Y. Synthesis and applications of methyleneaziridines. RSC Adv 2020; 10:39304-39322. [PMID: 35518396 PMCID: PMC9057395 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07663e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyleneaziridines (MAs) are a special subset of aziridines featuring an exocyclic C–C double bond on the three-membered ring. They have found great potential in organic synthesis. In this review, the structural characterization of MAs, synthetic methods, chemical transformations and mechanisms, especially the advances achieved over the past decade are comprehensively summarized. This review surveys the structural characterization, synthetic methods, chemical transformations and mechanisms of methyleneaziridines, especially the advances achieved over the past decade.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Pan
- Shandong Peninsula Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Brine Utilization, Weifang University of Science and Technology Shouguang China
| | - Feng Li
- Shandong Peninsula Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Brine Utilization, Weifang University of Science and Technology Shouguang China
| | - Yingying Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University 850 Huanghe Road Dalian 116029 China
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19
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Dequina HJ, Schomaker JM. Aziridinium Ylides: Underutilized Intermediates for Complex Amine Synthesis. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2020; 2:874-887. [PMID: 33665590 DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing the chemistry of onium ylide intermediates generated from transition metal catalysis is a powerful strategy to convert simple precursors into complex scaffolds. While the chemistry of onium ylides has been studied for over three decades, transformations of aziridinium ylides have just recently emerged as a versatile way to exploit the strain of these reactive intermediates to furnish densely functionalized N-heterocycles in a highly stereocontrolled manner. Herein, we provide a short overview of the key concepts and recent developments in this area, with a focus on how mechanistic studies to delineate the factors controlling the reactivity of aziridinium ylides can stimulate fruitful future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary J Dequina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jennifer M Schomaker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Dequina HJ, Eshon J, Raskopf WT, Fernández I, Schomaker JM. Rh-Catalyzed Aziridine Ring Expansions to Dehydropiperazines. Org Lett 2020; 22:3637-3641. [PMID: 32320259 PMCID: PMC8025198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Piperazines are prevalent in pharmaceuticals and natural products, but traditional methods do not typically introduce stereochemical complexity into the ring. To expand access to these scaffolds, we report Rh-catalyzed ring expansions of aziridines and N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles to furnish dehydropiperazines with excellent diastereocontrol. Productive ring expansion proceeds via a pseudo-1,4-sigmatropic rearrangement of an aziridinium ylide species. However, the structural features of the carbene precursor are important, as pyridotriazoles undergo competing cheletropic extrusion to furnish ketimines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary J. Dequina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Josephine Eshon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - William T. Raskopf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orádnica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avazanda (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jennifer M. Schomaker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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21
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Eshon J, Nicastri KA, Schmid SC, Raskopf WT, Guzei IA, Fernández I, Schomaker JM. Intermolecular [3+3] ring expansion of aziridines to dehydropiperi-dines through the intermediacy of aziridinium ylides. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1273. [PMID: 32152321 PMCID: PMC7062875 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15134-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of N-heterocycles in drugs has stimulated diverse methods for their efficient syntheses. Methods that introduce significant stereochemical complexity are attractive for identifying new bioactive amine chemical space. Here, we report a [3 + 3] ring expansion of bicyclic aziridines and rhodium-bound vinyl carbenes to form complex dehydropiperidines in a highly stereocontrolled rearrangement. Mechanistic studies and DFT computations indicate that the reaction proceeds through formation of a vinyl aziridinium ylide; this reactive intermediate undergoes a pseudo-[1,4]-sigmatropic rearrangement to directly furnish heterocyclic products with net retention at the new C-C bond. In combination with asymmetric silver-catalyzed aziridination, enantioenriched scaffolds with up to three contiguous stereocenters are rapidly delivered. The mild reaction conditions, functional group tolerance, and high stereospecificity of this method are well-suited for appending piperidine motifs to natural product and complex molecules. Ultimately, our work establishes the value of underutilized aziridinium ylides as key intermediates for converting small, strained rings to larger N-heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Eshon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Kate A Nicastri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Steven C Schmid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - William T Raskopf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Ilia A Guzei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avazanda (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jennifer M Schomaker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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22
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Interview with Jennifer M. Schomaker. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo90111f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Wang P, Zhao Y, Chapagain B, Yang Y, Liu W, Wang Y. Mechanistic insights into Cu-catalyzed enantioselective Friedel–Crafts reaction between indoles and 2-aryl-N-sulfonylaziridines. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy01967g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Computational studies were successfully carried out to provide mechanistic insights into LCu-catalyzed (L = (S)-Segphos ligand) Friedel–Crafts (F–C) reaction between indoles and 2-aryl-N-sulfonylaziridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- PR China
| | - Yang Zhao
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- PR China
| | - Biplav Chapagain
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- PR China
| | - Yonggang Yang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- PR China
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24
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Reddy ACS, Ramachandran K, Reddy PM, Anbarasan P. Rhodium-catalyzed Sommelet–Hauser type rearrangement of α-diazoimines: synthesis of functionalized enamides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:5649-5652. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00016g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
An efficient rhodium catalyzed Sommelet–Hauser type rearrangement of sulfur ylides derived from α-thioesters and N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles has been successfully accomplished for the synthesis of various functionalized enamides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kuppan Ramachandran
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai–600036
- India
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Lin X, Yang W, Yang W, Liu X, Feng X. Asymmetric Catalytic [2,3] Stevens and Sommelet–Hauser Rearrangements of α‐Diazo Pyrazoleamides with Sulfides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:13492-13498. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistrySichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistrySichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Wenkun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistrySichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistrySichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistrySichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
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26
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Lin X, Yang W, Yang W, Liu X, Feng X. Asymmetric Catalytic [2,3] Stevens and Sommelet–Hauser Rearrangements of α‐Diazo Pyrazoleamides with Sulfides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistrySichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistrySichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Wenkun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistrySichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistrySichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistrySichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
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27
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Dong J, Du H, Xu J. Synthesis of Functionalized Thietanes via Electrophilic Carbenoid-Induced Ring Expansion of Thiiranes with Sulfonium Acylmethylides as Carbene Precursors. J Org Chem 2019; 84:10724-10739. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongguang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaxi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
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28
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Cai W, Wu J, Zhang H, Jalani HB, Li G, Lu H. Rh-Catalyzed Chemoselective [4 + 1] Cycloaddition Reaction toward Diverse 4-Methyleneprolines. J Org Chem 2019; 84:10877-10891. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wangshui Cai
- Institute of Chemistry & BioMedical Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Junxian Wu
- Institute of Chemistry & BioMedical Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haowei Zhang
- Institute of Chemistry & BioMedical Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hitesh B. Jalani
- Institute of Chemistry & BioMedical Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Smart BioPharm, 310-Pilotplant, Incheon Techno-Park, 12-Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, South Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, 85-Songdogwahak-ro, Incheon 21983, South Korea
| | - Guigen Li
- Institute of Chemistry & BioMedical Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Hongjian Lu
- Institute of Chemistry & BioMedical Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Alcaide B, Almendros P, Fernández I, del Campo TM, Palop G, Toledano-Pinedo M, Delgado-Martínez P. Chemoselectivity Switching in the Rhodium-Catalyzed Reactions of 4-Substituted-1-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles with Allenols: Noticeable Differences between 4-Acyl- and 4-Aryl-Triazoles. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201801424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benito Alcaide
- Grupo de Lactamas y Heterociclos Bioactivos, Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Facultad de Química; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Pedro Almendros
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; IQOG-CSIC; Juan de la Cierva 3 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Química; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Teresa Martínez del Campo
- Grupo de Lactamas y Heterociclos Bioactivos, Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Facultad de Química; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Guillermo Palop
- Grupo de Lactamas y Heterociclos Bioactivos, Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Facultad de Química; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Mireia Toledano-Pinedo
- Grupo de Lactamas y Heterociclos Bioactivos, Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Facultad de Química; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Patricia Delgado-Martínez
- CAI Difracción de Rayos X, Facultad de Química; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
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30
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Eshon J, Gerstner NC, Schomaker JM. Oxidative allene amination for the synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocycles. ARKIVOC 2018; 2018:204-233. [PMID: 31903453 PMCID: PMC6941799 DOI: 10.24820/ark.5550190.p010.670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of stereochemically complex amines in natural products, pharmaceuticals and other bioactive compounds, coupled with the challenges inherent in their preparation, has inspired our work to develop new and versatile methodologies for the synthesis of amine-containing stereotriads ('triads'). The key step is a highly chemo-, regio-, and stereoselective transition-metal catalyzed nitrene transfer reaction that transforms one of the cumulated double bonds of an allene precursor into a bicyclic methyleneaziridine intermediate. This account summarizes our strategies to rapidly elaborate such intermediates into stereochemically rich, densely functionalized amine triads, nitrogen heterocycles, aminated carbocycles and other useful synthetic building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Eshon
- Department of Chemistry, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A
| | - Nels C Gerstner
- Department of Chemistry, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A
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